渤海北部底栖海藻的初步研究

报道了渤海北部底栖海藻的种类组成、区系性质、群落结构和季节性变化。经调查,该海区隶属于蓝藻门、红藻门、褐藻门和绿藻门的底栖海藻共有１１９ 种,其中包括５７ 种经济海藻和７ 个新记录种。研究表明,渤海北部底栖海藻的温度性质以暖温带性为主,带有一定的亚热带性;其群落成分的季节性变化非常明显     

福建崇武沿海野生经济底栖海藻资源

福建崇武沿海有底栖海藻46种。其中野生经济底栖海藻34种(蓝藻门1种,绿藻门8种,红藻门17种,褐藻门8种)。文中对这些海藻的经济价值及资源开发利用进行阐述。     

福建平潭岛海域底栖贝类物种多样性及其地理分布

海洋底栖贝类是海洋底栖无脊椎动物的重要代表。福建平潭岛地处台湾海峡西岸北部, 是中国大陆距台湾岛最近之处, 其海域内的底栖贝类区系对了解台湾海峡及其附近海域的生态环境和底栖生物地理格局具有重要意义。本文基于对2015-2018年间中山大学国土资源与环境系在平潭岛海域采集的3,346号底栖贝类标本的鉴定, 结合已发表文献整理出了平潭岛海域底栖贝类名录, 并梳理了各物种在中国近海的地理分布类型。结果显示, 本研究所采标本分属58科122属161种, 其中47种为平潭岛海域新记录。结合历史文献记录, 平潭岛海域共有底栖贝类98科244属395种。其中93.7%的种类在南海亦有分布, 82.0%的种类在东海有分布, 31.1%的种类在黄渤海有分布, 42.3%的种类在台湾岛东部海域有分布。南海-东海分布型种类占区系总种数的49.9%; 其次为南海-黄渤海分布型(27.6%)和南海-台湾海峡分布型(16.2%)。分布限于台湾海峡及其以北的种类仅占总种数的6.3%。研究结果表明, 平潭岛海域底栖贝类区系具典型的亚热带性质, 暖水性种类和广温性种类占主要优势, 与南海北部和东海大陆沿岸地区的关系密切, 与台湾岛周边海域的联系相对较弱。     

浙江近海后鳃类软体动物的分布及其区系

报道了浙江近海的后鳃类97种,分别隶属于7目30科44属。其中我国沿岸广温广布种14种,主要分布于东海和南海的亚热带种50种,南海的热带种18种,渤、黄海延伸到东海北部的暖温带种15种。     

New records of benthic marine algae and Cyanobacteria for Costa Rica,and a comparison with other Central American countries

We present the results of an intensive sampling program carried out from 2000 to 2007 along both coasts of Costa Rica, Central America. The presence of 44 species of benthic marine algae is reported for the first time for Costa Rica. Most of the new records are Rhodophyta (27 spp.), followed by Chlorophyta (15 spp.), and Heterokontophyta, Phaeophycea (2 spp.). Overall, the currently known marine flora of Costa Rica is comprised of 446 benthic marine algae and 24 Cyanobacteria. This species number is an under estimation, and will increase when species of benthic marine algae from taxonomic groups where only limited information is available (e.g., microfilamentous benthic marine algae, Cyanobacteria) are included. The Caribbean coast harbors considerably more benthic marine algae (318 spp.) than the Pacific coast (190 spp.); such a trend has been observed in all neighboring countries. Compared to other Central American countries, Costa Rica has the highest number of reported benthic marine algae; however, Panama may have a similarly high diversity after unpublished results from a Rhodophyta survey (Wysor, unpublished) are included. Sixty-two species have been found along both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica; we discuss this result in relation to the emergence of the Central American Isthmus.     

中国大型海藻的研究现状及其存在的问题

结合最新的研究结果,本文对中国大型海藻区系划分、区系的种类组成、分布特征、研究成果、现状和存在的问题等进行了介绍、总结和分析.目前,中国海藻区系可划分为4个小区,即黄海西区、东海西区、南海北区和南海南区.大型海藻物种数达到1,277种,其中蓝藻门6目21科57属161种(及变种)、红藻门15目40科 169属607种(...     

Biodiversity gradient in the Baltic Sea: a comprehensive inventory of macrozoobenthos data

In the Helsinki Commission Red List project 2009–2012, taxonomic and distributional data of benthic (macro) invertebrates were compiled by the present authors in a comprehensive checklist of the Baltic Sea fauna. Based on the most recent and comprehensive data, this paper presents the diversity patterns observed among benthic invertebrates in the Baltic Sea. As expected, the total number of species per sub-region generally declined along the salinity gradient from the Danish Straits to the northern Baltic Sea. This relationship is well known from the Baltic Sea and has resulted in a general assumption of an exponentially positive relationship between species richness and salinity for marine species, and a negative relationship for freshwater species. In 1934, Remane produced a diagram to describe the hypothetical distribution of benthic invertebrate diversity along a marine–freshwater salinity gradient. Our results clearly indicated the validity of this theory for the macrozoobenthic diversity pattern within the Baltic Sea. Categorisation of sub-regions according to species composition showed both separation and grouping of some sub-regions and a strong alignment of similarity patterns of zoobenthic species composition along the salinity gradient.     

Further connections between the benthic marine algal floras of the northern Arabian Sea and Japan

Identifications made on some recent collections of benthic marine algae from the Sultanate of Oman, northern Arabian Sea, have revealed several new records for this region. A total of eight species, representing five species of Rhodophyceae, two species of Phaeophyceae, and a single species each of Chlorophyceae, are newly reported for Oman. Of particular interest is the fact that these species represent new records for the Indian Ocean, some of which had previously been known from Japan and environs.     

Drifting algal mats as an alternative habitat for benthic invertebrates: Species specific responses to a transient resource

Patchy occurrences of benthic drift algae (i.e. loose lying macroalgal mats) may increase habitat complexity on normally bare soft bottoms, but at the same time, extensive amounts of drifting algal mats are known to stress the benthic fauna. This paper presents results of the first detailed study of the fauna associated with drift algal mats in the northern Baltic Sea. In order to assess the importance of drifting algae as an alternative habitat for benthic fauna, benthic drift algal mats were sampled on shallow (2-9 m) sandy soft bottoms in the outer archipelago of the ?land Islands (Finland). Species composition, abundance and biomass of the macrofauna associated with algal mats were recorded. The results show that drifting algae at times can harbour very high abundances of invertebrates (up to 1116 individuals/g algal dryweight), surpassing invertebrate densities recorded in seagrass communities. The algal fauna varied between sites and over time, and factors such as ambient benthic fauna, exposure to wind-wave disturbance, depth, and algal coverage and condition influenced the invertebrate community composition of the algal mats. Abundance increased while individual biomass of the animals decreased over time (summer season; July-October). A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in order to test the ability of a few important benthic species to move up into, and survive in a drifting algal mat. Macoma balthica, Hydrobia spp., Nereis diversicolor and Bathyporeia pilosa were used in the experiments, and significant differences in their survival and mobility within drifting algae were recorded. This study shows that benthic species differ significantly in their ability to utilise the algal mats, with mainly opportunistic and mobile taxa such as Hydrobia spp., Chironomidae and Ostracoda benefiting from the algae, whereas infaunal species such as M. balthica and B. pilosa are negatively affected. The occurrence of eutrophication induced drifting macroalgal mats has increased significantly during the last decade in the northern Baltic Sea. Hence, the importance of drifting algae as a stress factor and as an alternative habitat for benthic fauna increases.     

Nearshore subtidal community structure compared between inner coast and outer coast sites in Southeast Alaska

Processes that structure subarctic marine communities, particularly in glaciated regions, are not well understood. This understanding is needed as a baseline and to manage these communities in the face of future climate-driven changes. This study investigates two coastal regions of Southeast Alaska with the goals to (a) identify and compare patterns of subtidal community structure for macroalgal, fish, macroinvertebrate (>5?cm), and small epibenthic invertebrate (<5?cm) communities between inner coast and outer coast sites and (b) link patterns of community structure to habitat and environmental parameters. Species assemblage and benthic habitat data were used to compare species diversity and community composition at 6?m and 12?m depths at nine inner coast and nine outer coast sites. Multivariate analysis was applied to reduce environmental variables to major gradients, to resolve community structure, and to relate community structure to habitat and environmental variables. Increased salinity and decreased temperature at outer coast sites compared with inner coast sites were associated with community structure, with greater species diversity at outer coast sites at 6?m depth. Invertebrate community composition was associated with benthic habitat, including crust and coralline algae for macroinvertebrates, and algal cover and substrate for small epibenthic invertebrates. This research suggests that marine communities in glaciated regions are strongly influenced by freshwater input and that future climate-driven changes in freshwater input will likely result in marine community composition changes.     

Contribution to the taxonomy and ecology of the Azorean benthic marine algae

Algal zonation patterns were studied in two sites (Caloura, south coast and Ribeirinha, north coast) of the island of Sao Miguel, Azores. At each site two stations were studied and the transects revealed the occurrence of two distinct and well established algal zones. In the first zone, daily immersed and emersed by the tide, the algae were growing in a dense and short tangle forming a mat, referred to as algal turf. In the second zone, which was wet most of the time, the algae were larger and frondose. A list of the species of benthic marine algae occurring on the algal turf of each station is given. Of the total of 47 species found, eight are new for the Azores and another 13 species are recorded for the first time for Sao Miguel. Gigartina acicularis (Roth) Lamouroux and articulate coralline algae (Corallina oficinalis Linnaeus and Jania spp.) were the more common species. Seasonal variation of the algal turf was studied and related to mean monthly values of air and sea water temperatures, insolation and hours of light. The zonation patterns and composition of algal species were compared with those from other open rocky shores.     

Species diversity and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the Northern Quark, Baltic Sea

The occurrence of aquatic macrophytes was studied in a northern transition area of the Baltic Sea; the Northern Quark, Gulf of Bothnia. In the area there is a gradual, marked change in environmental conditions, the most prominent of which is a decrease in salinity from 5.0% in the Bothnian Sea to 3.5% in the Bothnian Bay. In all, 40 species of macrophytes were observed; 10 fucophyceans, 10 bangiophyceans, 8 chlorophyceans, 3 charophyceans, 1 tribophycean, 1 nostocophycean, 6 phanerogams and 1 water moss. 26 of the observed species were of marine and 14 of lacustrine origin. There was a clear change in species composition and community structure from south to north over the area. The vegetation at the southernmost localities had a marine character, with belt-forming Fucus vesiculosus and a comparatively diverse flora of macroalgae. Further north, an ephemeral, lacustrine vegetation dominated by benthic diatoms and Cladophora aegagropila prevailed. The ratio marine: lacustrine species decreased from 4.2 to 1 when comparing a southern and a northern sub-area of the Northern Quark. The species observed include 57 % of the marine macrophytes noted in the Aland and Archipelago Seas (N Baltic Proper) during the past two decades. Two marine species, Aglaothamnion roseum and Ahnfeltia plicata , are reported for the first time from the Northern Quark. This comprises a northern extension of their distribution limit with approximately 300 km.     

我国主要海域海水养殖碳汇能力评估及其影响效应——基于我国9个沿海省份面板数据

随着海水养殖业的碳汇功能逐渐被认识和肯定,海水养殖不再单是一项经济活动,而是对环境具有正向影响的碳汇生态活动。以我国沿海9个省份为例,选取海水养殖业碳汇主要贡献的贝类和藻类海产品,并按照各自的碳汇方式对我国沿海地区2008—2015年海水养殖碳汇能力测算,进一步将9个沿海省份按照主要海域划分为渤海、黄海、东海、南海,利用LMDI模型从海水养殖的结构效应和规模效应角度分析碳汇能力的区域差异和主要影响因素。研究结果显示,黄海沿岸海水养殖碳汇能力最强,南海沿岸海水养殖的碳汇转化比例最高,规模效应与我国沿海地区海水养殖碳汇能力始终呈正相关,结构效应的作用显著但不稳定。基于上述结论,我国沿海地区碳汇养殖业应首先提升碳汇养殖技术、稳定海水养殖产量,其次注重优化养殖结构,对碳汇潜力巨大的贝类多加关注。     

The inshore marine ecosystem off the Vestfold Hills,Antarctica

The planktonic, ice/water interface, and benthic communities at three sites off the coast of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica, were examined over a complete year.The planktonic flora and fauna were composed predominantly of oceanic species with diatoms and copepods the numerically dominant groups. Primary production was largely restricted to the summer months except for epontic algae which developed in spring. The zooplankton exhibited a similar seasonal cycle but lagged some months behind that of the phytoplankton.The ice/water interface (epontic) fauna consisted of species from the plankton and benthos. Copepods were major contributors; however, two amphipod species dominated. Seasonality of the fauna in this habitat was determined by ice formation and breakout, and development of ice algae.Each of the benthic substrates supported a characteristic macrofaunal assemblage, although infaunal amphipods and tanaids were similar at each site. Infauna exhibited a distinct seasonal cycle related to that of the primary producers whereas macrofauna showed no seasonal changes in abundance.Species composition of each community in this coastal antarctic region was comparable with that of similar habitats in other antarctic coastal areas, supporting the circumpolarity of antarctic marine communities.     

Diversity,abundance and composition in macrofaunal molluscs from the Ross Sea (Antarctica): results of fine-mesh sampling along a latitudinal gradient

The Latitudinal Gradient Program (2002–2011) aimed at understanding the marine and terrestrial ecosystems existing along the Victoria Land coast (Ross Sea), an area characterized by strong latitudinal clines in environmental factors. During the program’s voyage of the Italian RV “Italica” in 2004, a fine-mesh towed gear, the “Rauschert dredge”, was deployed for the first time at 18 stations in four latitudinal distinct shelf areas between ~71°S and ~74°S. The collected samples contained undescribed species and new records for the Ross Sea from a variety of different marine taxa. Here, we describe the molluscan fauna and investigate evidences for latitudinal effects on molluscan diversity, abundance and assemblage composition. No significant latitudinal trends were detected: while diversity did not vary significantly with latitude, species richness showed an apparent but non-significant decrease with increasing latitude. Beta-diversity was found to be high both within and between latitudinally distinct shelf areas. A large fraction (~20 %) of the collected molluscs corresponded to new species records for the Ross Sea or undescribed species. Rarity in Antarctic molluscan occurrences was confirmed, with singletons (i.e. species represented by only a single individual) accounting for a 22 % and uniques (i.e. species occurring in one sample only) for a 43.5 % of the total presence. Our study of the smaller macrofaunal benthic fraction showed that Antarctic marine research still has far to go to have robust reference baselines to measure possible changes in benthic communities, even in the case of the assumed well-known, well-sampled and well-studied group of Ross Sea shelf molluscs. We advocate the use of fine-mesh trawling gears for routine sampling activities in future Antarctic expeditions to assess the full marine biodiversity.     

The northern gannet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Morus bassanus</Emphasis>, Pelecaniformes,Sulidae) in the Black Sea in the Late Holocene

Fossil remains of gannets were found during excavations in the port area of the ancient city of Chersonesus (Sevastopol) in the layers dating to the 5th and 10th centuries AD. Judging by the joint findings of gannet bones and those of other marine fish-eating diving birds, they had been captured in fishing nets, where they died while diving for fish. The species composition of the aquatic birds accompanying the findings of gannets suggests that gannets appeared on the northern coast of the Black Sea mainly during cold seasons. The distribution and number of findings of gannets in the northern Black Sea region indicates that these birds were widespread there. Gannets could have appeared in the Black Sea from the Mediterranean Sea penetrating there from the Atlantic Ocean during long eastward migrations. Gannets appeared in the fauna of the Black Sea no later than the 6th century BC and became extinct no earlier than the tenth century AD, probably surviving up until the 14th–15th centuries AD.     

Molecular Evidence for Lessepsian Invasion of Soritids (Larger Symbiont Bearing Benthic Foraminifera)

The Mediterranean Sea is considered as one of the hotspots of marine bioinvasions, largely due to the influx of tropical species migrating through the Suez Canal, so-called Lessepsian migrants. Several cases of Lessepsian migration have been documented recently, however, little is known about the ecological characteristics of the migrating species and their aptitude to colonize the new areas. This study focused on Red Sea soritids, larger symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera (LBF) that are indicative of tropical and subtropical environments and were recently found in the Israeli coast of the Eastern Mediterranean. We combined molecular phylogenetic analyses of soritids and their algal symbionts as well as network analysis of Sorites orbiculus Forskål to compare populations from the Gulf of Elat (northern Red Sea) and from a known hotspot in Shikmona (northern Israel) that consists of a single population of S. orbiculus. Our phylogenetic analyses show that all specimens found in Shikmona are genetically identical to a population of S. orbiculus living on a similar shallow water pebbles habitat in the Gulf of Elat. Our analyses also show that the symbionts found in Shikmona and Elat soritids belong to the Symbiodinium clade F5, which is common in the Red Sea and also present in the Indian Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Our study therefore provides the first genetic and ecological evidences that indicate that modern population of soritids found on the Mediterranean coast of Israel is probably Lessepsian, and is less likely the descendant of a native ancient Mediterranean species.     

Epibiotic macroalgae on the scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mizuhopecten yessoensis</Emphasis> in Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan

The composition and structure of the epibiotic flora of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis were studied on the basis of data from long-term (1979 to 2007) observations on the scallop beds in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). In all, 52 species of macroalgae belonging to three phyla were found on the scallop shells; 3 species were new records for the benthic flora of the area studied. Red algae constituted the bulk of the species richness of algal epibionts; brown algae were represented by the lowest number of species. Species of Chlorophyta predominated in terms of biomass; species of Rhodophyta were found in lower numbers. The main form of the thallus of epibiotic algae was bushy or filamentous. The ratio of common to rare species was 30 : 70. As compared to the benthic flora, the epibiotic flora on the scallop shells was characterized by a greater number of warm-water species.     

Exploring the taxonomic and functional diversity of marine benthic micro-Eukaryotes along the Red Sea coast of Jeddah city

BackgroundsDiverse marine habitats along Jeddah's Red Sea coast support rich biodiversity. Few studies have been done on its diverse communities, especially its microbial counterparts. Metagenomic analysis of marine benthic micro-eukaryotic communities was performed for the first time on the Red Sea coast of Jeddah. This research looks into their community structure and metabolic potential.MethodsNext-generation sequencing was used to examine the micro-eukaryotic communities of seven sedimentary soil samples from four Jeddah coast locations. After isolating DNA from seven benthic sedimentary soil samples, the 18S rDNA V4 regions were amplified and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq. It was also verified using an Agilent Technologies 2100 Bioanalyzer with a DNA 1000 chip (Agilent Technologies, Fisher Scientific). A standard curve of fluorescence readings generated by qPCR quantification using the Illumina library was achieved using the GS FLX library. Metagenomic data analysis was used to evaluate the microbial communities' biochemical and enzymatic allocations in studied samples.ResultsBlast analysis showed that the top ten phyla were Annelida, Eukaryota, Diatomea, Porifera, Phragmoplastophyta, Arthropoda, Dinoflagellata, Xenacoelomorpha Nematoda, and uncultured. Annelida was also found in the highest percentage (93%), in the sample M followed by Porifera (64%), the most abundant in the control sample then Eukaryotes (61%), Phragmatoplastophyta (55%), Arthropoda, and Diatomea (the least common) (32%). community diversity analysis: using Shannon and inverse Simpson indices showed sediment composition to be effective. Also, PICRUST2 indicated that the most abundant pathways were pyruvate fermentation to isobutanol, pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide phosphorylation, adenosine ribonucleotide de novo biosynthesis, guanosine ribonucleotide de novo biosynthesis, NAD salvage pathway I, the super pathway of glyoxylate bypass and aerobic respiration I (cytochrome c).ConclusionResults showed that high throughput metagenomics could reveal species diversity and estimate gene profiles. Environmental factors appear to be more important than geographic variation in determining the structure of these microbial communities. This study provides the first report of marine benthic micro-eukaryotic communities found on the Red Sea coast of Jeddah and will serve as a good platform for future research.     

Distribution of the macrobenthos fauna in the Ola River basin,northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk

The taxonomic composition of the macrobenthos fauna and its distribution in the main stream and tributaries of the mid-size salmon Ola River, the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, were investigated for the first time. In the Ola River basin, 253 taxa of benthic invertebrates belonging to 3 phyla (Plathelminthes, Annelida, and Arthropoda) and 5 classes (Turbellaria, Clitellata, Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta) were revealed. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera), and midges (Chironomidae, Diptera) showed the highest species richness and dominated the benthic communities. Chironomidae comprised most of the fauna: 140 species and species groups, or more than 55% of the total diversity. The shares of identified species of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies were subequal. Analysis of hydromorphological characteristics and the composition of aquatic insect families showed that all the areas surveyed in the Ola River basin were rhithral while the macrobenthos fauna represented there belonged to rhithron. The classification obtained by cluster analysis showed spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of the benthic fauna along the Ola River, related to changes in water temperature, slope, and altitude. The heterogeneous fauna distribution and the corresponding change in stable hydromorphological features indicated the existence of the typical epi-, meta-, and hyporhithral subzones whose boundaries were difficult to distinguish. However, the rhithral subzones selected were characterized by the habitat selectivity of certain taxa and by peculiar species richness values, thus emphasizing their individuality.