稻类雄性不育系的花粉败育途径研究

对水、旱稻５ 个两系不育系和１ 个三系不育系的花粉败育途径的观察发现,野败三系不育系珍汕９７Ａ 和３ 个两系不育系是以核退化为典型特征的花粉败育途径,其败育时期发生在单核晚期。新选育成的旱稻昆植Ｓ－１ 和水稻昆植Ｓ－２两个两系不育系则是以核增生为典型特征的花粉败育途径。对两类花粉败育途径的细胞学特点和不育的稳定性进行了比较分析     

大白菜雄性败育的显微结构观察

通过对核质互作型雄性不育系169A和核雄性不育两用系88_3的细胞形态解剖学观察表明,两个不育系在开花时雄性细胞均表现100%的败育,花药的表皮细胞均具有生活力,但败育形式、时期、特点各异。169A败育发生于孢原细胞前后,以孢原细胞退化,或转变成薄壁细胞为主要特点。88_3败育从小孢子母细胞至二核花粉粒皆有发生,高峰期在四分体前后（约占80%）,小孢子母细胞不能进入减数分裂和不能完成减数分裂及小孢子不能正常发育是败育的主要形式,但败育特点均是败育一旦发生便是急剧而彻底的解体或凝集成一团。     

大白菜雄性败育的显微结构观察

通过对核质互作型雄性不育系169A和核雄性不育两用系88-3的细胞形态解剖学观 察表明,两个不育系在开花时雄性细胞均表现100%的败育,花药的表皮细胞均具有生活力,但败育形式、时期、特点各异。169A败育发生于孢原细胞前后,以孢原细胞退化,或转变成薄壁细胞为主要特点。88-3败育从小孢子母细胞至二核花粉粒皆有发生,高峰期在四分体前后（约占80%）,小孢子母细胞不能进入减数分裂和不能完成减数分裂及小孢子不能正常发育是败育的主要形式,但败育特点均是败育一旦发生便是急剧而彻底的解体或凝集成一团。     

两个育性相关基因在BNS和YS小麦温敏雄性不育系中的表达差异分析

为研究雄性不育相关基因TA1和TA2在BNS和YS小麦温敏雄性不育系732A花粉发育时期的表达特点,探讨这2个育性相关基因与温敏雄性不育小麦育性转换的联系,本研究利用荧光实时定量PCR方法,在BNS和YS型不育系732A花药发育四分体期、单核期、二核期和三核期定量检测基因TA1和TA2的mRNA表达水平。结果表明:(1)在732A和BNS花粉发育四分体时期至二核期,基因TA1相对表达量上调,在三核期相对表达量下降;(2)基因TA2相对表达量在BNS花粉发育的四分体时期至二核期逐渐下降,三核期上升;在732A花粉发育4个时期中的相对表达量变化刚好相反;(3)在BNS和732A花粉发育二核期,基因TA1和TA2均表现极值,推测二核期可能为BNS和YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系花粉发育最敏感时期;(4)在不育系BNS和732A花粉发育过程中,基因TA1的相对表达量变化幅度比TA2的高。推测TA1对不育系BNS和732A花粉败育影响程度强于TA2;(5)基因TA1和TA2相对表达量在BNS的花粉发育时期表达趋势相反,推测其对BNS花粉败育影响表现为拮抗作用,且2个基因不连锁;在732A花粉发育时期表达趋势相同,推测其对不育系732A花粉败育影响表现为协同作用。     

新型甘蓝型油菜温敏核不育系SP2S的花药发育解剖学观察

SP2S是西北农林科技大学选育的甘蓝型油菜温敏核不育系,本文采用半薄树脂切片、扫描电镜对SP2S及其可育近等基因系SP2F的花药发育及花粉形态进行观察比较,发现SP2S花药发育在减数分裂时期出现异常,单核花粉时期彻底败育。其主要特征是：减数分裂时期绒毡层已经径向肥大且出现大液泡,胼胝质不能及时降解,使得单核小孢子相互粘连在一起,小孢子无花粉壁的形成且细胞质物质逐渐降解,最后小孢子仅剩下空壳残留物,聚集在一起。SP2S败育特征与现有的核不育材料不同,表明其有可能是一种新型温敏核不育材料。     

二角型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育的细胞学研究

应用石蜡切片和醋酸洋红压片法,从细胞学角度对4个同质异核二角型小麦雄性不育系ms(bicor)-8222、ms(bicor)-80(6)、ms(bicor)-5-4及ms(bicor)-5-8的花粉败育过程进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)4种不育系败育特点总趋势基本雷同,但也因特定核型亦存在一些差异;(2)二角型雄性不育系小孢子发生与其保持系相似,花粉败育就花药而言,中层有延迟退化、解体的趋势,就花粉粒而言,败育主要发生在二细胞花粉粒后期至三细胞花粉粒期;(3)4个不育系花粉败育异常,主要表现为二分体细胞内有微核出现,内缘壁周缘细胞均呈次生纤维状增生;维管束鞘细咆排列不规则,花粉大小不一;(4)花粉败育与营养供应无直接关系,细胞核对花粉育性及育性相关性状相对细胞质影响较小。     

远缘杂交油菜核不育系的创建及其细胞学和形态学研究

在甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜以及芥菜型油菜与诸葛菜属间杂交后代中分别发现1个和3个不育材料,经杂交和多代近交育成了相应的甘蓝型油菜不育系。通过对核不育系体细胞鉴定表明,所有新发现的不育系染色体数为38,均已恢复到甘蓝型油菜。这些不育系绝大部分花粉母细胞（PMC）在中期Ⅰ、后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ 3个时期染色体行为表现正常,但不同时期的PMC均会出现一定比例的异常现象,主要表现为染色体落后或染色体桥等。这些不育系属于单核败育型,不育株与可育株的花器形态差异明显,不育系还存在不同程度的死蕾等特点。通过对花器生长过程的研究,发现不育株雌蕊生长随雄蕊败育进程逐渐加快,而可育株雌蕊生长则存在两个生长缓慢阶段。此外,文章还讨论了这些不育系的应用前景。     

Abnormality in Male Organ Development and Fertility of Photoperiod sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Plants Under Short Day Condition

Ten photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile rice (PGMSR) lines were studied to observe the development of male organs of their short day (SD) plants. The results were shown as follows: 1 ) The self seed-setting rate and the percentage of fertile pollen of these PGMSR lines were much lower than those of the controls. 2) All the male sterile line plants had variant barriers in anther dehiscing and pollen scattering. In addition, some of their stigmas were devoid of pollen, and some self pollen grains on their stignas germinated weakly. 3) Female fertility of those plants was believed to be normal through observation in their embryo sac development and cross seed-setting rate. The authors deduced that the male sterile gene expression becomes the major factor for low rate of self seed-setting of PGMSR plants under SD condition.     

离体条件下核不育水稻突变为细胞质雄性不育

地水稻无花粉型核不育系南广占的体细胞无性系典败变异株ＮＴ１和ＮＴ２经过多代回交已经转成类似野败型的核质互作雄性不育系。ＮＴ１和ＮＴ２的恢保关系与野败型的一致,即野败型的恢复系和保持系同样可作ＮＴ１和ＮＴ２的恢复系和保持系,ＮＴ１现已回交１０代,不育性能稳定。     

离体条件下核不育水稻突变为细胞质雄性不育

来源于水稻无花粉型核不育系南广占的体细胞无性系典败变异株NT1 和NT2经过多代回交已经转成类似野败型的核质互作雄性不育系。NT1和NT2 的恢保关系与野败型的一致, 即野败型的恢复系和保持系同样可作 NT1和NT2 的恢复系和保持系, NT1现已回交10代, 不育性能稳定。     

萝卜CMS不育系与保持系小孢子发生的细胞学研究

研究了萝卜胞质雄性不育系A2、A4及其相应保持系B2、B4的小孢子发生与花药壁发育的细胞学特征.结果表明,不育系A2的绒毡层细胞在四分体时期出现异常,小液泡增多,至单核期汇合形成大液泡,绒毡层细胞异常膨大;小孢子外壁染色浅,细胞壁受到破坏,最后与绒毡层一同降解.不育系A4在减数分裂期即表现出异常,绒毡层异常肥大;花药发育后期,小孢子外壁亦染色较浅;绒毡层细胞融合形成细胞团块侵入药室挤压小孢子,两者一同降解.     

水稻雄性不育突变体ms102的鉴定和基因定位

水稻(Oryza sativa)隐性核雄性不育突变体是第三代杂交水稻技术的核心。为了挖掘优质雄性不育突变体, 该研究通过筛选优质籼稻黄华占(HHZ)的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变突变体库, 获得1个雄性不育突变体ms102 (male sterility mutant 102)。该突变体营养生长正常, 但花药不开裂, 花粉败育。细胞学分析表明, 突变体花药绒毡层不能正常降解, 导致小孢子发育异常; 遗传分析表明, 该突变体的不育表型由1个已报道编码酰基转移酶的DPW2基因突变造成。研究获得了1个隐性核雄性不育突变体, 进一步证实了DPW2基因在水稻花药发育中的功能。     

Cytological observation of two environmental genic male-sterile lines of rice.

We report here two environmental genic male-sterilities (EGMS) in rice. These two EGMS rice lines, thermo-sensitive genic male-sterility (TGMS) and photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterility (PGMS), are controlled by temperature and photoperiod, respectively, in determining their male-sterility. Male-sterility of the TGMS and PGMS was found to be induced when they were grown at 32 degrees C/26 degrees C (day/night) with 14 h daylight, while they were fertile at 26 degrees C/20 degrees C (day/night) with 10 h daylight in a growth chamber. We also examined their anther structures under a light microscope. The light microscopic observation revealed that the EGMS lines showed a complete pollen abortion at the sterile growth condition while they produced normal fertile pollens at the fertile growth condition.     

水稻体细胞无性系R_1、R_2代中的雄性育性变异观察

通过水稻幼穗培养,１９９１－１９９２两年间,在５个品种（珍汕９７Ｂ、红源Ａ、包源Ａ、Ｗ６１５４ｓ,和南广占）中共获得了５０株雄性不育变异株,其中Ｒ_１代有４８株,Ｒ_２代有２株。在Ｒ１代,共获得５２６８株再生植株,雄性不育变异的平均频率为０．９１％（０．８３－１．０８％）;在Ｒ_２代（珍汕９７Ｂ）发生雄性不育变异的频率为２％。本文报道了多种花粉败育类型之间可以相互转变现象,此外不育和可育之间亦可以相互转变。对离体培养产生的雄性不育变异株用一批现有ＣＭＳ（Ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｅ）不育系的典型保持系、恢复系进行测交,结果表明,Ｗ６１５４ｓ产生的雄性育性变异株仍保持核不育的特性;红源Ａ产生的雄性育性变异株有的可能是嵌合体,有的其败育花粉类型虽发生了变化,但其恢保关系并没有改变,有的则可能已转成类似ＷＡ型的不育材料;南广占产生的典败变异株,其恢保关系类似ＷＡ型,可能属核不育转成ＣＭＳ的首例发现。     

Distinguishing among male sterile and fertile lines of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by means of electrophoretic protein patterns

Vertical block SDS-PAAG electrophoresis of individual tomato seeds was used to examine the potential of seed proteins as gene markers for distinguishing male sterile from fertile lines and cultivars. Seeds of three genic male sterile lines and four fertile cultivars and lines were investigated. The line 6944 is carrier of the gene ms 10 ³⁵for pollen male sterility and the lines P-1a and PPS-3 carry the gene ps-2 for positional sterility. A modified extract solution which includes 1M tris — buffer pH 7.0, 7 % SDS, dimethylformamide and distilled water was applied. Qualitative variation in the A protein locus which could be used as a marker for distinguishing male sterile from fertile tomato lines was established.     

Allelic relationship of four male sterility genes and nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions in the expression of male sterility in pearl millet,Pennisetum americanum (L.) leeke

Summary Male sterility genes isolated in four inbred lines of pearl millet were found allelic. The differences between male fertile and male sterile phenotypes is mainly due to a single gene. Presence of a dominant gene (Ms) resulted in male fertility and double recessiveness (ms ms) in male sterility. However, genic male sterility (GMS) in Pennisetum is not a simply inherited case of monogenic recessive condition but is influenced by cytoplasmic and several nuclear factors. In a male sterile, the stage at which the male sterility gene is expressed during the development of the male gametophyte resulting in breakdown of the cells is influenced by cytoplasmic and other nuclear factors. Two types of cytoplasm, C-1 and C-2, are recognized. Presence of any two recessive male sterility alleles in C-1 led to breakdown of male development before differentiation of an archesporium in the anther (Arc-type); in C-2 cytoplasm, degeneration started during meiosis with fusion of meiocytes and syncyte formation (Syn-type), or at post-meiotic stages terminating in abortion of microspores before first pollen mitosis (PGM type). The triggering of activity of recessive male sterility genes in C-2 cytoplasm appeared to be regulated by two nuclear factors, R ₁ and R ₂ with duplicate gene action. Recessiveness for both the R factors in C-2 cytoplasm resulted in PGM-type expression. The action of R ₁ and R ₂ is specific to C-2 cytoplasm. Mutation of cytoplasm from C-1 to C-2 and C-2 to C-1 was observed.     

大麦核质互作型雄性不育系花粉败育过程的细胞学研究(简报)

雄性不育系在作物的杂种优势利用中具有重要的价值。研究其花粉败育过程有利于了解败育机理,并为化学杀雄和化学保雄提供理论     

水稻非花粉型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药发育过程中Ca2+的分布变化

钙在高等植物中被称为第二信使,与植物的有性生殖有关。为了研究水稻（Oryza sativa L.）花药中钙的定位与花粉败育的关系,利用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了非花粉型细胞质雄性不育系G37A及其保持系G37B花药的发育过程及其细胞中Ca^2＋ 的分布变化。研究发现,在2个材料间花药中钙的分布存在大量差异。G37B的可育花药在花粉母细胞时期及二分体时期,很少看到有Ca^2＋的沉积;而在单核花粉时期,Ca^2＋沉积急速地增加,主要定位在绒毡层细胞、花粉外壁外层及乌氏体的表面;随后花药壁上沉积的Ca^2＋减少而花粉的外壁外层仍然有很多Ca^2＋沉积物。相反,G37A的不育花药在花粉母细胞时期和二分体时期有大量的Ca^2＋沉积在小孢子母细胞和花药壁,中间层和绒毡层特别多。在二分体时期之后,不育花药的Ca^2＋沉积减少,特别是绒毡层内切向质膜附近的Ca^2＋几乎消失。但是同时期的可育花药中,有大量的Ca^2＋沉积在绒毡层。不育花药的Ca^2＋沉积在开花几天后消失。根据研究结果推测在不育花药发育早期中更多的钙离子与花粉败育有一定的关系。     

细胞质雄性不育水稻幼穗和花粉发育期的蛋白酶活性变化

水稻细胞质雄性不育系珍汕97A,在花粉母细胞形成期以后可溶性蛋白含量迅速降低。单核期仅为花粉母细胞形成期的56％,二核期和三核期分别为花粉母细胞形成期的36．4％和30．3％。保持系珍汕97B虽在花粉母细胞形成期后可溶性蛋白含量降低,但在二核期则有所增高,表现为鞍形变化过程。在花粉母细胞形成期后,珍汕97A的酪蛋白水解酶活性增高,单核期为前一时期的1倍,而珍汕97B的酶活性增幅较小。第一次枝梗分化期珍汕97A的内肽酶活性较珍汕97B高,而雌雄蕊形成期两者的酶活皆降低。整个发育期中珍汕97A的内肽酶活性较珍汕97B高15％至55．5％。珍汕97A在幼穗第一次枝梗分化期时氨肽酶活性较珍汕97B高。第二次枝梗分化期后,不育系和保持系的氨肽酶活性均下降。但花粉母细胞形成期后,珍汕97A的氨肽酶活性迅速增高,三核期达最高水平,这可能意味着此时大量蛋白质被水解。蛋白酶类抑制剂的实验表明,在雌雄蕊形成期后不育系和保持系含有半胱氨酸型氨肽酶和约10％含金属型氨肽酶;而在三核期,保持系的氨肽酶则主要为半胱氨酸型。不育系三核期含有的BAPA内肽酶包括半胱氨酸型、丝氨酸型,以及部分含金属酶类;而保持系三核期的内肽酶仅为丝氨酸型。不育系肽酶类型的变化,可能反映酶基因编码的去抑制。