矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹RAPD分析初报

用10个任意序列的寡核苷酸片段作为引物,将采自陕西、山西、甘肃等地矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹基因组DNA,在毛细管气浴式PCR热循环仪上随机扩增。在对所有引物扩增条件严格标准化的条件下,这些引物可产生清楚的、可重复的与扩增产物相应的琼脂糖凝胶电泳区带。这10个有效扩增的引物在矮牡丹平均每一个体中扩增出71条带,其中多态的带16条(22．5％),在紫斑牡丹平均每一个体中扩增出76条带,其中多态的带2l条(27．6％)。对每两个个体,每条多态带进行成对比较,累加后求分子标记差异的平均值。在矮牡丹3个居群间的平均差异是7．9,在紫斑牡丹4个居群间的平均差异是8．7,在矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹2个种间的平均差异是10.3。显然,若用来扩增的植物个体数目和引物数目增加,将会得到更满意的结果。初步结果表明濒危植物矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹种内低水平的DNA多态性。RAPD技术用于检测野生牡丹居群内与居群间的遗传变异是有用的与可行的;用于研究种间的进化和亲缘关系也有潜力。     

A revision of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical concept of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex i.e. Sect. Moutan Subsect. Vaginatae, has changed greatly since 1990. Six species and four subspecies have been described as new and two subspecies raised to specific level. Five species and two subspecies are recognized in the present revision, viz. P. suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan, P. jishanensis, P. qiui, P. ostii, P. rockii subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica. P. yananensis, P. ridleyi, P. spontanea, P. moutan subsp. atava, P. suffruticosa subsp. atava, P. rockii subsp. linyanshanii and P. ostii var. lishizhenii are treated as synonyms. P. papaveracea and P. baokangensis are proposed to be interspecific hybrids. A key to the recognized species and subspecies is provided. Biological features of the species are described and their distributions are mapped. The relationships between species are inferred and the origins of commonly cultivated tree peonies ( P. suffruticosa and P. ostii ) are discussed.     

Taxonomical history and revision of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical history of the woody group(peonies) in the genus Paeonia is reviewed in the present paper. The group is endemic to China, but Paeonia suffruticosa is commonly cultivated throughout the north temperate region and has long been known as “the King of Flowers” in China. However, the taxonomy of the group had been neglected before the 1990' s. Since 1990, a number of new species and subspecies have been published. With the support from the National Geographic Society, the senior author of the present paper and his coworkers have made expeditions to all parts of the distribution area of the group, visited all the type localities and sampled a total of 64 populations. Based on the character analysis and examination of the type specimens or photos, each taxon is reviewed with its name checked nomenclaturally, and finally the taxonomy of the whole group is revised. As a result, eight species, three of which each contains two subspecies, are recognized. They are Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan D. Y. Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie, P. jishanensis T. Hong et W. Z. Zhao, P. qiui Y. L. Pei et D. Y. Hong, P. ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang, P. rockii (S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener )T. Hong et J. J. Li subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica D. Y. Hong, P. decomposita Hand.-Mazz. Subsp. decomposita and subsp. rotundiloba D. Y. Hong, P. delavayi Franeh. and P. ludlowii (Stern et Taylor)D. Y. Hong. P. baokangensis Z. L. Dai et T. Hong and P. yananensis T. Hong et M. R. Li are considered as hybrids between P. rockii and P. qiui and between P. rockii and P. jishanensis respectively. In addition, the reduction of a number of names recently published to synonyms is explained.     

芍药属牡丹组分类新注

自我们近年发表一系列牡丹组分类文章以来, 国内外基本上赞同我们8个种的分类系统,但对一些问题仍有不同见解。本文进一步申述牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews 是一个独立的种而不是人工杂种, 以及银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan是牡丹P. suffruticosa的野生类型而不是逸生的P. ostii的理由。上述论点也得到了分子树的支持。P. jishanensis T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao是一个合法名称, 而P. spontanea (Rehder) T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao则确实是一个多余名。太白山紫斑牡丹的学名应是P. rockii ssp. atava (Brühl) D. Y. Hong &; K. Y. Pan, 因此P. moutan Sims ssp. atava Brühl不应是可疑的分类群。本文还对Halda的6个组合和两个杂交种名作了处理。结果, 本文包括了5个新异名和一个新组合。     

Yinpingmudan,the Wild Relative of the King of Flowers,Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews

Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. spontanea (Rehder) S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener ( ＝P. spontanea ＝ P. jishanensis) has been considered as the wild form of widely cultivated P. suffruticosa. However, the subspecies differs from the cultivated one in shape, division and indumentum of leaves and reproductive biology. As a result of extensive field work, a form with two individuals in Yinping Shan, Caohu, Anhui, and Songxian, Henan, are found to be extremely similar to P. suffruticosa, but apparently different from P. jishanensis. The form is considered to be the wild one of P. suffruticosa and described as new: P. suffruticosa subsp, yinpingmudan Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie.     

紫斑牡丹遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR标记对一个居群内的16个紫斑牡丹品种材料进行基因组多态性分析,从100条引物中筛选出15条用于紫斑牡丹的ISSR扩增。共扩增出134条带,其中多态性条带96条,多态性百分率为71.6%。根据ISSR扩增结果,利用NTSYSpc 2.10e软件进行Jaccard相似性系数分析,16个紫斑牡丹品种的遗传相似系数为0.45～0.93。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,在遗传相似系数0.534处,16个紫斑牡丹品种材料可分为4类。第Ⅰ类中的6个紫斑牡丹品种材料中有5个为皇冠型品种,1个单瓣型,其他类中也有皇冠花型品种但未聚在Ⅰ类中;第Ⅱ类仅有1个‘粉盘托桂’,它是所选材料中唯一的托桂型品种,单独聚为一类;第Ⅲ类由不同花色、花型品种聚为一类,可见亲缘关系较近的紫斑牡丹品种性状变异性也很大;第Ⅳ类中A组品种材料均为白色,花型有单瓣型、荷花型和绣球型;B组仅有一个‘银线女’,它是所选材料中唯一的红色绣球型材料。研究表明,不同相似系数的遗传聚类划分与花色、花型之间并非完全具有相关性。     

滇牡丹遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对中国西南地区特有植物滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100个引物中筛选出10个用于正式扩增,在取自16个自然居群和1个迁地保护居群的511个个体中,检测到92个多态位点。在居群水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为44.61%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.1657和0.2448。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为79.31%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.2947和0.4355。居群间的遗传分化系数(G_ST)达0.4349。结果表明：滇牡丹遗传多样性水平较高,居群间遗传分化较大。结合以前的研究结果,对滇牡丹的现状进行评估的结果显示,滇牡丹并不濒危。     

芍药属牡丹组基于形态学证据的系统发育关系分析

对芍药属牡丹组Paeonia L.sect.Moutan DC.（全部野生种）40个居群进行了基于形态学证据的系统学分析,试图建立组内种间的系统发育关系。利用PAUP （4.0）计算机程序分别构建了建立在25个形态学性状基础上的所有研究类群的距离树（UPGMA、NJ）和最大简约树（MP）。所得树的拓扑结构基本一致,差异只发生在距离树和简约树之间,在由形态和细胞学关系都很近的5个种（牡丹P.suffruticosa、矮牡丹P.jishanensis、卵叶牡丹P.qiui、紫斑牡丹P.rockii和凤丹P.o     

Paeonia rockii and Its One New Subspecies from Mt. Taibai,Shaanxi of China

The history of exploration and classification of Paeonia rockii is reviewed in the present paper. Two allopatric subspecies in this species are recognized. The new subspecies, subsp, taibaishanica Hong, found on northern slope of the Qingling Range has leaflets ovate or rounded, totally or mostly lobed. P. rockii subsp, linyanshanii T. Hong et G. L. Ostiis found to be a superfluous name of P. rockii subsp, rockii.     

濒危植物矮牡丹的生态位研究

矮牡丹 (ＰａｅｎｏｎｉａｓｕｆｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＡｎｄｒ .ｖａｒ .ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅａＲｅｈｄ .)属毛茛科 (Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌａｃｅａｅ)芍药属植物[1] ,为我国特有种 ,仅分布于山西稷山马家沟、永济水峪口 ,陕西延安万花山、华阴二仙桥等地 ,其花具有一定的观赏价值 ,根作“丹皮”入药 ,既是宝贵的花卉种质资源 ,又是优良的药材资源 ;且为栽培牡丹的原始种之一[2 ] 。由于自然植被的破坏和 2 0世纪 60年代的大量采掘 ,致使矮牡丹分布范围日益缩小。目前已被列为国家三级保护植物。生态位的概念自Ｇｒｉｎｅｌｌ的“生物在栖息地所占…     

银屏牡丹——花王牡丹的野生近亲

ＴｒｅｅｐｅｏｎｙｈａｓｂｅｎｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓｏｆｙｅａｒｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ,ａｎｄｎｏｗｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｏｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｒｅｇｉｏｎ．Ｉｔｉｓｃａｌｅｄａｓ“Ｋｉｎｇｏ...     

紫斑牡丹及其一新亚种

本文回顾了有关紫斑牡丹的调查和分类历史。它曾被混同于 P．suffruticosa,P．papaveracea 及P．suffruticosa var．papaveracea。它以叶2至3回羽状复叶,小叶17～33,花瓣白色,基部有大紫斑, 花丝黄色,花盘和柱头淡黄色区别于近缘种。种下分化为两个异域的亚种;秦岭北坡的紫斑牡丹小叶全 部或大部分分裂,是一个新亚种,P．rockii subsp．taibaishanica,而P.rockii subsp．linyanshanii T.Hong et G．L.ostii则是P．rockii subsp．rockii的多余名。     

Genetic differentiation among Hemarthria compressa populations in south China and its genetic relationship with H. japonica

Within and among populations genetic variance of twelve Hemarthria compressa populations and one Hemarthria japonica population from China were analyzed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Twelve primers amplified a total of 165 genomic DNA fragments across a total of 148 individuals of which 156 were polymorphic (94.55%). 75.76% of the bands were unique to each species, while the average genetic distance (GD) between one population of H. japonica and twelve populations of H. compressa was 0.44, which suggest that there was distinct differentiation between these two species. In H. compressa, twelve primers produced 145 bands across 145 individuals. High genetic diversity was observed at species level. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 86.21% and Shannon's information index of diversity (I) was 0.357. In contrast, there were relatively low levels of genetic diversity within population (P=32.93%, I=0.174). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that a considerable proportion of genetic variation (48.02%) resided among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G(ST)=48.6%) also suggested that there was strong genetic differentiation among H. compressa populations in southern China. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (N(m)=0.264) indicated that gene flow was low among populations of this species. Relative high clonal diversity was found, and all local genotypes were found.     

芍药属牡丹组革质花盘亚组的系统演化探讨

芍药属牡丹组革质花盘亚组全部原产中国,它们对中国、日本、美国和欧洲的栽培牡丹品种影响甚大。作者在对本亚组9种牡丹(含3个亚种)形态学比较分析的基础上,结合花粉、染色体、蛋白质和DNA水平上的研究证据,提出了本亚组的系统演化的可能途径为:(1)卵叶牡丹→银屏牡丹→矮牡丹→圆裂四川牡丹→四川牡丹,(2)卵叶牡丹→凤丹→紫斑牡丹→太白山紫斑牡丹。另外作者对肉质花盘亚组的系统演化地位也进行了讨论。     

华中特有珍稀植物裸芸香的AFLP遗传多样性分析

采用选择性扩增片段多态性(AFLP)方法对华中特有单种属植物裸芸香(Psilopeganum sinense)的8个自然居群的遗传多样性进行了检测与分析。结果表明:裸芸香的遗传多样性较低,且居群内遗传多样性显著低于物种水平遗传多样性。筛选出的5对引物共得到180个位点,76个为多态位点,多态位点百分率为42.2%,8个居群多态位点百分率为:3.3%～16.7%,居群平均多态位点百分率为9.4%;8个居群Nei多样性指数为0.01987～0.06987,Shannon’s多样性指数为0.0197～0.0816。居群间分化系数Gst=0.5069,居群间基因流为0.2432,不足以维持居群间的基因交流及现有的遗传结构。AMOVA分析表明总遗传变异的13.17%存在于4个地理区域之间,50.45%存在于地理区域内的居群间,36.38%的遗传变异存在于居群内个体间。NTSYS分析表明遗传距离与地理距离不存在相关关系。UPGMA聚类结果表明长江南北两岸的居群并没有产生明显分化。最后,分析了裸芸香的濒危原因并提出了有效的保育措施。     

A Study on Pollination Biology of Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. spontanea (Paeoniaceae)

Field observation on pollination in three populations of Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. spontanea in southern Shanxi Province showed that five species of bees in two families and four species of beetles were engaged in pollination. Examination on bodies of these in sects under SEM, and seed set produced by controlled insect-pollination indicated that the bees, especially the species in the genus Andrena were main pollinators and the beetles except those of small size were only fluctuating vectors. Flowers of this taxon are scented and nonectariferous. Flowers attracted bees and beetles mainly by pollen. A study on seed-set in the three populations revealed considerable variation within and among populations. The plants were no apomict and autogamy, but geitonogamy sometimes could produce mature seeds (x＝ 2.86 seeds per carpel). In the population with less flowers (less than 40 flowers), natural seed-set (x＝3.88) was close to the seed-set produced by hand cross-pollination (x = 3.21), but in the population with more flowers(near 100 flowers) natural seed-set (x＝ 2.48) was lower than that by hand cross-pollination (x = 3.21). The seed-set was low for both natural and artificial cross-pollination with only about one forth of ovules developing into seeds.     

用扩增片段的长度多态性分子标记探讨盾叶薯蓣的遗传多样性

用扩增片段的长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)标记分析研究了中国5个盾叶薯蓣居群30个个体的遗传多样性。筛选出9对AFLP引物,从中检测到14698条清晰可见的条带,其中多态性带12628条,多态性比率85.92%。Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3656±0.1721,物种水平的Nei基因多样性(H)为0.2322±0.2200。遗传变异分析表明,物种水平的遗传分化系数Gst为0.4827,说明其群体间存在一定的遗传分化,居群间的基因流Nm为0.5358,居群间遗传交换较小。聚类分析结果显示5个居群盾叶薯蓣有较为丰富的遗传变异,且与地理分布有相关性。     

安徽和黑龙江省大豆疫霉群体遗传结构的SSR分析

采用简单重复序列(SSR)的分析方法,对来自安徽和黑龙江省的大豆疫霉群体进行了遗传多样性分析。通过使用20对SSR引物对供试的83株大豆疫霉菌株进行PCR扩增,共得到109个SSR标记,全部为多态性标记,平均每对引物扩增出5.5条带。遗传变异与相似性分析表明,安徽群体具有更高的遗传变异度,安徽群体与黑龙江群体间遗传相似性较低;聚类分析显示,供试菌株在80%的相似性水平上可被区分为7个类群,且安徽群体分布于更多的聚类组中;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也表明安徽群体的遗传多样性较黑龙江群体丰富。综合分析表明,本研究的结果不支持关于安徽的大豆疫霉可能来源于黑龙江的推测。     

Genetic variation in Costa Rican populations of the tropical timber species Cedrela odorata L., assessed using RAPDs

Cedrela odorata L. (Spanish cedar), an economically important timber species native to the American tropics, is the focus of increasing conservation concern due to high rates of deforestation within its native range. To assess the extent of the genetic diversity within and between populations of this species, samples were obtained from 10 widely dispersed populations within Costa Rica and analysed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation. Fourteen 10-mer primers were used to generate 97 polymorphic RAPD bands. Presence/absence data for all bands were subjected to a pairwise genetic distance analysis, according to Jaccard's coefficient, then neighbour-joining cluster analysis was performed on these distances, as was an analysis of molecular variance ( AMOVA ), to assess levels of differentiation between populations and regions, and Shannon's Diversity Index was used to quantify levels of diversity within and between populations. Results indicated highly significant genetic differentiation ( P < 0.004, AMOVA ) between populations originating from the North Pacific and Atlantic/South Pacific regions of Costa Rica, with 35.3% of the total variation attributable to a difference between these areas. Little differentiation was recorded between populations from within the same region ( P = 0.757, AMOVA ), and 65.1% of the total variance was attributable to variation within populations. Estimated values for within-population diversity, calculated as H _pop/ H _sp by means of Shannon's Diversity Index, were found to vary greatly between primers, but the overall within-population component of genetic diversity was 0.45. Possible reasons for the high degree of intraspecific genetic variation within this species are discussed and the implications of these results for the conservation and use of its genetic resources are described.     

Planchonella, first record of gynomonoecy for the family Sapotaceae

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to investigate the levels and pattern of genetic variation within and among populations of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endangered plant endemic to China. Of the 76 primers screened, 11 produced highly reproducible ISSR bands. A total of 118 bands were presented from the 11 selected primers across all individuals of five natural populations, corresponding to an average of 10.73 bands per primer. The size of the ISSR bands ranged from 200 to 2,000 bp. The percentage of polymorphic loci at the population level ranged from 77.97 to 86.44%, with an average value of 82.54%. Genetic differentiation among populations was revealed based on Nei’s genetic diversity analysis (19.41%) and the nonparametric analysis of molecular variance (20.62%). The Mantel test showed a significant positive correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance (r = 0.7758, P < 0.05), indicating a role of geographic isolation in shaping the present population genetic structure of P. tatarinowii. The size of the natural populations of P. tatarinowii was noted in field observations to be very small, chiefly owing to habitat destruction and overexploitation in the past decades. Therefore, effective measures for preserving genetic diversity of this species at the population level are needed and should include protecting its natural habitats and increasing the numbers of individuals. To meet the commercial demand for this species, P. tatarinowii plantations and cultivation facilities should be established as an alternative source of raw materials.