栒子属（Cotoneaster Medikus）植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对栒子属（Cotoneaster Medikus）2组15种植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现疏花组（Sect. Cotoneaster）植物叶表皮细胞多为多边形,垂周壁一般为平直—弓形,气孔均为无规则型;单花组（Sect. Uniflos）植物叶表皮细胞常不规则型,垂周壁多浅波状,气孔除无规则型（anomocytic）外还兼有十字型（staurocytic）、四分体型（tetracytic）和等三体型（isotricytic）。依据气孔周围角质膜特征等叶表皮性状,把15种植物分为W型、S型和I型,其中W型是S型的特化类型,疏花组的种类为W型或S型,单花组的种类为I型。叶表皮微形态特征可以为栒子属植物组及种的分类学处理提供解剖学资料。     

THE CUTICULAR ANATOMY OF FRENELOPSIS VARIANS FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF CENTRAL TEXAS

Stem fragments identified as Frenelopsis varions Fontaine have been found in the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of central Texas. The cuticle is extremely thick and characterized by 5–6 subsidiary cells with papillae overarching the stomatal chamber. Guard cells are deeply sunken below the epidermis. Stomatal complexes are arranged in axial rows extending from the base of an internode to its apex. The rows of stomata continue into the sheathing leaf where the rows curve towards the leaf apex. The epidermis of F. varions was apparently long persistent and underwent prolonged growth. Axial rows of stomata are frequently disrupted resulting in a random pattern of stomata. A single, highly reduced, sheathing leaf is present at each node. The margin of the leaf has numerous unicellular trichomes and extends to form a slightly triangular blade.     

斑龙芋属(天南星科)及近缘属植物的叶表皮形态

光镜、电镜下观察了天南星科天南星族下斑龙芋属2个种及近缘属13个种植物的叶表皮形态特征。实验结果显示,4属植物的叶表皮组成及其形态特征较相似,属间不存在明显差异,但某些特征在种间存在差异,可作为种的鉴别特征。叶表皮特征支持将单籽犁头尖和昆明犁头尖两个种合并为一个种。15个种的气孔器均具有2个副卫细胞,Stebbins andKhush认为这是气孔器类型中较具2个以上副卫细胞更进化的一种类型,而天南星科大多数族的气孔器都具有2个以上的副卫细胞,这也证明了天南星族是天南星科较进化的族。     

中国桑寄生科植物叶表皮微形态

通过扫描电镜对中国桑寄生科桑寄生亚科8属18种和槲寄生亚科1属2种植物成熟叶的上、下叶表皮内表面和下表皮外表面进行了研究。内面观发现桑寄生科植物叶上、下表皮形状为多边形,垂周壁式样平直或稍弓形,常具有角质增厚,平周壁常覆盖厚角质或颗粒状、丝状角质增厚;气孔存在于上下表皮,通常下表皮较多,气孔的形状,特别是保卫细胞的形态在亚科间、属间或种间都具有一定的差异,气孔器类型为平列型或单圈型。下表皮表面观察了的角质膜和蜡质纹饰、气孔的形状,外部气孔缘及外部气孔缘内缘的特征。这些特征在亚科或属级水平上较为稳定,有的也表现出种间差异,有一定的分类价值。从气孔形态和外部气孔周围角质膜来看,两亚科显示出明显的不同:桑寄生亚科上、下表皮均具有内部气孔缘,而槲寄生亚科没有此结构;桑寄生亚科外部气孔周围角质膜增厚成环状,其上具增厚的条纹,而槲寄生亚科外部气孔周围角质膜增厚成脊状,不具条纹。这些特征支持槲寄生亚科作为独立1个科来处理。     

中国薯蓣属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对中国薯蓣科薯蓣属7组31种1亚种2变种植物的叶表皮细胞、叶表皮毛、气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较研究,为薯蓣属内种间的分类界定及系统发育研究提供证据。结果表明:中国薯蓣属各组之间在叶表皮毛、叶表皮细胞和气孔等微形态特征存在较大的差异,但也呈现出一定的组间特异性规律,如:四至六边形的叶表皮细胞、气孔周围平直的垂周壁式样为根茎组植物所特有;丁字型毛组叶脉和叶肉细胞上覆盖大量特有的2叉T型表皮毛;复叶组的叶脉和叶肉细胞具相当密集的表皮毛;基生翅组和周生翅组的气孔器类型衍生出了三胞型;气孔旋转方向在各组中明显分化,在丁字型毛组、白薯莨组和周生翅组(多毛叶薯蓣除外)中为左旋,而顶生翅组、基生翅组和复叶组表现为右旋。研究表明,叶表皮微形态特征在薯蓣属植物中是较为稳定的演化特征,可以作为中国薯蓣属分类与鉴定的依据;据此推断薯蓣属中顶生翅组和周生翅组较为进化,根茎组是薯蓣属的分化中心;对薯蓣属中存在争议的种:盾叶薯蓣和小花盾叶薯蓣、穿龙薯蓣和柴黄姜、马肠薯蓣、多毛叶薯蓣以及白薯莨等进行了分类界定。     

Leaf epidermis of Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis (Oerst.) Schneid. (Fagaceae)

The characters of leaf epidermis (mainly epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes) have been examined in 48 species of Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis of the Fagaceae. The adaxial leaf epidermis was investigated under light microscope. The epidermal cells of this surface are of two types in terms of the outline of their anticlinal wall. One type is characterized by having straight wall, and this type has been observed in most of the species studied, while the other is characterized by having sinuate or sinuolate wall, and this type has been found only in eight species, such as Q. blakei and Q. hui. There exist two types of trichome-bases on this surface: in one type the bases are singlecelled, and this type has been found in most of the species studied, such as Q. oxyodon and Q. augustinii; while in the other the bases consist of a group of cells, and this type has been found only in nine species, such as Q. thorelii and Q. chungii. The abaxial leaf epidermis was investigated under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The epidermal cells and the trichome-bases on this surface under LM are in morphology essentially similar to those on the adaxial surface. The stomata under LM include three types: cyclocytic, subcyclocytic and anomocytic. The stomatal density is of some diagnostic value to distinguish between closely related species, e.g. the stomatal density in Q. glauca is higher than that in Q. schottkyana. Under SEM the stomata are elliptical or roundish. The most noteworthy feature of the adaxial leaf epidermis is the trichomes. Eight types of trichomes have been observed under SEM: simple-uniseriate, solitary, papillae, stellate, fused-stellate, stipitate-fasciculate, multiradiate and jellyfish-like. The first type, i.e. the simple-uniseriate trichome, is glandular, other six types, i.e. the solitary, papillae, stellate, fused-stellate, stipitate-fasciculate and multiradiate trichomes, are non-glandular, and the last one, i.e. the jellyfish-like trichome, may represent an intermediate type in structure between the glandular and the non-glandular trichomes. Papillae are very common in subgen. Cyclobalanopsis although in the Fagaceae they were previously reported only in a few species of Lithocarpus. The jellyfish-like trichome, observed only in Q. sichouensis, is reported in the Fagaceae for the first time. The evolutionary trends of trichomes are discussed. The trichomes seem to evolve toward the direction of increasing complexity in structure. Papillae are considered as the pedomorphism of trichomes. From papillae the solitary trichomes and then the stellate ones have evolved. The complicated trichome types with more arms may be produced from relatively simple ones with fewer arms by means of varions fusion: several stellate trichomes are fused to form the fused-stellate ones by basal fusion, and by the same way the fused-stellate ones to form the stipitate-fasciculate ones; the multiradiate trichomes are formed by the stellate ones, in which the arms emerge in a variety of seemingly random directions from a typically rounded common base. Based on the above results, it is considered that the trichome features are of important significance for a better understanding of the infrageneric division of Quercus and the phylogenetic relationships between this genus and the other genera in the Fagaceae. The very common presence of papillae in Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis and in a few species of Lithocarpus may indicate that subgen. Cyclobalanopsis is a quite natural group on the one hand, and may have close relationship with Lithocarpus on the other hand. The thin-walled, jellyfish-like trichomes found in Q. sichouensis are in structure similar to the “glandular” peltate trichomes in Trigonobalanus, a genus generally regarded as the most primitive in subfam. Quercoideae, indicating that the affinity between subgen. Cyclobalanopsis and Trigonobalanus may becloser than that between subgen. Quercus and Trigonobalanus.     

栎属青冈亚属（壳斗科）的叶表皮研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了栎属青冈亚属Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis 48种植物的叶表皮,尤以对叶下表皮的毛被特征观察较为仔细。共观察到8种不同类型的叶表皮毛：单列毛、单毛、乳突、星状毛、溶和星状毛、具柄束毛、多出毛和水母状毛。其中乳突在青冈亚属中较常见,而在壳斗科其他属中仅在石栎属 Lithocarpus 少数种类中有报道;水母状毛首次在壳斗科中发现。毛被可能遵循以下的演化规律：乳突→单毛→星状毛;星状毛依照从简单→复杂的演化途径,分化出各种形态各异和结构复杂的毛系。初步讨论了毛被以及叶表皮其他特征(如毛基细胞和表皮细胞的形态、气孔的类型和密度等)的分类和系统学意义。     

[竹思]簩竹属及其近缘属叶表皮微形态特征

用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对[竹思]簩竹属（Schizostachyum Nees）7个种,及其近缘的梨竹属（Melocanna Trin．）、泡竹属（Pseudostachyum Munro）、薄竹属（Lepzocanna Chia et H．L．Fung）各1个种以及空竹属（Cephalostachyum Munro）6个种的叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果表明竹叶下表皮乳突的形状和在气孔器上及周围的排列式样在这5个属中各有不同,具有重要的分类学和系统学价值。同时我们的结果不支持广义的笃竹属;而梨竹属、空竹属和泡竹属则被支持独立成属。另外,薄竹（Leptocanna chinensis）和红毛[竹思]簩竹（Schizostachyum sanguineum）的叶表皮微形态特征非常接近空竹属;香糯竹（Cephalostachyum pergracile）和金毛空竹（C．virgatum）的叶表皮微形态特征则十分接近[竹思]簩竹属。     

Leaf epidermal micromorphology of Cercis (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)

The micromorphology of leaf epidermal cells and stomata of all eight species and one form (11 samples) of Cercis were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells are polygonal or irregular in shape; the anticlinal walls are straight and arched or undulate. Two types of stomata, which occur only on the abaxial surface of the leaves, are found in the genus. The atypical paracytic type is present in only one species, Cercis chingii, and the anomocytic type is present in all other species. Interspecific differences are minor in the genus with regard to leaf epidermal characters, except for C. chingii, which is characterized by atypical paracytic‐type stomata, a two‐lipped outer stomatal rim, the highest stomatal density and undulate and densely pitted anticlinal walls in the adaxial epidermis. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 539–547.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Infection Process of Cercospora henningsii on Cassava Leaves

Germination, penetration and sporulation of Cercospora henningsii (Allesch.) on cassava leaves were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Conidia started to germinate 9 h postinoculation producing one to two germ tubes. The germ tubes entered the leaf tissue through the abaxial surface by direct penetration of the epidermis without forming appressoria. The cassava leaf is characterized by its papillose epidermis on the abaxial surface. The penetrations occurred at smooth areas of the leaf epidermis between the papillae. The germ tubes did not enter stomata even when they passed over stomatal openings. Leaf spots started to appear 9 days after the inoculation (dpi), and the emergence of conidia occurred 14 dpi. The symptoms appeared first on the abaxial leaf surface, followed 2 days later on the adaxial. Conidia emerged in clusters through ruptured epidermis on both sides of the leaves. Conidia emerged also through the epidermal papillae and the leaf veins. Even though small groups of conidia emerged through stomata also, emergence through stomata appeared to be random rather than a preferred route. Each conidium was born on a short conidiophore with a swollen base.     

福建省不同居群轮叶蒲桃叶形态与表皮特征比较

通过对福建省16个不同居群轮叶蒲桃叶片形态特征、叶表皮特征的观察及叶片主要性状的测量,探讨不同居群轮叶蒲桃叶型、叶表皮特征多样性,为属下种间鉴定提供依据。对16个居群轮叶蒲桃叶型多样性进行观察,采用直尺测量叶片主要性状如叶长、叶宽等;采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对叶表皮特征进行观察。结果表明,16个居群轮叶蒲桃叶片中,闽西居群叶形为阔椭圆形;闽东、闽北、闽南等各地居群叶形为长椭圆形或近带形。不同居群轮叶蒲桃叶片表皮毛、角质层纹饰、气孔器形态与类型等表现一致,但表皮细胞垂周壁式样差异明显,具波状、浅波状、平直、弓形等几种类型,且在上下表皮间存在式样一致或有多元化现象。由此说明,福建省不同居群轮叶蒲桃叶形与表皮细胞垂周壁式样均处于较强烈分化的状态,表皮细胞垂周壁式样不能作为属种间分类的依据。     

苔草属复序苔草亚属十四种植物叶片的解剖学研究

选择中国复序苔草亚属6组4亚组的代表植物14种,进行了叶片解剖学研究,观察了其横切面 和表皮特征,证明上述特征在各类群之间存在差异,具有一定的系统学意义。这14种植物叶片的横切 面和表皮都具有一些原始的性状,表明复序苔草亚属中的植物可能在苔草属中是较原始的。在所观察 的植物中,Sect．Polystachyae植物叶片解剖学特征比较一致,说明此组的建立比较合理;而Sect．Indicae 组已有明显分化,尤其是Carex scaposa C．B．Clarke和C．densifimbriata Tang et S．Y．Liang 与其它植物明显不同,而且其外部形态特征在复序苔草亚属中也比较独特,因此赞成将它们及其近缘类群做为一个组而非亚组。     

华北地区繁缕属（Stellaria L.）植物叶表皮微形态特征研究

采用光学显微镜,对华北地区分布的繁缕属植物16种2变种,其它4属4种植物的叶表皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明：繁缕属植物叶片的下表皮均存在气孔器,而上表皮仅少数种类缺乏气孔器。气孔器类型比较多样,有不等细胞型、无规则型、无规则四细胞型;表皮细胞主要为不规则型,垂周壁从平直、弓形、浅波状、波状、到深波状;上表皮气孔指数在5.23~31.65之间;下表皮气孔指数在10.02~29.44。叶表皮被毛或无,毛被分为星状毛、腺柔毛、柔毛、绢毛。该研究说明叶表皮的微形态特征在种间差异明显,可以为分种及属间亲缘关系的探讨提供依据,但是对组的划分存在一定的局限性。     

山茶属金花茶组金花茶系植物叶表皮形态学研究

在光学显微镜下观察山茶属金花茶组金花茶系25个分类群的叶表皮形态。结果表明:25个分类群的叶上表皮形态结构相似,气孔仅分布于下表皮。下表皮的细胞垂周壁式样和气孔形状在一些种间存在着明显的差异。分布于不同地貌类型的金花茶种类的气孔密度存在显著差异,分布在石灰岩山地的种类的气孔密度在整体上明显高于分布在非石灰岩山地的种类。     

国产柳属繁柳组植物叶脉序研究及其分类学意义

采取脉络法,对柳属（Salix）繁柳组（Sect.Denticulatae C.K.Schneid.）17种及1变种进行叶片脉序观察。结果表明：繁柳组植物叶脉序类型均为直行羽状脉,表现出较高的一致性。该组植物均有二级间脉,但类型各有不同;三级脉及较高级脉序大体有三种类型;网眼发育完善或不完善;盲脉偶有不分枝;不同种之间网眼的发育以及盲脉分枝具有显著差异,是有价值的分类性状。根据聚类分析,繁柳组植物叶脉序分为两种类型：草地柳（S.praticola Hand.-Mazz.ex Enander）类型及腹毛柳（S.delavayana Hand.-Mazz.）类型,研究结果与形态学结果基本一致,但叶脉序提供了新的分类学性状,可为柳属植物疑难种的分类寻找新的依据。     

Systematic anatomical characters of the leaves of Dimorphandra and Mora (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

A systematic study of the leaf anatomy of Dimorphandra and Mora showed that the leaf epidermis provides taxonomic characters for the separation of the two sections of Dimorphandra, Pocillum and Dimorphandra , viz. the structure of the guard cells and the degree of sunkenness of the stomata. The diverse arrangements of the neighbouring cells around the stomata do not provide a clear distinction between the sections: in section Pocillum the stomata are paracytic but in section Dimorphandra several types are found. Papillae of diverse shape, size and disposition are present in the different species of Dimorphandra , and with all these variations in the epidermal characters it is possible to establish series of increasing complexity in the two sections.
Mora presents several characters which distinguish it from Dimorphandra (e.g. thickenings in the walls of the stomata and other epidermal cells, granular silica in the lumen of some epidermal cells, and sinuous anticlinal walls in the cells of both epidermides), thus supporting its recognition as a separate genus.     

中国筇竹属植物志资料

筇竹属是近年来新建立的一个属。本属原发表时仅有3种,标本採自四川、云南、贵州及湖北西部。以后又陆续发表了4种。作者在编写中国植物志筇竹属的过程中,对本属又做了初步整理,其中包括一新种及一新变型也在此一并发表。本文引证的标本均藏于本院标本室(代号SWFC)。     

南五味子属（五味子科）植物叶表皮形态特征

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了南五味子属（Kadsura Kaempf. ex. Juss.）全属11种,八角属（Illicium Linn.）2种,共108个样品的叶表皮特征。在南五味子属中,叶表皮细胞的形状、叶表皮表面的纹饰、气孔器的形状、气孔极区的形状、表皮毛的有无等性状能用于研究南五味子属种间关系,以及与五味子属（Schisandra Michaux）和八角属之间的关系。在八角目（Illiciales）中发现的一个新分类学性状（叶表皮表面具角质网纹）,支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属（Subg. Cosbaea）和南五味子亚属（Subg. Kadsura）。根据叶表皮形态特征,支持将南五味子亚属分为南五味子组（Sect. Kadsura）和肉蕊组（Sect. Sarcocarpon）,支持R. M. K. Saunders和林祁对某些种的归并处理。根据与五味子属和八角属叶表皮形态特征的比较,认为这3个属的叶表皮形态特征相似,但南五味子属叶表皮形态比五味子属和八角属的叶表皮形态复杂,不支持将五味子科（Schisandraceae）从八角目（Illiciales）中分出而成立五味子目（Schisandrales）的观点。     

青藏高原不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征研究

采用胶带粘取叶表皮法,利用光学显微镜观测不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片的表皮毛、气孔及表皮细胞结构特征,探讨全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征与海拔高度的关系。结果表明,随着海拔高度增加,全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片上、下表皮毛密度、气孔密度和表皮细胞密度逐渐增加;气孔器及表皮细胞的长度、宽度和面积逐渐减小;表皮细胞的形态随着海拔升高由无规则形向多边形变化,垂周壁由波状向弓形或平直变化。全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮结构在不同海拔高度下表现出的差异,可能是植物长期在高原生态环境下的综合反应,以结构上的变化来适应对高海拔地区的环境特点,为进一步研究高海拔地区植物的适应性提供一定依据。