细叶黄芪叶肉原生质体植株再生

从细叶黄芪(Astragalus tenuis)外植体愈伤组织分化出的再生苗叶片分离原生质体。原生质体培养在改良 K8p 培养基中形成了愈伤组织。增殖后的愈伤组织转入分化培养基中分化出苗。幼苗在生根培养基中长出不定根,再生成为完整植株。再生苗叶肉原生质体在 AY培养基中,种子无菌苗叶肉原生质体在改良 K8p 或 AY 培养基中均不能形成愈伤组织。较低的2,4-D 浓度有利于原生质体愈伤组织的形成和分化,过高的2,4-D 浓度对愈伤组织的形成和分化有不利的影响。     

Isolation and culture of protoplasts from callus tissue of Hibiscus syriacus L.

Protoplasts were isolated from callus tissue of Hibiscus syriacus L. using a solution of 3% Onozuka cellulase, 1% Onozuka macerozyme, and 0.5% hemicellulase. Highest yields of viable protoplasts were obtained from friable, white or yellow callus 8–9 days after subculture on Murashige & Skoog medium with 0.5 mg l^-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg l^-1 kinetin. Protoplasts cultured in thin liquid layers of this medium with mannitol continued dividing for longer than those cultured in droplets or in an agar medium. Cultures were maintained until protoplasts had divided to form groups of more than ten cells. Cell groups developed into callus and continued to grow on an agar medium, but failed to differentiate on a regeneration medium with 2 mg l^-1 naphthalene acetic acid and 1 mg l^-1 benzylaminopurine.     

水稻原生质体培养及植株再生的研究

由粳稻77-170品系及籼稻品种IR-50的细胞悬浮培养物游离的原生质体,用琼脂糖包埋于RY-2培养基中,发生了持续分裂。前者植板率达2.5％以上,二者最后都再生出植株。对游离和培养方法做了如下改进:1)采用两步法,即先用果胶酶,再用果胶酶和纤维素酶的混合酶进行游离,可避免原生质体发生融合并获得高质量的原生质体;2)悬浮细胞培养基中加入ABA有利于原生质体的存活和分裂;3)琼脂糖包埋培养可大大提高植板率;4)用较高渗透压的培养基培养原生质体再生的细胞团及愈伤组织,可提高植株再生频率。由于这两个品种(系)的培养物都已继代一年半之久,再生植株均为白化苗。这是迄今第一个由籼稻原生质体再生植株的报道。     

Plantlet Regeneration from Protoplasts lsolated from an Embryogenic Suspension Cultureof Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Protoplasts were isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture of commercial cotton cv. The protoplasts were released enzymatically and isolated by centrifugation on a sucrose cushion. The isolated protoplasts were initially cultured in a liquid medium with K3 mineral salts and modified Km8p organic compositions, supplemented with 0.05–0.1 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.2–0.5 mg/l 2ip in the dark. The regenerated plantlets from protoplasts of coker312 and coker 201 cv. were obtained. Embryogenesis from protoplast of Jin4 cv. and microcolonies form protoplasts of JiHe321 and Lul cv. were observed.     

Improved culture ability of potato protoplasts by use of activated charcoal

Protoplasts were obtained from in vitro grown plants of Solanum tuberosum L. The protoplasts were cultured in X-plate petri dishes with the culture medium joined to a reservoirmedium. When activated charcoal was added to the reservoirmedium the culture ability of the protoplasts was significantly increased. The effect of activated charcoal was mainly due to a less pronounced browning of the developing protoplasts and this technique might be of help in protoplast cultures where browning is a problem.     

Plant regeneration from protoplast-derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Protoplasts isolated from cultured rice cells of an A-58 cytoplasmic male sterile line (A-58 MS)(Oryza sativa L.) were used to investigate the regeneration of rice plants. A cultured cell line (T₃) of A-58 MS with a high growth rate and dense cytoplasm was selected. About 10% of the protoplasts prepared from this established cell line plated in RY-2 (a new medium) formed colonies. The calli formed shoots and roots in the regeneration medium and developed into whole plants.Protoplasts also were prepared from suspension cultures of 25 other varieties of rice using the same methods. The protoplasts isolated from two of the 25 varieties, Fujiminori and Toyotama, had high rates of cell division in RY-2 medium. Only protoplastderived calli from Fujiminori, produced whole plants in the regeneration medium.Abbreviations LS Linsmaier and Skoog (1965) - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - BA 6-benzyladenine - MES 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, monohydrate     

甘蓝型油菜下胚轴原生质体培养的研究

从甘蓝型油菜下胚轴分离纯化原生质体。种子萌发时进行光照处理对原生质体产率影响不大,但可提高其活力。对液体浅层、固体平板和“琼脂岛”3种培养方法进行比较,结果“琼脂岛”法效果最好,不但细胞分裂速度快,而且克隆形成频率高。再生的愈伤组织转到分化培养基上后迅速分化出芽。诱导生根后进行移栽,生长状况良好。     

REGENERATION OF LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA (FAMILY MAGNOLIACEAE) FROM PROTOPLAST CULTURE

Protoplasts were isolated enzymatically from suspension cultures of two embryogenic lines of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and cultured in droplets of a regeneration medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 2,4-D and 0.25 mg/1 6BA and solidified with agarose. Suspension cultures grown in the light yielded substantial numbers of protoplasts, while insignificant numbers were isolated from cultures grown in the dark. The protoplasts reformed cell walls within three days, and 75 percent of them divided at least once within one week in culture. Embryogenic suspension or callus cultures were regenerated by placing agarose droplets containing protoplast-derived microcalli directly into liquid conditioning medium or onto plates of conditioning medium solidified with agar. Embryogenesis was obtained by transferring the callus to a hormone-free induction medium.     

Fertile Plants Regenerated from Protoplasts of Cold Tolerant Rice Line RCPL 1-2C

We report plant regeneration from suspension protoplasts of an advance breeding line suitable for high altitude areas of NorthEastern Hill of India. Protoplasts were cultured in liquid and low density agarose in presence as well as absence of nurse. Higher frequency of division and plant regeneration were obtained from the protoplasts cultured in presence of nurse. In contrast, only some colonies were recovered from the protoplasts cultured in absence of nurse. Frequency of plant regeneration from these calli was also very low. Use of nurse was therefore, critical in obtaining sustained division in the protoplasts. So far, 115 plants have been regenerated from ten independent experiments and twelve of them have tlowerd and set seeds.     

Callus production from photoautotrophic soybean cell culture protoplasts

Summary Protoplasts were prepared from a photoautotrophic (PA) cell line of Glycine max (soybean). A yield of 75 to 90% after two to three hours digestion in a mixture of 1% Cellulase R10, 0.2% Pectolyase Y23 and 2% Driselase was obtained. Cell division and colony formation occurred from approximately 18% of the plated protoplasts. The cultured protoplasts were as sensitive to the herbicide atrazine, a photosynthetic inhibitor, as the original PA cells under the same conditions. Protoplasts and cells of a heterotrophic (HT) soybean culture were not as sensitive to atrazine. The isolated protoplasts retained the PA characteristics of the parental culture in the callus and cell suspension cultures obtained from the protoplasts. The chromosome numbers in the parental cell line and in cells derived from the isolated protoplasts (both PA and HT) were found to be largely (99%) the normal diploid number of 40.Abbreviations BA Benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - HT Heterotrophic - MES 2-(morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid - NAA Naphthaleneacetic acid - PA Photoautotrophic - PCM Protoplast culture medium     

Isolation and culture of protoplasts from cell suspension cultures of Duboisia myoporoides with subsequent plant regeneration

Protoplasts were isolated from suspension cultures of various cell lines of Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. There were differences among cell lines with respect to optimal conditions for protoplast isolation including the amount and kind of enzymes and the osmoticum concentration. Protoplasts isolated from one cell line were successfully cultured and induced to form cell colonies in liquid modified B5 medium. Addition of conditioned medium, coconut milk and glucose as an osmoticum to protoplast culture medium as well as maintenance of high protoplast density in culture (> 10⁵/ml) were essential to obtain protocolony formation. Reduction of osmoticum concentration and deletion of coconut milk and conditioned medium from the culture medium were necessary to allow further colony development leading to cellus formation. Intact plants regenerated from calli derived from protoplasts were successfully transferred to pots.     

冬小麦原生质体培养的胚状体直接发生

冬小麦品种“京花一号”胚性愈伤组织在改良的N₆培养基(NBD培养基)上继代得到易碎型胚性愈伤组织,转入改良MS液体培养基(MSDL培养基)后得到胚性悬浮系,分离的原生质体在改良的MS培养基(MSDP培养基)上培养,再生细胞直接产生体细胞胚胎,并再生出完整植株。体细胞胚胎形成过程与小麦合子胚的形成过程十分相似。     

Cell wall regeneration and cell division in isolated tobacco mesophyll protoplasts

Summary Protoplasts were isolated from palisade tissue of tobacco leaves by treatment with pectinase and cellulase under aseptic conditions, and were cultured in a synthetic liquid medium. Calcofluor, a fluorescent brightener, was found to be an excellent stain for plant cell walls and was used to demonstrate regeneration of cell walls in these protoplasts. The cultured protoplasts regenerated cell walls by the 3rd day of culture, giving rise to spherical cells. The majority of the protoplasts regenerating cell walls underwent mitosis and cell division. The cycle of mitosis and cell division was repeated 2–3 times during 2 weeks of culture. Some of the nutritional conditions affecting division in the cultured protoplasts were studied.     

Isolation,Culture and Plant Regeneration of Protoplasts from an Embryogenic Callus Tissue of Gossypium hirsutum

Protoplasts were isolated and cultured from hypocotyl embryogenic callus tissue of Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. "Lumian 6". The highest yields of viable protoplasts were obtained from a vigorous embryogenic callus 7 to 9 d old subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L IAA and 1 mg/L KT using a solution of 1% cellulase Onozuka R-10, 1% pectinase, 0.7 mmol/L KH2PO4, 2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ , and 0.5 mol/L osmoticum (mannitol), at pH 5.8 and at a temperature of 30 ℃. After separation and purification (in 21% sucrose floatation medium), the protoplasts were laid up in a quiet liquid protoplast culture medium containing K3 salts, NT vitamins with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L KT and 0.45 mol/L glucose for 10 to 15 min. The protoplasts were fractioned into an upper and a lower layer in the centrifugal tube. Most of the protoplasts in the lower layer were smaller, round and rich in cytoplasts in which contain many granular substances. When this kind of protoplasts were cultured in the thin liquid protoplast culture medium with a density of 1 x l0s to 5 x los protoplasts/mL, the division and the callus formation of the regenerated cells were easily observed. The first divisions occurred in 3 days and small cell clusters could be seen after 2 to 3 weeks in the culture. At this moment, the addition of the protoplast culture medium with decreased osmoticum once or twice is needed for the continuous protoplasts division to form calli. Regenerated calli, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, were transferred in succession on MS medium with 2 mg/L IAA and 1 mg/L KT for the initiation of embryogenesis. The embryoids germinated on the hormonefree MS medium and a number of plantlets were obtained. It seems that using vigorous embryogenic callus and decreasing osmoticum are the two critical factors for plant regeneration of cotton protoplasts.     

Callus formation and plantlet regeneration from protoplasts derived from suspension cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Protoplasts were isolated from anther-derived suspension cultures of commercial wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chris). The protoplasts were released enzymatically and isolated by centrifugation on a sucrose cushion. The isolated protoplasts were initially cultured in a liquid medium in the dark. Numerous microcalli were produced under these conditions, some of which differentiated into globular embryos. Upon transfer to a solid medium and exposure to 16h/8h light/dark cycle, the protocalli proliferated and many of the somatic embryos matured. Complete plantlets were obtained and maintained in sterile culture.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - MES 2-[N-morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid     

Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of Savoy Cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. subauda)

Protoplasts of savoy cabbage (Brassica olleracea L. var. subauda), "SA61" (SV), were isolated from leaves and hypocotyls of seedlings grown in vitro, in enzyme mixture containing 2% cellulase (Onozuka R-10) and 0.8% macerozyme RI0. Good results of protoplast collection were obtained by using 18% and 17% sucrose solution floating leaf protoplasts and hypocotyl protoplasts respectively, and centrifugalizing with the rate of 500 r/min. All the collected protoplasts were cultured in 5 different liquid media from which the best results were observed on DPD1 medium for leaf protoplasts and on MS1 medium for hypocotyl protoplasts, with the highest cell division rate and planting efficiency. About 2 weeks of cultures, many cell clusters and a few embryo-like structures were visualized. The cell clusters developed into visible microcalli in 20-30 days and grew up to 1 mm or so in dimeter about 40 days of culture. For growth, the calli were transferred to 7 different agar media and from which two suitable media, MB2 and MB3, were selected. Cultured for 40-50 days, the calli grew up, and were transferred to 4 solid media for organ differentiation. Ideal results of shoot regeneration were obtained on MS, medium. About 2 weeks after rooted on the MS medium without any auxin, intact plants were regenerated.     

Isolation of protoplasts from somatic embryos of carrot

Protoplasts were isolated enzymatically from synchronously induced globular somatic embryos from a carrot suspension culture. Among the macerating enzymes tested, Driselase was the most effective for release of protoplasts from embryos. A higher medium osmolarity was required for the isolation of protoplasts from embryos than from undifferentiated cells. Protoplasts from embryos were smaller than protoplasts from undifferentiated cells. On step gradients of Ficoll, protoplasts from embryos gave one major band. Protoplasts from undifferentiated cells gave two major bands, one lighter and the other heavier than the protoplasts from embryos.     

人参原生质体培养再生愈伤组织

人参原生质体培养未见报道成功。Harn(1974)曾用人参幼叶,幼根和上胚轴进行原生质体分离,但得到的数量很少,无法进行培养。本实验以人参培养细胞为材料,通过培养再生了愈伤组织。     

Chloroplast number in guard cells as ploidy indicator of in vitro-grown androgenic pepper plantlets

Protoplasts were isolated from field and in vitro-grown leaves, cotyledons and cell suspension cultures (of ovule callus origin) of the scion apple cultivars Starkrimson, Rainier, Qiujin and Liaofu. Fast-growing calluses were obtained from leaf, cotyledon and cell suspension derived protoplasts of the four genotypes. The best proliferation responses were obtained from cell suspension protoplasts. For all genotypes tested, nodular calluses were obtained from protoplasts that had originally been cultured on K8P medium, but only those of cultivar Starkrimson underwent organogenesis. In this cultivar shoot buds were produced on callus derived from both cotyledon and cell suspension protoplasts and complete plants. This is the first example of whole plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from an undifferentiated tissue in apple.Abbreviations BA 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA 3-indole acetic acid - IBA 3-indole butyric acid - LH lactalbumin hydrolysate - MS Murashige & Skoog (1962) - NAA 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron - VC L(+) ascorbic acid     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from friable embryogenic callus of cassava

Protoplasts were isolated from friable embryogenic callus (FEC) and from suspensions derived from FEC of cassava genotype TMS60444. Suspensions yielded the highest number of protoplasts (1.5×10⁶ protoplasts/g fresh weight). Protoplasts plated at a density of 10⁵–10⁶/ml in a medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 mg/l zeatin began dividing after 3 days, and after 30 days this resulted in an absolute plating efficiency as high as 2.5%. After 2 months of culture, 60% of the developed calli were highly friable and in appearance identical to the original FEC. The protoplast derived FEC was first purified through two rounds of selection of 3 weeks each before beeing cultured for regeneration of plants. This was done by culturing the protoplast-derived FEC for 11 weeks on maturation medium, yielding a maximum of 184 organized embryos per 10.000 initially cultured protoplasts. Most of the organized embryos were torpedo shaped and matured after they had been isolated from the calli and transferred to fresh medium. Mature embryos were multiplied by secondary somatic embryogenesis at high efficiency (>90%) on a medium supplemented with 8 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. About 30% of the mature secondary somatic embryos developed into shoots after transfer to a medium supplemented with 1 mg/l N⁶-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Shoots rooted readily on a medium without BAP. Received: 30 August 1996 / Revision received: 9 June 1997 / Accepted: 1 October 1997