我国热带亚热带几种人工林体内营养结构特征

营养是植物的一种资源 ,植物如何在体内分配这一资源影响到它对环境的适应性。植物体内的营养含量在某种程度上还反映了环境中营养供应的丰缺 ,同时 ,它又是生态系统营养循环的一个组成部分。国外曾对植物的营养含量特征进行过大量的研究 ,积累了相当多的资料 ,代表性工作如Ｊｏｒｄａｎ[12 ](亚马逊雨林 ) ,Ｗｈｉｔｔａｋｅｒ[13 ] (ＨｕｂｂａｒｋＢｒｏｏｋ生态站森林 ) ,Ｗｏｏｄｗｅｌｌ[14 ] (Ｂｒｏｏｋｈａｖｅｎ森林 )等 ,随着计算机模拟技术的发展 ,这些资料成了进行生态模拟不可缺少的珍贵资料。我国尽管在 2 0世纪 5 0年代就开…     

密云水库水源保护区板栗林主要养分元素生物循环研究

对密云水库北京集水区板栗林主要养分元素循环进行了研究。结果表明,22年生板栗林的生物量为38638kg·hm^-2;板栗林5种主要养分元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg贮存量为315．38kg·hm^-2,各器官中5种元素贮存量大小排序是干>枝>根>叶>花>果苞>果。板栗林生态系统乔木层每年从土壤中吸收的5种养分元素量为79．17kg·hm^-2,吸收量占0～30cm土层5种养分元素总量的0．15％,占0～30cm土层中5种元素有效养分量的1．95％。年吸收量中存留量为11．25kg·hm^-2,枯落物归还量为58．08kg·hm^-2。雨水及雨水淋溶输入到板栗林生态系统的养分元素量为38．63kg·hm^-2,果实输出量为9．84kg·hm^-2。雨水和雨水淋溶量与枯落物归还量之和大于吸收量,表明研究期间板栗林生态系统养分元素的收入略大于支出,5种元素的吸收系数排序为N>P>K>Ca>Mg,利用系数排序为K>N>Mg>P>Ca。循环系数排序为K>N>P>Mg>Ca。周转期排序是Ca>P>Mg>N>K。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林黄果厚壳桂群落植物元素含量特征

研究鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林黄果厚壳桂群落元素含量特征 ,分析了其中 9个种不同器官的 6种元素含量 ,结果表明 :1 )群落中植物不同器官的元素含量大小为 ,N:叶 >皮 >根 >枝 >茎 ,P:叶 >枝、皮 >根 >茎 ,K:叶 >皮 >枝 >根 >茎 ,Ca:皮 >叶 >枝 >根 >,Mg:叶 >皮 >根 >枝 >茎。 2 )椎栗、黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟和双盖蕨是群落中含 N量较高的种 ;椎栗、云南银柴和双盖蕨含 P量较高 ;各个种的含 K量相似。 3)养分含量表现出一定的层次性差异 ,上层种叶子含 P量高于下层种 ,但含 K量区别不显著。上层种茎 N、P、K含量显著低于下层种。黄果厚壳桂种群 ,其不同层次个体养分含量没有统计上的显著差异 ,但下层个体茎养分高 ,上层个体茎养分低。 4)群落不同元素间具有许多显著相关的元素对 ,其中 N与其它元素的相关性最大 ,其次是 Mg、P,再次是 K,而 Na不与其它任何元素相关 ,Ca相关性很少。从器官角度看 ,茎所含相关元素对最多 ,而枝、皮最少。     

Litter fall and nutrient dynamics in a Nigerian rain forest seven years after a ground fire

Abstract. Seasonal litter fall and mineral element content (N, P, Ca, Mg, K) of regrowth forest communities at the base and on the slope of an inselberg in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were studied 7 yr after a ground fire ravaged the forest. Litter fall (tha^?1 yr^?1) was 4.6 (total), 4.2 (leaf), 0.3 (small wood < 2.5 cm diameter) and 0.1 (reproductive parts: fruits and flowers) in the base community and 6.4 (total), 5.4 (leaf), 0.9 (small wood) and 0.1 (reproductive parts) in the slope community. There was significant monthly variation in litter fall in the two communities with lowest amount of litter recorded during the wettest months of the year (May - August) and the highest amount during the dry season. Significant monthly variation (P<0.05) in Ca, Mg and K concentration in leaf litter and for Mg (P < 0.01) in fruit litter occurred, with the lowest concentration recorded during the wettest months (May-August). In leaf and wood litter the order of mineral element concentration was Ca>N>K> Mg > P while in fruit litter it was N > K > Ca > Mg > P. Quantities of mineral element (kg ha^-1 yr¹) returned to the soil via litterfall were N: 66; P: 4; Ca: 97; Mg: 15; K: 45 in base forest, and N: 112; P: 5; Ca: 142; Mg: 20; K: 66 in slope forest. Through leaf litter >88.5% of these elements was returned into the two communities, through wood > 4.0% and through reproductive organs > 0.3%. The order of quantities of these elements returned in leaf and wood litter was Ca > N > K > Mg > P, in fruit litter N ～ K > Ca > Mg > P. Significant monthly variation in the amounts of the various elements returned were recorded in leaf litter, but not in wood and fruit litter. The lowest amount of various elements was returned during the wettest months (May-August) which coincided with the period of the lowest element concentration and litter fall.     

川西亚高山林线交错带植被凋落物量及养分归还动态

从2006—2008年,研究了川西亚高山林线交错带群落凋落物产量及N、P、K、Ca和Mg主要养分归还动态。结果表明:林线交错带植被凋落物年产量为389.83kg.hm-2.a-1,5种主要养分年归还量总量为15.82kg.hm-2.a-1,归还量排序为Ca>N>K>Mg>P。其中,叶、枝和其他混合杂物分别占凋落物总量的72.2%、17.9%和9.9%,占养分归还总量的87.4%、7.0%和5.6%。凋落物各组分及养分归还月动态均呈单峰曲线型变化,叶高峰期在9月,而枝、杂物则在10月。凋落物养分含量季节动态因不同凋落物组分和养分元素而异。叶凋落物中N、P、K和Mg含量在生长高峰的6、7月较高,而Ca含量较低;枝凋落物各元素含量总体上月变化不显著,其他混合杂物各元素含量6与10月相对较高,其余各月则无显著差异。     

不同年龄日本落叶松人工林生物量、碳储量及养分特征

以7、17、30和40年生4个发育阶段(幼龄、中龄、近熟和成熟阶段)的日本落叶松人工林为对象,研究了林龄对生物量、碳储量和养分特征的影响.结果表明: 在单木水平上,不同发育阶段干、枝、皮、叶、根生物量和养分浓度差异显著.随年龄增加,各器官生物量呈增大趋势,N、P、K浓度呈下降趋势,Mg浓度先降后升,Ca浓度持续升高.优势木、平均木和劣势木的各器官生物量之间差异显著,但养分浓度差异不显著,表明竞争对各器官养分浓度影响不大.在林分水平上,总生物量、碳储量和养分储量随林龄增加呈增大趋势,与幼龄林相比,成熟林分别增加217.9%、218.4%和56.4%,表明日本落叶松林生长后期能以较少的养分生产较多的干物质,养分利用效率较高.5种元素的积累量除P和K在近熟林(30年生)略有降低外,其他元素都随林龄增加而增加.N集中在叶中,Ca集中在树干,K和Mg主要集中在根,P在不同器官中的分配较均匀.日本落叶松林分年均生物量积累率、固碳率和养分积累率均随林龄的增加而降低,从幼龄林每年7.16 t·hm^-2、3.40 t·hm^-2、104.64 kg·hm^-2降低到成熟林的3.99 t·hm^-2、1.89 t·hm^-2、28.64 kg·hm^-2,表明日本落叶松林幼、中龄阶段固碳潜力大,但养分消耗也高.     

Distribution and budget of nutrients in a commercial apple orchard

Summary Data on the dry matter distribution and nutrient reserves (N, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the standing biomass of a grassed-down 14 year-old apple orchard are presented together with mean estimates of nutrient inputs, returns and losses over a 2 year period.The major inputs of N P K and S were through fertilizer additions. The major inputs of Na and Cl were in bulk precipitation plus irrigation whilst both sources were important for Mg and Ca. Total inputs by precipitation plus irrigation plus fertilizer in kg/ha/yr were: N, 81; P, 20; S, 42; Cl, 58; K, 64; Ca, 35; Mg, 10 and Na, 33. Nutrient returns to the orchard floor were dominated by those from returns of herbage clippings orginating from the mowing of the orchard pasture. Autumn leaf fall also contributed significant quantities to the total nutrient returns. Total nutrient returns to the orchard floor through petal fall, fruit drop, leaf fall, foliar leaching (includes leaf washing) and pasture clippings in kg/ha/yr were: N, 545; P, 33; S, 41; Cl, 107; K, 442; Ca, 147; Mg, 35 and Na, 16. The major loss of Na, Mg, Ca, Cl and S was through leaching (this may include a certain amount of chemical weathering). In contrast, the major loss of P and K was in the harvested fruit crop, while for N, losses were about equally divided between the fruit crop and leaching. Total nutrient losses from the orchard by removal of the fruit crop and pruning wood plus leaching losses were estimated in kg/ha/yr at: N, 58; P, 5; S, 28; Cl, 81; K, 124; Ca, 55; Mg, 39 and Na, 80. Inputs minus losses in kg/ha/yr were positive for N, P and S(+23, +16 and +14 respectively and negative for Cl, K, Ca, Mg and Na (–24, –60, –19, –30 and –47 respectively).     

辽东山区落叶松人工林地上生物量和养分元素分配格局

落叶松是我国北方最主要的人工用材林树种,由于人工林树种单一、结构简单等原因,导致土壤养分循环出现失衡.研究落叶松生物量和养分元素分配规律,可以为落叶松人工林的合理经营和养分循环研究提供科学参考.本文以辽东山区19年生二代落叶松人工林(胸径12.8 cm,树高15.3 m,密度2308株·hm^-2)为对象,研究其地上各器官(干、枝、皮、叶)生物量、碳和养分元素含量(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)的积累规律和分配格局.结果表明：单株落叶松生物量为70.26 kg,林分水平落叶松生物量为162.16 t·hm^-2,各器官生物量差异显著,排序为：树干>树枝>树皮>树叶;单株落叶松养分积累量为749.94 g,林分水平落叶松养分积累量为1730.86 kg·hm^-2,其中,大量元素和微量元素的养分积累量均为树干显著高于树枝、树皮和树叶.全叶期每砍伐一棵落叶松(19年生),平均从系统中带出749.94 g养分元素;如果将树皮、树枝、树叶留在林地仅仅带走树干,带出的养分元素可减少40.7%.
     

Cultivation of Miscanthus under West European conditions: Seasonal changes in dry matter production,nutrient uptake and remobilization

There is increasing interest in cultivation of Miscanthus as a source of renewable energy in Europe, but there is little information on its nutrient requirements. Our aim was to determine the nutrient requirement of an established Miscanthus crop through a detailed study of nutrient uptake and nutrient remobilization between plant parts during growth and senescence. Therefore dry matter of rhizomes and shoots as well as N, P, K and Mg concentration under three N fertilizer rates (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha-1) were measured in field trials in 1992/93 and at one rate of 100 kg N h-1 in 1994/95.Maximum aboveground biomass in an established Miscanthus crop ranged between 25-30 t dry matter ha-1 in the September of both trial years. Due to senescence and leaf fall there was a 30% loss in dry matter between September and harvest in March. N fertilization had no effect on crop yield at harvest. Concentrations of N, P, K and Mg in shoots were at a maximum at the beginning of the growing period in May and decreased thereafter while concentrations in rhizomes stayed fairly constant throughout the year and were not affected by N fertilization.Nutrient mobilization from rhizomes to shoots - defined as the maximum change in nutrient content in rhizomes from the beginning of the growth period measured in 1992/93 was 55 kg N ha-1, 8 kg P ha-1, 39 kg K ha-1 and 11 kg Mg ha-1. This is equivalent to 21 N, 36 P, 14 K and 27 Mg of the maximum nutrient content of the shoots. Nutrient remobilization from shoots to rhizomes defined as the increase in nutrient content of rhizomes between September and March measured in 1994/95 was 101 kg N ha-1, 9 kg P ha-1, 81 kg K ha-1 and 8 kg Mg ha-1 equivalent to 46 N, 50 P, 30 K and 27 Mg of nutrient content of shoots in September. Results showed that nutrient remobilization within the plant needs to be considered when calculating nutrient balances and fertilizer recommendations.     

不同竹龄雷竹中硅及其他营养元素吸收和积累特征

在浙江省临安市的雷竹主产区,分别采集不同竹龄(1～4 a)和不同器官(叶、枝、秆)的雷竹样品,分析了Si和其他营养元素含量、吸收和积累特征,以及Si和其他营养元素之间的相互关系.结果表明： 雷竹各器官中C含量的大小顺序为竹秆>竹枝>竹叶,Si、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe和Mn含量的大小顺序为竹叶>竹枝>竹秆.除Mn主要积累在竹叶中外,其他9种营养元素主要积累在1年生雷竹的秆中.3～4年生雷竹竹叶的Si平均含量为13.66 g · kg^-1. 雷竹属于Si积累植物.随竹龄的增加,雷竹叶中的N、P、K和Mg含量减少,C、Al和Mn含量增加.雷竹对Si的吸收主要集中在第2年(57.1%),对N和K的吸收主要集中在前两年(67.7%～93.7%),此后N和K从植株体内流出,其流失量分别占总积累量的19.1%～39.1%.雷竹中Si与Ca、Al、Mn呈显著正相关,与N、P、K、Mg呈显著负相关.     

Nutrient cycling in an excessively rainfed subtropical grassland at Cherrapunji

Cycling of six mineral elements (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg) was studied in a humid subtropical grassland at Cherrapunji, north-eastern India during 1988-1989. Elemental concentrations in the shoot of four dominant grass species,viz., Arundinella khaseana, Chrysopogon gryllus, Eragrostiella leioptera andEulalia trispicata were very low, and none of the species appears suitable for fodder use. Among different vegetation compartments, live root was the largest reservoir of all the nutrients (except Ca) followed by live shoot, dead shoot, litter and dead root. For Ca, live shoot was the major storage compartment. The total annual uptake (kg ha^-1) was 137.3, 10.4, 51.1, 5.5, 8.7 and 18.2 for N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg, respectively. In an annual cycle 98% N, 77% P, 49% K, 109% Na, 87% Ca and 65% Mg returned to the soil through litter and belowground detritus. A major portion of N, P and Na was recycled through the belowground system, whereas nearly half of K, Ca and Mg was recycled through the shoot system. Precipitation acts as the source of N and P input, but at the same time causes loss of cations.     

不同林分密度杉木林养分积累与垂直空间分配

在对1800、3000和4500株hm-23种密度杉木林生长调查及生物量测定的基础上,测定3种密度杉木林各组分养分含量和养分积累量,研究其地上部分养分积累量的垂直空间分配,为杉木林高效培育提供科学依据.结果 表明:1800、3000和4500株·hm-2杉木林养分积累总量分别为1311.57、2531.55和2307....     

追施氮肥对桉树各器官养分浓度及贮量的影响

采用田间定位试验的方法,研究了追施氮肥对2年生桉树各器官生物量积累及养分浓度与贮量的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,追施氮肥使桉树生物量增加24.2%,其中树枝增幅最高,为38.2%,树叶最少.追施氮肥显著促进了桉树对养分的吸收,其增幅顺序为PKNMgCaSi;叶片中N、P、Mg、Si含量最高,K在树干中的贮量最大,树枝部位的养分浓度与贮量增加最为显著.桉树N、P、K养分以内循环为主,叶片凋落前分别有73.8%、79.1%和72.9%的N、P、K养分被转移到植株体内,其外循环量仅为全树贮量的14.8%、7.7%和8.6%;Ca、Mg、Si养分则以外循环方式为主,其中Ca最明显,树叶中89.2%的Ca随叶片凋落,其外循环通量占全树Ca总贮量的25.9%.     

锐齿栎森林生态系统主要营养元素的层次分布

应用标准地 -标准木 -分层切割法和破坏性取样化学分析法 ,在林分器官、个体、群体和系统 4个水平上测定了秦岭锐齿栎林的生物量、营养含量和积累量。结果显示 :光合器官N、P、K和 Mg含量季节变化是从展叶到落叶逐渐下降 ,Ca则相反。枝内 N、P、K含量随枝径增加明显下降 ,Ca、Mg含量变化有所不同。树干木质部和树皮 N、P、K、Ca和 Mg含量与树干圆盘高度呈显著的正相关或正相关。根系 N、P、K、Ca和 Mg含量随根径的增加呈显著的降低趋势。 69年生锐齿栎林木生物量为 1 2 35.782 kg,营养积累量为 1 4.498kg,林木不同器官的生物量、营养含量和积累量存在较大的差异 ;叶和皮在林分营养积累和分配中具有重要意义。2 6年生锐齿栎林生态系统生物量为 1 95.7998t· hm- 2 ,营养总贮量达 390 .1 739t· hm- 2 (包括 0～ 60 cm土壤 ) ,土层占总量的 99.39% ,各层次营养积累量排序为 :土壤层 乔木层 枯枝落叶层 >灌木层 >草本层。 2 6年生锐齿栎林营养年吸收量、存留量和归还量分别为 334、374、1 38.870和 1 95.50 2 kg· hm- 2 ,且各元素的循环情况各不相同 ;林分平均归还率为0 .585,各元素的归还率不同 ,林分吸收的营养元素多一半归还予林地。     

Mobilization of Macro-nutrients in Cuttings of Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch)

Movement was followed of K, Ca, Mg, P and N from wood and barkto the developing shoot of kiwi-fruit cuttings held in waterunder growth-room conditions. K, Mg and P moved to the shootfrom both wood and bark. Ca was the least mobile nutrient andreserves in the wood could account for all the Ca subsequentlyfound in the shoot. About 50 per cent of the calcium in thebark was associated with oxalate. Both wood and bark providednitrogen for the shoot. Soluble N increased with protein hydrolysis.Most of the soluble N in reserves was in the form of arginine.The wood should not be disregarded as an important site of nutrientreserves. Macro nutrient reserves, calcium, nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, Actinidia chinensis Planch., kiwifruit     

亚热带杉木纯林生态系统中营养元素的积累、分配和循环的研究

本文是1980--1983年本所湖南会同森林生态实验站成年杉木纯林中进行定位研究根据所取得的观测资料,分析和论述了营养元素在林内的积累与分配;以及从降雨中的输入量,计算了营养元素的年吸收量和归还量。研究表明,杉木纯林在21--23年生时,即达到主伐年龄期,营养元素年吸收量仍大于归还量,整个林分还处在养分消耗阶段。     

Litterfall and Leaf Consumption by Animals in Humid Seasonal Rainforest in Xishuangbanna,China

Litterfall and element return dynamic and leaf consumption by animals were studied in humid seasonal rainforest in Menglun, Xishuangbanna, Southwesten China. 1. The litterfall was l1.29+l.96t/ha·a, and the amount of litterfall component was (t/ha·a±S. E.): for leaves, 7.41±0.82; wood (≤2 cm diameter), 2.16±1.78; flowers, 0.223±0.13; fruits, 0.7244±0.456 and mixed matter (includs plant trash, wastes of animals and died animal bodies from canopy), 0.77±0.18. A marked peak of litterfall occurred during a March-April period of the late dry season. 2. Large wood litterfall (>2 cm diameter) was measured twice during rainy season and dry season, the large wood litterfall mean was 0.82t/ha·a. 3. Returns (kg/ha·a) of the elements to the forest floor in the litterfall were ranged Ca (146.4) > N (57.3) > Mg (39.0) 3> K(31.2) > P (6.33) > Mn (5.49) 2> A1(4.40) > Fe(1.92) > Zn(0.56) > Cu (0.24).and a marked peak of element return coincided with the litterfall's. 4. The leaf area eaten by animals accounted for 16.2% of the total leaf area.     

兴安落叶松人工林营养元素的分析

落叶松人工林能否保持无机动态平衡、稳定生长,主要取决于每年还原于土壤中凋落物营养元素成分和数量。本研究目的在于揭示凋落物变化的各种规律,以及营养元素的潜在还原量。为改善林地条件,建立最佳结构模式的林分提供科学依据。为此我们对黑龙江省东部尚志县帽儿山兴安落叶松人工林四年凋落物营养元素进行了分析研究。结果表明: 1.落叶松树种的凋落物数量,包括叶、枝、皮等,四年平均每公顷干重量为3099.5kg,林内天然阔叶树为237.4kg,总计为3336.9kg。 2.不同种类凋落物营养元素的含量差异显著,叶含量最多,枝次之,皮中含量最小。 3.平均每年每公顷还原于林地的营养元素总量(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn)为98.8697kg,其中落叶松叶为85.5998kg,阔叶树叶为8.385kg,落叶松落枝为2.0335kg,林内落叶松落皮为9.13kg,阔叶树枝为9.27kg。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破;100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输比和阳离子的运输选择性比率,离子稳态重新达到平衡状态;说明外源EBR能够缓解NaCl胁迫下Na+和Cl-对燕麦幼苗所造成的离子毒害作用,有效调控燕麦幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,对维持燕麦幼苗体内的离子稳态平衡具有正向调控作用。     

西藏色季拉山暗针叶林凋落物层化学性质研究

The storage and chemical properties of the forest litter in dark coniferous forest of Sejila Mountain were studied. The results showed that the existing storage was 5. 863t·hm^-2 and the annual litter fall was 0. 3205 t·hm^-2 It implied that the forest litter decomposed slowly and accumulated quickly, and the turnover of nutrient circles was slow. The contents of N, Ca, Na, and Mn nutrient elements in litter layer were in the order of un-decomposed layer (U layer) > semi-decomposed layer (S layer) > decomposed layer (D layer), those of K, Fe, and Mg were in the order of D layer > S layer > U layer, and P element content was in the order of U layer > D layer> S layer. The pool of elements was 78. 483 kg·hm^-2 N, 3. 843 kg·hm^-2P, 48. 205 kg·hm^-2 K, 23.115 kg·hm^-2 Ca, 13. 157 kg·hm^-2 Na, 30.554 kg·hm^-2 Fe, 2. 113 kg·hm^-2 Mn and 27. 513 kg·hm^-2 Mg. The turnover of forest litter was the total of nutrient release accumulation. K, Fe, and Mg were enriched, and N,Ca, Na, Mn, and P were released with the turnover rate in the order of N > Ca > Na > Mn >P.