新疆的芍药属

产于我国新疆的芍药属Paeonia L.植物虽然种类不多,但分类上却一直未予澄清。按《FL.URSS》(Tom.7)有两种,P.anomala L.和P.hybrida Pall.,按Stern(1946)有一种,包括两个变种,即P.anomala L.和P.anomala var.intermedia(C.A.     

牡丹一新种——中原牡丹,及银屏牡丹的订正

分子证据和新增加的形态证据显示,银屏牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa ssp．yinpingmudan作为新亚种发表时所依据的两份标本实为两个实体,产自安徽巢湖的（潘开玉和谢中稳9701,模式）实为凤丹户P.ostii的成员,而产自河南嵩县的（洪德元等H97010）实为一个新分类群。本文把P.suffruticosa ssp．yinpingmudan处理为P．ostii的异名,并依据河南的标本描述了一个新种——中原牡丹P.cathayana D．Y Hong＆K．Y.Pan。中原牡丹与风丹和矮牡丹P.jishanensis近缘,区别在于前者下部叶有ll-15片小叶,花白色：后者小叶背面有毛,裂片多,萼片顶端圆钝,花白色。     

四川西部川赤芍野生居群的表型多样性分析

为揭示四川西部川赤芍〔Paeonia anomala subsp.veitchii(Lynch)D.Y.Hong et K.Y.Pan〕表型性状的变异规律,对川赤芍6个野生居群的株高、茎基粗、叶片和花部性状等15个表型性状进行了比较;并在此基础上,对各表型性状进行了方差分析、变异系数(CV)分析、离散系数(R′)分析、Shannon-Weaver遗传多样性指数(H′)分析、主成分分析和聚类分析.结果表明:川赤芍15个表型性状在居群间均存在极显著差异;除顶小叶长宽比外,其他14个表型性状在居群内均存在极显著或显著差异.15个表型性状在居群内的F值均明显小于居群间.15个表型性状中,每枝着花量的CV平均值最大(33.68%),花瓣数的CV平均值最小(11.26%);6个居群中,阿坝州小金县两河乡(P1)和阿坝州小金县四姑娘山镇(P2)居群的CV平均值较大,阿坝州金川县万林乡(P4)和阿坝州马尔康县卓克基乡(P5)居群的CV平均值居中,阿坝州汶川县卧龙自然保护区(P3)和甘孜州炉霍县充古乡(P6)居群的CV平均值最小.15个表型性状中,株高的R′平均值最大(64.48%),萼片数和苞片数的R′平均值均最小(37.50%);6个居群中,P2居群的R′平均值最大(56.66%),P3居群的R′平均值最小(43.65%).川赤芍6个居群15个表型性状的CV值和R′值的平均值分别为18.70%和49.80%.川赤芍15个表型性状和6个居群的H′平均值均较高,分别为1.6475和1.4510.主成分分析结果显示:叶片形态和花部特征是川赤芍表型变异的主要因子.聚类分析结果显示:在欧氏距离7.12处,川赤芍6个居群被分成2支,其中,P6居群单独聚为一支,其他5个居群聚为另一支,表明生境相似的居群更早地聚在一起.研究结果显示:四川西部川赤芍表型性状在居群间变异丰富,这与其叶片形态、花部特征及生境关系密切.     

Further research on chemotaxonomy of paeonol and analogs in Paeonia (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper, the paeonol, paeoniflorin and their analogs were analyzed in the roots of 14 species and 2 subspecies of Paeonia L. The existence and content of these compounds were discussed in three sections, sect. Moutan, sect. Paeonia and sect. Onaepia. In sect. Moutan, paeonol and its analogs were high in content in all species. In sect. Paeonia, low content of paeonol and its analogs were found in plants of four taxa, P. lactiflora, P. anomala ssp. veitchii, P. mairei and P. intermedia. None of these compounds was found in sect. Onaepia. Paeonol has a simple structure and is distributed widely in plant; its decrease and loss may be the result of evolution. Therefore, it is deduced that the relationship among the three sections of Paeonia might be that woody sect. Moutan is the more primitive and derived from the ancestor of Paeonia first. For the herbaceous sections, sect. Paeonia is more closely related to sect. Moutan than to sect. Onaepia. In sect. Moutan, there are less paeonol and its analogs in the species of subsect. Vaginata than in those of subsect. Delavayanae. Thus, the former may be considered more advanced. In sect. Paeonia, the taxa with minor content of paeonol and its analogs are diploid except P. mairei. Among them, P. lactiflora and P. anomala ssp. veitchii are relatively primitive by morphology. None of paeonol and its analogs was detected in the species with specialized form.     

Paeonia anomala 的核型研究

报道了Paeonia anomala L. 的核型, 澄清了新疆阿尔泰地区分布的该物种的染色体数目。分布于该地区的Paeonia anomala L. 的核型组成: 2n = 2x = 10 = 6m+ 2sm+ 2st。该类群核型与该属其它类群一致———2A 型。在综合比较分析该属染色体参数以及核型不均一性数, 包括最长􊄯最短染色体比(L1/Ln ) 和染色体不对称系数( CKOA) 的基础上, 我们发现该属三个组在核型上没有明显分化, 仅在木本类群(Sect . Moutan DC .) 和草本类群(Sect. Onaepia Lindley 和Sect. Paeonia) 之间存在微小差异。此外, 作为二倍体类群, 新疆阿尔泰地区分布的Paeonia anomala L. 很可能是二倍体杂种, 这将为研究被子植物的父母本同倍化杂交式物种起源提供一个很好的研究材料。     

Taxonomical history and revision of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical history of the woody group(peonies) in the genus Paeonia is reviewed in the present paper. The group is endemic to China, but Paeonia suffruticosa is commonly cultivated throughout the north temperate region and has long been known as “the King of Flowers” in China. However, the taxonomy of the group had been neglected before the 1990' s. Since 1990, a number of new species and subspecies have been published. With the support from the National Geographic Society, the senior author of the present paper and his coworkers have made expeditions to all parts of the distribution area of the group, visited all the type localities and sampled a total of 64 populations. Based on the character analysis and examination of the type specimens or photos, each taxon is reviewed with its name checked nomenclaturally, and finally the taxonomy of the whole group is revised. As a result, eight species, three of which each contains two subspecies, are recognized. They are Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan D. Y. Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie, P. jishanensis T. Hong et W. Z. Zhao, P. qiui Y. L. Pei et D. Y. Hong, P. ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang, P. rockii (S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener )T. Hong et J. J. Li subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica D. Y. Hong, P. decomposita Hand.-Mazz. Subsp. decomposita and subsp. rotundiloba D. Y. Hong, P. delavayi Franeh. and P. ludlowii (Stern et Taylor)D. Y. Hong. P. baokangensis Z. L. Dai et T. Hong and P. yananensis T. Hong et M. R. Li are considered as hybrids between P. rockii and P. qiui and between P. rockii and P. jishanensis respectively. In addition, the reduction of a number of names recently published to synonyms is explained.     

Paeonia anomala的核型研究

报道了Paeonia anomala L．的核型,澄清了新疆阿尔泰地区分布的该物种的染色体数目。分布于该地区的Paeonia anomala L．的核型组成：2n=2x=10=6m＋2sm＋2st。该类群核型与该属其它类群一致——2A型。在综合比较分析该属染色体参数以及核型不均一性参数,包括最长,最短染色体比（L1/Ln）和染色体不对称系数（CKOA）的基础上,我们发现该属三个组在核型上没有明显分化,仅在木本类群（Sect．Mouton DC．）和草本类群（Sect．Onaepia Lindley和Sect．Paeonia）之间存在微小差异。此外,作为二倍体类群,新疆阿尔泰地区分布的Paeonia anomala L．很可能是二倍体杂种,这将为研究被子植物的父母本同倍化杂交式物种起源提供一个很好的研究材料。     

银屏牡丹——花王牡丹的野生近亲

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芍药属牡丹组分类新注

自我们近年发表一系列牡丹组分类文章以来, 国内外基本上赞同我们8个种的分类系统,但对一些问题仍有不同见解。本文进一步申述牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews 是一个独立的种而不是人工杂种, 以及银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan是牡丹P. suffruticosa的野生类型而不是逸生的P. ostii的理由。上述论点也得到了分子树的支持。P. jishanensis T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao是一个合法名称, 而P. spontanea (Rehder) T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao则确实是一个多余名。太白山紫斑牡丹的学名应是P. rockii ssp. atava (Brühl) D. Y. Hong &; K. Y. Pan, 因此P. moutan Sims ssp. atava Brühl不应是可疑的分类群。本文还对Halda的6个组合和两个杂交种名作了处理。结果, 本文包括了5个新异名和一个新组合。     

芍药组内不同类群间光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性比较

为了比较分析芍药组不同类群光合生理差异以及它们对各自不同光照环境的适应性, 测定了芍药组(Paeonia sect. Paeonia) 4种2变种的光合日变化、光响应曲线、CO₂响应曲线, 以及叶绿素荧光特性。结果显示, 芍药组中不同类群之间光合速率差异明显, 各个种类的“午休”程度不同, 芍药(Paeonia lactiflora )和毛果芍药(P. lactiflora var. trichocarpa)的强光抑制现象没有川赤芍(P. veitchii)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)和窄叶芍药(P. anomala)明显。叶绿素荧光特征能够反映芍药组不同类群光合生理的差异。芍药组内不同类群地理分布的差异能部分从光合生理特征的适应性方面得到解释。     

Yinpingmudan,the Wild Relative of the King of Flowers,Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews

Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. spontanea (Rehder) S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener ( ＝P. spontanea ＝ P. jishanensis) has been considered as the wild form of widely cultivated P. suffruticosa. However, the subspecies differs from the cultivated one in shape, division and indumentum of leaves and reproductive biology. As a result of extensive field work, a form with two individuals in Yinping Shan, Caohu, Anhui, and Songxian, Henan, are found to be extremely similar to P. suffruticosa, but apparently different from P. jishanensis. The form is considered to be the wild one of P. suffruticosa and described as new: P. suffruticosa subsp, yinpingmudan Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie.     

Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the origin of a diploid hybrid of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)

There is growing evidence that hybridization not only by means of allopolyploidy but also at the homoploidy level was a major driving force of plant diversification. While allopolyploidy is known to be a common mode of speciation in Paeonia (Paeoniaceae), hybrid speciation at the diploid level needs further evaluation. Paeonia anomala was previously considered to be an interspecific hybrid but with an unknown ploidy level. In this study P. anomala is identified as a diploid (2n = 10). With increased sampling of populations and molecular markers, we showed that P. anomala is a homoploid hybrid that originated from a cross between P. veitchii and P. lactiflora. Five populations of P. anomala were sequenced for the following molecular markers: the matK gene and two intergenic spacers, psbA-trnH and rps16-trnQ, of the chloroplast genome; the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA; and three low-copy nuclear genes, Adh1, Adh2, and Gpat. The populations of P. anomala were grouped together with P. veitchii on the ITS and Gpat phylogenies but with P. lactiflora on the chloroplast phylogeny. Sequence polymorphism was found at the Adh1 and Adh2 loci within individuals of P. anomala. These polymorphic sequences were grouped with P. veitchii and P. lactiflora, respectively. Phenetic analysis indicated that P. anomala is morphologically similar to P. veitchii. Phenotypic evolution resulting from the combination of two diverged genomes might have occurred primarily at the physiological level and allowed P. anomala to adapt to geographic regions different from those of its parents.     

Phylogenetic utility of the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene: evolution and implications in Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)

The nuclear-encoded chloroplast-expressed glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) gene has been found to be single-copy in a number of angiosperm families. In this study we investigated the phylogenetic utility of the GPAT gene at the interspecific level using the genus Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) as an example. An approximately 2.3- to 2.6-kb fragment of the GPAT gene, containing a large intron of more than 2 kb, was amplified, cloned, and sequenced from 19 accessions representing 13 Paeonia species. The GPAT gene phylogeny inferred by parsimony analysis supported interspecific relationships that were previously unresolved, suggesting that large introns of low-copy nuclear genes are particularly informative in the resolution of close relationships at low taxonomic levels. Whereas the GPAT phylogeny is largely congruent with the previous phylogenetic hypothesis of Paeonia, it shows a significant discordance involving the paraphyly of section Paeonia. Given evidence of an ancient duplication and the subsequent silencing of one GPAT locus in P. anomala, this discordance is most likely the result of paralogy. Two distinct genomic clones containing partial GPAT genes were isolated from P. anomala. The GPAT sequence from one clone corresponded to the functional copy of the gene, and the second genomic clone was determined to contain a GPAT pseudogene. The insertion of a retrotransposon in an intron of this pseudogene may have been responsible for the silencing of this GPAT locus in P. anomala. This study suggests that, although it is unlikely that universal nuclear gene markers free from paralogy are usually available, low-copy nuclear genes can be very useful in plant phylogenetic reconstruction, especially at low taxonomic levels, as long as the evolutionary dynamics of the genes are carefully examined.     

The Early Development of Embryo and Endosperm of Paeonia lactifiora

The present paper reports the early development of embryo and endosperm of Paeonia lactiflora. The main conclusions are as follows: 1 The zygote nucleus divides directly to form a coenocytic proembryo with different number of free nuclei. The result confirms the conclusion of Yakovlev[6] as well as Yakovlev and Yoffe[7] On the occurnce of coenocytic proembryo in Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (P. moutan Sims), P. albiflora Pall. (P. lactiflora Pall), P. officinalis L., P. tenuifolia L., P. anomala L., P. veitchii Lynch (P. beresowskii Komarov), P. wittmanniana, also it agrees with the report of Cave et al.[4] on the occurence of the coenocytie proembryo in Paeonia californica and P. brownii. From the result of our investigation, there is no basis to support Murgai's conclusion obtained in certain species of Paeonia, i.e., the first division of zygote nucleus is accompanied by wall formation and the coenocyte is a suspensor. The primary endosperm nucleus of P. lactiflora divides often earlier than zygote nucleus, or almost at the same time or later in a few cases; 2 Both mitosis and amitosis occur in the free nuclei in the coenocytic proembryo, and mitosis is dominant. In the later stage of development the amitosis occurs at the micropylar region of the coenocytic proembryo, in the free nuclear endosperm at the chalazal region and the appressed part of the chalazal end of the coenocytic proembryo. In addition, in the region of conenocytic proembryo and endosperm polyploid nuclei, irregular nuclei are also frequently met with; 3 Cell wall formation in the coenocyte and the endosperm initiates by means of both cell plate and freely growthing walls, but in the coenocyte wall formation is earlier than in the free nuclear endosperm. At first, wall formation of the coenocytic proembryo begins at the chalazal end, and then extends toward the micropylar region, and in endosperm it begins at the part appressed to the part of the chalazal end of coenocytic proembryo, and then extends toward the chalazal end. We support Cave’s suggestion of the parallel evolution for Paeonia possessed the coenocytic proembryo has no relation to the coenocytic proembryo of the gymnosperms. Further we consider the evolution tendency of the coenocytic proembryo of Paeonia toward a functional specialization.     

Notulae de Gesneriaceie Sinensibus (IX)

Ten new species, three new varieties and a new section of the family Gesneriaceae are described from China in the present paper. They are Tremacron urceolatum K. Y. Pan from Muli of SW Sichuan, T. obliquifolium K. Y. Pan from Miyi and Yanyuan of SW Sichuan, T. aurantiacum K. Y. Pan from Mabian and Pinshan of S Sichuan, lsometrum Sect. Chorianthera W. T. Wang et K. Y. Pan (with I. eximium Chun as the section type), Isometrum eximium Chun ex K. Y. Pan from Jiulong, Muli and Jinyang of SW Sichuan; Ancylostemon mairei (Levl.) Craib var. emeiensis K. Y. Pan from Mt. Emei of Sichuan, A. aureus (Franch.) Burtt var. angustifolius K. Y. Pan from Zhenkang of SW Yunnan, A. gamosepalus K. Y. Pan from Hanyuan, Yanyuan and Yuexi of SW Sichuan, A. rhombifolius K. Y. Pan from Meigu of SW Sichuan, A. ronganensis K. Y. Pan from Rong an of Guangxi; Corallodiscus flabellatus) (Craib) Burtt var. puberulus K.Y. Pan from Zhongdian and Deqin of NW Yunnan, Nanchuan of S Sichuan and Zayü of Xizang (Tibet), Beccarinda minima K. Y. Pan from Jinxiu and Xiangzhou of Guangxi, Boeica stolonifera K. Y. Pan from Fangcheng, Shiwandashan, Pingnan and Dongxing of S Guangxi, B. multinervia K. Y. Pan from Yingjiang of W Yunnan, and Paraboea barbatipes K. Y. Pan from Napo of W Guangxi and Xichou of SE Yunnan.     

Odontochilus napoensis sp. nov. (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae) from southwestern Guangxi,China

Odontochilus napoensis, a new species from southwestern Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is close to Odontochilus inabae (Hayata) T. P. Lin, but can be distinguished by its glabrous ovary, solitary flower, and 2.0–3.5 mm long filaments of flanges. It is also similar to O. nanlingensis (L. P. Siu & K. Y. Lang) Ormerod, but differs by the solitary, not resupinate flower, and light greenish–brown lateral sepals.     

芍药胚和胚乳早期发育的研究

本文报道芍药(Paeonia lactiflora)的胚和胚乳的早期发育,主要结论是:1,开花后4—20天,合子核反复分裂形成多核原胚。2.原胚及胚乳游离核分裂均以有丝分裂为主,晚期有无丝分裂和多倍体核;3,细胞壁形成可由纺锤丝间和自由壁两种方式进行。原胚壁形成由合点端向珠孔端进行,胚乳则由胚附近向合点端发展。我们支持 Cave 等基于多核原胚提出的 Paeonia 与裸子植物平行演化的意见,同时认为 Paeonia 的多核原胚演化趋势是原胚由珠孔端至合点端功能分区的特化。     

泰国茜草科粗叶木属植物的分类学研究

在详细检查了K,BM,E,P,AAU,L,KEP,BKF,BK,SING,PSU等标本馆馆藏茜草科粗叶本属Lasianthus Jack.植物标本基础上,研究了泰国产粗叶木属植物的分类学,共归并7个种名,建立3个新种,3 个新变种,1个新等级,以及8个泰国分布新记录种及8个泰国分布新记录变种,确认泰国共有粗叶木属植物52种,1亚种,12变种;讨论了易于混淆的种的界线、它们可能的亲缘关系以及识别要点。     

中国虎耳草属(虎耳草科)二新种————班玛虎耳草和丁青虎耳草

记载了中国虎耳草属Saxifraga二新种, 即班玛虎耳草S. banmaensis J. T. Pan和丁青虎耳草S. dingqingensis J. T. Pan。其中, 班玛虎耳草仅见于青海班玛, 与小伞虎耳草S. umbellulata Hook. f. &; Thoms.近缘, 但其萼片先端具软骨质短尖头, 花瓣线形, 非提琴状长圆形至提琴形, 基部无爪, 可资区别。丁青虎耳草见于西藏丁青, 与近加拉虎耳草S. llonakhensis W. W. Smith相似, 但其萼片3脉, 于先端汇合成1疣点, 花瓣具8痂体和4-5脉, 基部截形或近耳形, 可以区别。此两种均系中国特有种, 隶属于莲座状亚组subsect. Rosulares Gornall。     

A Conspectus of the Genus Bergenia Moench

In this paper the classification of the genus Bergenia Moench is provided, its geographic distribution analysed, and the phylogeny also traced. Based on an analysis of morphological characters such as leaves, ocreas, branches of inflorescences, Pedicels, hypanthium, sepals, and glandular indumentum, thi genus is divided into 3 sections: 1. Sect. Scopulosae J. T. Pan, sect. nov., 2. Sect. Bergnia, 3. Sect. Ciliatae (A. Boriss.) J. T. Pan, stat. nov. The Sect. Scopulosae J. T. Pan may be considered as the primitive one, while Sect. Ciliatae (A. Boriss.) J. T. Pan may be regarded as the advanced one, with Sect. Bergenia in between. So far, the genus Bergenia Moench comprises 9 species in the total. Southeast Asia and North Asia (south and east Siberia, USSR) each have only 1 species, West Asia (Afghanistan) has 2, Central Asia (Kirghizia-Tajikistan-Uzbekstan area, USSR) 3, South Asia 4 (Nepal has 4, India, Pakistan and Kashmir area each has 3, Bhutan and Sikkim each has 2), East Asia 6. In East Asia, Mongolia and Korea each have only 1 species, but China has 6 (including endemic species 2 and new species 1). Sichuan Province and Xizang Autonomous Region each have 3, Yunnan Province 2, Shaanxi Province (Qinling Mountains) and Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang each have only 1. Thus the distribution centre of this genus should be in the region covering Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang. Moreover, it is noteworthy that Bergenia scopulosa T. P. Wang in Sect. Scopulosae seems to have retained primitive characters, for example, non-ciliate leaves and ocreas, glabrous pedicels, hypanthium and sepals, and this primitive species is found in Qinling Mountains and Sichuan. According to the distribution of the primitive species, the author suggests that the centre of origin of this genus be in the region covering Qinling Mountains and Sichuan.