年龄和性别因素对奇台沙蜥食性的影响

采用胃容物分析法研究年龄和性别因素对奇台沙蜥(Phrynocephalus grumgrzimailoi)食性的影响.共解剖220号浸制标本,取出整胃分离胃容物,鉴别胃容物中的食物种类,统计各种食物组分的数量频率、重量比例、出现频率和相对重要性指数(index of relative importance,IRI).结...     

Age, growth, and reproductive biology of the Waigieu seaperch Psammoperca waigiensis (Perciformes: Latidae) around Okinawa Island, Japan

Age, growth, and reproductive biology of the Waigieu seaperch Psammoperca waigiensis were studied using 291 specimens obtained around Okinawa Island, Japan. Otolith opaque zones that formed every year correlated with spawning activity and were thought to be annual rings. Growth of this species was rapid during the first 2 years, reaching 186.2–270.3 mm in standard length (SL). Females (196.6–334.0 mm SL) were larger than males (186.2–288.6 mm SL), caused by differential growth between sexes, which started before 2 years of age. Most of the specimens were 1–11 years old and accounted for 96% in total. Spawning season was estimated to be from April to October by gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological observation. The smallest mature female and male were 217.0 mm SL (2 years) and 206.0 mm SL (2 years), respectively. After recruitment in rocky areas up to about 200.0 mm SL and 2 years of age, Psammoperca waigiensis were then found to soon mature.     

Growth and energetics of a trichopteran larva feeding on fresh submerged and terrestrial plants

We studied the growth and assimilation of larvae of Anabolia nervosa, a lotic trichopteran shredder, on diets of fresh tissue of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus and fresh leaves of the trees Alnus glutinosa and Fagus sylvatica. Fifth-instar larvae were fed these three diets for 23 days (20 May–12 June) in the laboratory. Instantaneous growth rate and gross growth efficiency were almost the same for larvae fed Potamogeton and Alnus, but lower for larvae fed Fagus. The larvae consumed 3 times more fresh Potamogeton than Alnus leaves, but the same amounts in terms of dry mass. The consumption of fresh Fagus was initially twice that of the two other food items but dropped rapidly during the experiment, following the marked seasonal decline of leaf nitrogen content. Allocation patterns of fat and protein differed among food sources. Larvae grown on Alnus accumulated more fat than larvae grown on Potamogeton, while the reverse was true for protein accumulation. The assimilation efficiency based on carbon units was the same (44%) for all three food items and was among the highest reported for shredding caddis larvae. The study demonstrates that fresh tissue of Potamogeton perfoliatus provides a valuable food source to the facultative shredder herbivore Anabolia nervosa.     

周口店直立人3号头骨的性别和年龄:南京直立人头骨的启示

周口店直立人3号头骨是1929年发现的, 被步达生鉴定为一青春期或成年期的女性个体的头骨。后来, 步达生改变了观点, 认为该头骨是代表青春期早期的男性个体。魏敦瑞同意步达生的意见, 但认为该头骨应属于8岁或9岁的男性个体。此后,周口店直立人3号头骨的性别和年龄的鉴定一直困扰着许多古人类学家。1993年发现的南京直立人成年女性头骨在形态上和尺寸上与周口店直立人3号头骨有相近之处。本文对周口店直立人3号头骨与南京直立人等头骨作了形态和测量上的比较, 结果表明: 从头骨的尺寸大小, 眶上圆枕、枕圆枕和肌嵴的发育程度以及头骨骨壁厚度等来看, 周口店3号头骨有理由被认为是女性个体的。该头骨的鼓骨裂、下颌骨关节窝、泪腺窝、额窦、骨缝等都无法证明其是幼年个体。周口店直立人3号头骨应代表成年女性个体。     

异鳔鳅年龄结构、生长特性与生活史类型

2010年10月至2011年7月在长江上游宜宾至江津江段采集405尾异鳔鳅鮀(Xenophysogobio boulengeri)样本。以耳石作为主要年龄鉴定材料,研究了异鳔鳅鮀的年龄结构和生长特征,采用模糊聚类分析法推断了异鳔鳅鮀的生活史类型。结果表明:长江上游异鳔鳅鮀由4个年龄组组成,其中优势年龄组为1～2龄(占83.70%);体长(L)与体重(W)关系为W=5×10-6L3.294 3(r2=0.941 3,n=405,F=6 040.22,P0.01),体长与耳石半径(R)的关系为L=0.000 8R2-0.168 4R+42.504(r2=0.836 5,n=399,F=399.20,P0.01);von Bertalanffy方程描述的生长方程为Lt=179.49(1-e-0.249 8(t+0.289 8))、Wt=133.18(1-e-0.249 8(t+0.289 8))3.294 3,体重生长拐点年龄为4.48龄;异鳔鳅鮀属于r-选择类型鱼类。当前长江上游异鳔鳅鮀群体生长特征较2001～2002年已发生变化,因此有必要采取保护措施。     

乌苏里江哲罗鲑的年龄结构、性比和生长

We report the current status of Taimen (Hucho taimen ) population in Wusuli River of China. The amount of catch per year was only 1 800 - 5 400 individuals ranging from 2 - 15 years old during 1998 - 2002. Of all the captured, individuals with sexual maturity were up to 30% - 70% (female maturity at 5 years old and male 6 years old). Sex ratio varied greatly among different localities. Its breeding population mainly consisted of males aged 5 - 10 years and females aged 8 - 13 years‘‘old, which spawned in May each year. Females breed once with about 4 000 - 23 000 eggs produced every 2 - 3 years, Taimen grows fast and average growth rate is about 10 cm per year prior to 10 years‘‘s old, which corresponded with von Bertelanffy‘‘s equation calculated as Lt = 246.41 [ 1 -e 0.0407(t 0.4625)] and Wt = 174 075.72 [ 1 -e ^0.0407(t-0.4622)12.9537, and the relationship between body length and weight was W 0.015018L^u2020.     

Age and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Schizothorax waltoni</Emphasis> in the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet,China

Age and growth were studied for Schizothorax waltoni in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, southwest of China, from April 2004 to September 2006. A total of 201 specimens were collected ranging from 110 to 580 mm in standard length (SL). In contrast to other otoliths, sectioned lapillus showed a clear pattern of alternating opaque and hyaline zones. Marginal increment analyses showed that the increments, each composed of one opaque and one hyaline zone, are deposited annually. Opaque edges were prevalent from May to August. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters based on sectioned otolith data were L _t  = 689.8{1 − exp[0.051 (t + 3.275)]} for males, and L _t  = 691.1{1 − exp[0.056 (t + 2.466)]} for females. The slow growth and long life indicate that S. waltoni is vulnerable to overfishing and that harvesting strategies for the species should be conservative.     

大渡河上游麻尔柯河高原鳅的年龄与生长

研究了采自大渡河上游麻尔柯河及其支流则曲的129尾麻尔柯河高原鳅(Triplophysa markehenensis)的年龄结构和生长特性。结果表明,耳石和脊椎骨都可作为年龄鉴定的材料,其中耳石是进行年龄鉴定的最适材料,脊椎骨则可作为辅助材料;背鳍条不适合用于年龄鉴定。这批麻尔柯河高原鳅的年龄范围为2～8龄,以3～6龄居多,占总数的83.5%;体长体重呈幂函数关系:W=0.000015L2.951931;Von Bertalanffy生长方程为:Lt=173.1241[1-e-0.1597(t+0.5328)],Wt=60.7531[1-e-0.1597(t+0.5328)]2.9519;体重生长曲线的拐点为t=6.25,拐点时体长为114.5mm,体重为17.9g。关键词:耳石;脊椎骨;年龄;生长     

怒江东方墨头鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

2006年10月至2008年10月于怒江采集东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)136尾,体长54～167mm,体重3.0～114.6g。研究了其年龄、生长等生物学特性,通过耳石轮纹估算东方墨头鱼的年龄,显示怒江东方墨头鱼由10个年龄组组成。耳石半径与体长关系为:L=0.061R1.131(n=125,R2=0.907),体长与体重关系为:W=0.1×10-4L3.160。von Bertalanffy生长参数由退算体长估算:雄性L∞=224.79mm,k=0.094/年,t0=0.51年;雌性L∞=228.91mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.639年;总体L∞=227.78mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.588年。体重生长拐点雄性12.15龄、雌性13.75龄。     

Age and maturation of Loligo duvauceli and L. chinensis from Andaman Sea of Thailand

Estimated age, hatching date and sexual maturation were investigated for the loliginid squids Loligo duvauceli and L. chinensis, the commercially important neritic species in the Andaman Sea of Thailand. The specimens caught by commercial bottom-trawl in Phang-nga Bay and southern area off Phuket Island were obtained monthly from Phuket fish landing between April and August 2005. Age was estimated based on the counting of statolith increments from a total of 329 individuals of L. duvauceli (ML ranges from 41 to 224 mm) and 116 individuals of L. chinensis (ML ranges from 42 to 186 mm). The estimated age ranged from 41 to 161 and 67 to 158 days old for L. duvauceli and L. chinensis, respectively. The length–weight relationships differed among sexes and the sexual dimorphism was expressed as mature females having a greater body weight than males of the same length. Males showed a wide range of maturity size possibly because of the seasonal change in size at maturity. The results of the back calculation for the hatching date of individuals fell between November 2004 and June 2005 which suggests that L. duvauceli and L. chinensis hatch continuously and recruit to the fishing ground for a relatively short period with a shorter lifespan than expected.     

Sex expression,female frequency,and reproductive output in a gynodioecious clonal herb, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glechoma longituba</Emphasis> (Lamiaceae)

We investigated the sex morphs and frequency of females in 24 natural populations of the clonal, gynodioecious species Glechoma longituba. In addition to the presence of hermaphrodites and females, there were some individuals with intermediate sex expression that could not be categorized as either morph. The majority of populations contained a predominance of hermaphrodites, although female frequency varied from 0 to 100%. The sexual expression of individual ramets did not change over three consecutive years or when ramets were transplanted to different populations, but it did change over the course of a flowering season. Seeds from females weighed more than those from hermaphrodites. The seed set of hermaphrodites was relatively constant across populations; the seed set of females was higher than that of hermaphrodites in most populations, but lower in populations in which females occurred at a very high frequency because of pollen limitation. This led to a negative correlation being detected between the seed set of females and the frequency of females in a population. We postulated that the adjustment of sex expression within seasons could be an adaptive mechanism of reproductive assurance in this system.     

Feeding Habits of Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) in the Sicily Strait

The subtropical grapsid crab Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) is one of the most recent alien decapods found in the Mediterranean, where it was discovered at Linosa (Pelagie Islands, Sicily Strait) in summer 1999. At present, the invasion of this species has been recorded in several other insular localities. We studied the feeding habits of the crab in an attempt to understand its success in the Mediterranean. The morphological characteristics of the chela, the feeding adaptations of the gastric mill and the analysis of stomach contents indicate that P. gibbesi is a strictly herbivorous species, a characteristic not shared with any other large-sized infralittoral Mediterranean crab.     

Chilean Bromeliaceae: diversity, distribution and evaluation of conservation status

Chile is home to 23 species of Bromeliaceae, including 2 subspecies and 4 varieties. Twenty species are endemic to the country. We examined 883 herbarium specimens from 27 herbaria for our treatment of the Bromeliaceae for the “Flora de Chile”. These data and field observations resulted in a comprehensive database that we used to generate distribution maps for each species. We applied ecological niche modelling to reveal distribution areas and centers of Bromeliaceae diversity. We further analysed the collecting dates of the herbarium specimens to assess possible changes in species abundance. In this study we assess the conservation status of the bromeliad species in Chile. IUCN categories were assigned to the 27 bromeliad taxa as follows: Critically endangered: 4, Endangered: 6, Vulnerable: 11, Near threatened: 2, Least concern: 4. No species has become “Extinct” up to now. We also put forth a hypothesis about their biogeographic history.     

形目鱼类连体胚胎两例

报道了鳉形目鱼类食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)和青鳉(Oryzias latipes)的连体胚胎现象各一例.上述连体胚胎均为腹部粘连,内脏各器官分别独立,产出或孵化后短时存活.     

Age and growth in Peale's dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis) in subantarctic waters off southern South America

The Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis, is a mainly coastal and one of the most often seen species off southernmost South America from 33°S off Chile and 38°S off Argentina to south of Cape Horn. Although a common species, its IUCN status is “Data Defficient”, so any information on this species is relevant. Age, growth and physical maturity were examined in skeletons of 57 specimens of this species, mostly from the coasts of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; this represents most of the known specimens of this species available in museum and private collections. Most specimens were by-catch in shore-set gillnets or had been harpooned for crab bait. Age was determined for 23 specimens, all from Tierra del Fuego. The maximum age was 13 years for a 199 cm female. The largest female in this survey was 210 cm, the largest male 205 cm in total length (12 years), but this probably does not represent the maximum length for this species. Only two animals, of 12 and 13 years, were physically mature. Animals reach asymptotic length (188 cm) with less than the 30% of the vertebral epiphyses fused. The animals in this study were mainly subadults, as has been found for other southern by-caught dolphins. Growth was studied for total length using 18 osteological characters with the Gompertz model. We propose that zygomatic width can be used to estimate total length for incomplete beach-cast specimens.     

溯河洄游的长江刀鲚种群的年龄结构及其生长特征

溯江产卵洄游中的刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是目前长江最名贵的水产品之一。本文分析了2009年4～5月采自长江九段沙、靖江和芜湖3个江段的299尾洄游型刀鲚样本。结果显示,3个种群的体长为15.8～32.8 cm,平均(23.3±3.5)cm,18.0～24.0 cm体长组占总数的52.51%。体重为11.83～143.80g,平均(48.19±24.89)g,10.00～50.00 g体重组占总数的59.53%。芜湖种群的体长和体重均显著小于九段沙和靖江种群(ANOVA,P=0.000<0.01)。299尾个体包括1～4龄4个年龄组,其中51.28%的九段沙个体和53.97%的靖江个体均为3龄;而多达85.26%的芜湖个体则为2龄。不论体长、体重还是年龄结构,已较20世纪70年代同江段渔获物有明显下降。结果还显示,九段沙、靖江和芜湖种群的性比分别为1∶1.28、1∶1.46和1∶1.97,显示出沿长江往上性比逐渐增加的现象。3个种群的平均丰满度为0.35±0.05,但即使是在同龄组,靖江种群的丰满度也显著高于芜湖和九段沙种群,这可作为刀鲚在这一江段最名贵高价的一种解释。     

Size,gender, and sex change in dwarf ginseng,Panax trifolium (Araliaceae)

Summary Flowering individuals of dwarf ginseng may be either male or hermaphroditic. I recorded the sex expression and size of individuals in three populations for three or four years in order to 1) determine whether this bimodal distribution of sex expression was due to sex changing or genetic dimorphism, and 2) test predictions about a) the relationship between size and gender, and b) the association of size change and sex change. Twenty five to 37% of the flowering individuals in each population changed gender from one year to the next. Of the plants I followed for four years, 83% changed sex and 57% changed more than once. In each of these populations as well as two others, hermaphrodites were significantly larger than males. Gender dynamics of the three populations differed, but hermaphrodites tended to become smaller and were more likely to change gender than remain hermaphroditic the following year, whereas males tended to grow larger and were more likely to remain male than to change gender. Dwarf ginseng is clearly a diphasic (sex changing) species in which sex expression is determined primarily by size. A difference between genders in the immediate resource costs of reproduction appears to be an important determinant of sex change and gender phase ratios in populations.     

Age, sexual and seasonal differences of haematological values and antibody status to Chlamydophila sp. in feral and racing pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) from an urban environment (Zagreb, Croatia)

The aim of this study was to determine the basic haematological parameters in feral and racing pigeons and to compare these parameters according to age, sex and season in healthy feral pigeons as well as between Chlamydophila-serologically positive and negative feral pigeons. Red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood count (WBC), thrombocyte count and differential WBC, were determined in 366 pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) captured in the City of Zagreb between 1999 and 2002. Of these, 232 feral (179 adult and 53 juvenile, 104 male and 75 female) and 57 racing pigeons (25 male and 32 female) were clinically healthy and bacteriologically and serologically negative, but 77 birds had antibody titres against Chlamydophila sp. Significantly lower values of RBC, PCV, Hb, MCH, WBC and thrombocyte (P<0.05) were observed in young compared to adult pigeons, while the differences in MCV and MCH were not significant between age classes. In differential WBC of young pigeons, a significantly higher percentage of heterophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes and a significantly smaller percentage of lymphocytes (P<0.01) was found than in adult pigeons. Significant sex-related differences were seen only in MCV values and in the percentage of lymphocytes (higher in females) and neutrophils (higher in males). PCV, Hb, MCV and MCH increased, while WBC decreased during wintertime (P<0.05). In differential WBC, percentage of heterophils was low in summer and autumn. At the same time, a higher percentage of basophils was found. Low numbers of monocytes were found in summer and low values of eosinophils in winter. In racing pigeons, values of eosinophils and basophils were significantly lower than in feral pigeons. Pigeons which had antibodies against Chlamydophila sp. possessed a higher percentage of monocytes and less lymphocytes than sero-negative animals, while WBC was significant lower than in sero-negative feral pigeons.     

Sex Differences in Feeding,Height, and Space Use in Hapalemur griseus

I investigated sex differences in feeding ecology in a wild group of Hapalemur griseus, gray bamboo lemur, in southeastern Madagascar. Males and females differed in daily dietary diversity, height use while feeding, and spatial position within the group. Based on all-occurrences of feeding bouts and 15-min point samples, the adult female had significantly higher daily dietary diversity indices than those of males. The female also fed at significantly lower heights than the males did. There are also significant differences between age classes with the subadult male exhibiting the lowest dietary diversity and feeding at the greatest heights. During feeding, the female stayed in closest proximity to both juveniles, whereas adult males were peripheral. In contrast, the males moved closer in proximity to the female when resting and traveling. These sex differences could be explained 1) by the metabolic cost of reproduction for females, 2) as strategies to mitigate the cost of feeding competition between males and females, 3) by male role performance as a predator detector, and 4) by different social priorities of males and females.     

长江干流圆筒吻鮈的年龄与生长

根据 5 5 1尾标本研究了生活在长江干流中圆筒吻的年龄与生长 ,并提出了资源合理利用建议。圆筒吻的鳞片可作为年龄鉴定的依据 ,年轮形成期主要在 2～ 5月。圆筒吻的体长与鳞长呈直线关系 ,与体重呈幂指数关系 ,生长适合VonBertalanffy生长方程。在 1～ 2龄生长最快 ,为保护圆筒吻资源 ,应限捕体长 2 0 0mm以下的个体