麻蝇和丽蝇幼虫肠道主要蛋白酶活性鉴定

蛋白酶是昆虫肠道的重要消化酶类［１］。研究表明,蛋白酶抑制剂能够抑制昆虫肠道蛋白酶活性,使昆虫生长发育不良甚至死亡,在害虫防治中显示出应用潜力［２～４］。但是,要选择有效的蛋白酶抑制剂,最首要的工作是研究昆虫肠道蛋白酶的特性［５］。蝇类是重要的卫生害虫,确定其肠道蛋白酶的类型,了解其肠道蛋白酶的特性,对蝇类的防治有重要意义。本文以棕尾别麻蝇Ｂｏｅｔｔｃｈｅｒｉｓｃａｐｅｒｅｇｒｉｎａ和巨尾阿丽蝇Ａｌｄｒｉｃｈｉｎａｇｒａｈａｍｉ为材料,分析了其肠道蛋白酶同工酶,鉴定了其肠道主要蛋白酶活性类型,并…     

用巨尾阿丽蝇蛹期发育形态来推断死者死亡时间

为了明确对于凶杀案件中死亡时间判断有重要意义的蝇蛹的形态随时间的变化规律,在16、20、24、28、32℃饲养了巨尾阿丽蝇并定期取样、解剖,显微镜下观察其体表形态变化。结果表明：巨尾阿丽蝇蛹壳内蛹呈现出规律性的变化,这些规律性的变化可指示出蛹的发育进程,进而可指示该昆虫在尸体上出现的时间,从而对死者的死亡时间做出判断。根据这些规律性的变化可将蛹期划分为7个阶段。不同恒温下达到以上阶段所需时间不同,高温下短而低温下长。     

巨尾阿丽蝇发育起点及有效积温的研究

巨尾阿丽蝇(Aldrichna granami Aldr)为常见蝇种之一,与人类疾病关系较为密切.在自然温湿条件下研究该蝇发育起点及有效积温常数有助于了解和掌握该蝇年种群的动态规律,为该蝇的预测预报提供理论依据.     

西安地区家兔尸体上尸食性昆虫的初步观察

置家兔尸体于室外空地进行观察,研究春季西安地区家兔尸体上昆虫群落的组成及演替规律。结果表明西安地区春季常见的尸食性的昆虫包括3目11科16种,其中双翅目的巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichina grahami、鞘翅目一种阎甲Margarinotus sp.为优势种。尸体上昆虫群落的演替有明显的时间规律可循,昆虫类群的出现时间与尸体的腐败阶段有明确的对应关系,可以为法医科学中推测死亡时间提供依据。     

杭州地区猪尸体上昆虫群落的组成 与演替的初步观察

对杭州地区猪尸体的腐败过程及尸体上昆虫群落的演替规律,进行了初步观察和研究。结果表明,室外地表上猪尸体的腐败过程可以划分为新鲜、肿胀、腐烂、干化和残骸5个连续的阶段;常见昆虫包括3目、19科、33种,其中双翅目的巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、南岭绿蝇、大头金蝇、肥须亚麻蝇等为优势种。尸体上昆虫群落的演替有明显的时间规律可循。许多昆虫类群的出现时间与尸体腐败阶段有明确的对应关系,这种对应关系可以为法医科学中推测死后间隔时间(postmortem interval, PMI)提供依据。     

巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫肠道蛋白酶的分离纯化及性质

巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫肠液ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ后,Ｘ光片显影呈现３条蛋白酶活性带。ＩＥＦ后出现２条蛋白酶活性带,等电点分别为ＰＨ８．５和ＰＨ７．７。肠液经硫铵沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶过滤,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＤＥＡＥＡ－２５离子交换和ＳＢＢＩ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,分离化出分子量约为１４ＫＤ的巨尾阿丽蝇蛋白酶。     

二种尸食性蝇类幼虫形态学变化及在法医学上的意义

为了满足实际工作中利用蝇类幼虫日龄推断尸体死后间隔时间的需求,采用形态观察与图像分析相结合的方法对巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichina grahami(Aldrich)、大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius)幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨进行了研究,筛选适合日龄推断的指标。结果显示:2种尸食性蝇类幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨均随着时间的延长发生规律性的变化。其中,咽骨的骨化面积、平均光密度,后气门的平均光密度是最理想的判断幼虫日龄的指标,为法医昆虫学精确推断死后间隔时间提供重要的指导意义。     

自贡市的主要蝇种及其季节消长

1986年g月至1987年2月,我们在自贡市沿滩、自井、贡井、大安四个区和荣县、富顺县采用笼捕法和网捕法进行了一次蝇类调查。获蝇类81种,其中常见种25种。所获标本6854只中,丝光绿蝇Luciliasericata占34.6%,大头金蝇Chrysomyiamegacephala占22.5%,瘦叶带绿蝇Hemipyrellialigurriens17.5%,舍蝇Muscadomesticavicina占7.0%,巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichinagrahami占6.5%,棕尾别麻蝇Boettcheriscaperegrina占4.7%,市蝇Muscasor-benssorbens占2.2%,其它合计为5.0%。丝光绿蝇3月入笼,4月高峰,6月迅速下降,10月稍有回升,1月消失。大头金蝇5月开始入笼,8月高…     

四川雅安地区室内蝇类监测简报

1988年至1989年,作者对雅安地区蝇类在年周期中室内数量变化用目测法在100间不同类型的房屋内进行了监测。共监测成蝇标本6714只,隶属3科7属8种。简报如下。1蝇类群落组成所观察6714只标本中,其群落组成(%)从大到小序列依次为:家蝇(84.56)、巨尾阿丽蝇(9.28)、丝光绿蝇(2.98)、大头金蝇(2.28)、厩腐蝇(0.31)、麻蝇(含棕尾别麻蝇、白头亚麻蝇与黑尾黑麻蝇,0.28)、斑蹠黑蝇(0.71)及巴浦绿蝇(0.14)。从上述情况可以看出,家蝇为当地室内绝对优势种。2阳房率及其密度指数所监测7200间住房中,有蝇房间465间,阳房率6.46%,成蝇密度指数为0.93。各该…     

四川省名山县蒙顶山区有瓣蝇类调查

用网捕法对四川名山蒙顶山山区有瓣蝇类进行了调查,共采集成蝇标本18873只,隶属7科19亚科62属132种,其中古北区+东洋区种占34.8%,东洋区种占29.5%,特有种占9.8%,跨多区种占25.9%.紫翠蝇Neomyia gavisa,肥躯金蝇Chysomya pinguis及反吐丽蝇Calliphora vomitoria为该山区优势种,其构成比分别为24.4%、19.8%和11.2%;毛胫厕蝇Fannia hirtitibia等13种为当地特产种.紫翠蝇Neomyia gavisa、巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichina grahami、反吐丽蝇Calliphora vomitoria及紫绿蝇Lucilia porphyrina常年均可见成蝇出没.     

白鱼线粒体DNA控制区结构和种群遗传多样性分析

用特异性引物对白鱼（Anabarilius grahami）DNA进行PCR扩增,获得了白鱼线粒体DNA控制区基因全序列（930 bp）。控制区T、C、A和G碱基组成为29.8%、22.5%、33.0%和14.7%。对照其他已报道的鱼类控制区结构,对白鱼控制区结构进行了分析,识别了其终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,找到了终止相关的序列TAS以及保守序列（CSB-F、CSB-D、CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3）。同时运用DNA分析软件对白鱼一个驯养种群（中国科学院昆明动物研究所珍稀鱼类繁育中心）及两个自然地理种群（江川县明星鱼洞、江川县牛摩村）进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示：两个自然种群存在较强基因交流,未出现遗传分化;人工驯养种群遗传多样性最高,种群复壮程度较好。     

Some Properties of Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase Partially Purified from the Larvae of Blowfly,Aldrichina grahami

Glutamine and ornithine were found to stabilize effectively carbamoyl phosphate synthase (CPSase) partially purified from the larvae of Aldrichina grahami reared aseptically.

Glutamine, ATP. and Mg ion were required for the enzyme reaction. A high concentration of ammonia could replace the requirement of glutamine; N-acetylglutamate could not enhance the reaction. The apparent Km for ammonium ion, however, was much higher than that for glutamine. The concentration of ATP required for half maximal velocity was 1.0×10^?2 m.

Various kinds of nucleotides of pyrimidines and purines inhibited the enzyme reaction. The reaction product in the assay system radioautographically coincided with citrulline.     

Interrelationship between immunologic and neurologic memory: learning ability of rats during immunostimulation]

Studies have been made on the effect of an immunostimulator - the complete Freund's adjuvant - upon the learning ability in Wistar rats for visual discrimination using food-obtaining and avoidance of the electric shock techniques. Injection of the adjuvant significantly increases learning ability provided negative reinforcement technique is used, but inhibits the former under the conditions of positive reinforcement. Analysis of the extinction of the conditioned reflexes yielded similar results. Possible relation of immunogenesis to the formation of memory is discussed.     

Effect of heat shock on courtship behavior,sound production,and learning in comparison with the brain content of LIMK1 in Drosophila melanogaster males with altered structure of the limk1 gene

In this paper we present results of a comprehensive analysis of the effect of heat shock at different stages of ontogenesis (adult stage, development of mushroom bodies and the central complex) on courtship behavior (latency, duration and efficacy of courtship), sound production (pulse interval, dispersion of interpulse interval, percentage of distorted pulses, the mean duration of the pulse samples), learning and memory formation compared with the content of LIMK1 isoforms in male Drosophila melanogaster with altered structure of the limk1 gene. The heat shock is shown to affect the behavior parameters and LIMK1 content in the analyzed strains of Drosophila. The most pronounced effect of the heat shock was observed at the stage of development of the central complex (CC). Heat shock at CC and adults restores the ability of learning and memory formation in the mutant strain agn ^ts3 that normally is unable to learn and form memory. Correlations between changes of content of LIMK1 isoforms and behavioral parameters due to heat shock have not been established.     

滇池金线鲃形态度量学分析(Cypriniformes:Cyprinidae)

运用多变量形态度量学和框架结构形态学的方法,测量了采自滇池流域6个不同地点的149尾滇池金线鲃（Sinocyclocheilus grahami）的标本。应用多变量形态度量学分析,选择了20个框架结构性状和19个常规性状,进行主成成分分析。主成成分分析结果的散布图显示,6个不同地点的标本聚在一起没有分开,表明滇池金线鲃的各居群之间在可数性状和可量性状上均未表现出明显的差异,说明滇池金线鲃在形态上还未发生明显的种下分化。     

Purification and characterization of insect cathepsin D

We purified a proteolytic enzyme from pupae of the blowfly Aldrichina grahami. The purification procedure consisted of fractionation with ammonium sulfate, ethanol treatment, affinity chromatography on Con $\text{A-}\text{Sepharose}$, and ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose CL-6B. The purified enzyme was very labile. The lability was reduced by the use of MES buffer containing 10% ethanol, which enabled us to purify the enzyme to homogeneity. The lower the polarity of the alcohol added, the more stable the enzyme became. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 41,000, an optimum pH of 3.5, high susceptibility to pepstatin and two pI forms of 5.4 and 6.2. This enzyme resembled cathepsin $\text{D}$, a lysosomal proteinase.     

Odour avoidance learning in the larva of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis>

Drosophila larvae can be trained to avoid odours associated with electric shock. We describe here, an improved method of aversive conditioning and a procedure for decomposing learning retention curve that enables us to do a quantitative analysis of memory phases, short term (STM), middle term (MTM) and long term (LTM) as a function of training cycles. The same method of analysis when applied to learning mutants dunce, amnesiac, rutabaga and radish reveals memory deficits characteristic of the mutant strains.     

Purification and some properties of isocitrate dehydrogenase of a blowfly Aldrichina grahami

• 1.1. NADH-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase has been purified 110-fold from the crude extract of the flight muscle mitochondria of Aldrichina grahami.
• 2.2. The purification procedure involved Triton X-100 treatment of isolated mitochondria, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Affi-gel blue, and P-cellulose.
• 3.3. The purified enzyme was homogeneous by criteria of the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
• 4.4. The enzyme of the blowfly contains more acidic amino acids and less hydrophobic amino acids than that of pig heart.
• 5.5. The molecular weight was determined to be 330,000 daltons. The subunit construction differs from ghat of mammalian isocitrate dehydrogenase.

     

Glow-worm larvae bioluminescence (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) operates as an aposematic signal upon toads (Bufo bufo)

It is an established fact that the spectacular bioluminescentdisplays of adult fireflies and glow-worms are used as courtshipsignals; however, the survival value of the glowing behaviorof their larvae remained the subject of speculation for manyyears. Our study is the first that demonstrates that lampyridlarvae use luminescence to signal unpalatability to nocturnal,visually guided predators. Wild-caught toads (Bufo bufo) weremore reluctant to attack luminescent artificial prey, and weshow that avoidance learning increased this reluctance. Afterbeing exposed to glow-worm larvae (Lampyris noctiluca), whichthe toads experienced as disagreeable, attack latencies to luminescentprey increased, but not those to nonglowing prey. Not all toadsshowed avoidance learning to the same extent, because of eitherdifferences in previous experience with glow-worms or differencesin memory.     

cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the disruption of learning in transgenic flies.

A molecular genetic approach was used to test for a role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in learning and memory in Drosophila. We used genes encoding a peptide inhibitor of PKA, an N-terminal regulatory subunit fragment containing a pseudosubstrate inhibitory domain, and a wild-type catalytic subunit. These dominantly acting genes were placed under control of the hsp70 promoter and transformed into wild-type flies. Induction of the transgenes by 1 hr heat shock results in overproduction of their RNA in adult flies. The same heat shock treatment disrupts the ability of the flies to learn in an odor discrimination task reinforced with electric shock. The results demonstrate the involvement of PKA in the associative learning of Drosophila.