巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫肠道蛋白酶的分离纯化及性质

巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫肠液ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ后,Ｘ光片显影呈现３条蛋白酶活性带。ＩＥＦ后出现２条蛋白酶活性带,等电点分别为ＰＨ８．５和ＰＨ７．７。肠液经硫铵沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶过滤,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＤＥＡＥＡ－２５离子交换和ＳＢＢＩ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,分离化出分子量约为１４ＫＤ的巨尾阿丽蝇蛋白酶。     

巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫发育形态学及其在死者死亡时间推断中的应用

为了明确对于凶杀案件中死亡时间判断有重要意义的蝇类幼虫的形态特征变化规律,分别在12、16、20、24和28℃下饲养了巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich)并定期取样,显微镜下观察其形态变化。结果表明：后气门形态、表皮、消化道等随时间而发生的规律性变化可作为幼虫日龄的标志。据此将幼虫期划分为：1龄期、2龄早期、2龄后期、3龄叠气门期、开环期、浅闭环期、深闭环期、圆锥期。到达上述各发育阶段的时间决定于温度。     

中国云南巨尾蝇属三新种记述(双翅目,丽蝇科)(英文)

记述采自云南的巨尾蝇属Hypopygiopsis Townsend3新种:云南巨尾蝇Hypopygiopsis yunnanensis sp. nov.,指突巨尾蝇H. dactylis sp. nov.和离叶巨尾蝇H. diversis sp. nov.。文中编制了该属所有已知种的检索表,新种详细的形态特征及其与近缘种的鉴别特征,并建立了两个新种群:紫色巨尾蝇群H. violacea-group和斑翅巨尾蝇群H. fumipennis group。新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

用巨尾阿丽蝇蛹期发育形态来推断死者死亡时间

为了明确对于凶杀案件中死亡时间判断有重要意义的蝇蛹的形态随时间的变化规律,在16、20、24、28、32℃饲养了巨尾阿丽蝇并定期取样、解剖,显微镜下观察其体表形态变化。结果表明：巨尾阿丽蝇蛹壳内蛹呈现出规律性的变化,这些规律性的变化可指示出蛹的发育进程,进而可指示该昆虫在尸体上出现的时间,从而对死者的死亡时间做出判断。根据这些规律性的变化可将蛹期划分为7个阶段。不同恒温下达到以上阶段所需时间不同,高温下短而低温下长。     

巨尾阿丽蝇发育起点及有效积温的研究

巨尾阿丽蝇(Aldrichna granami Aldr)为常见蝇种之一,与人类疾病关系较为密切.在自然温湿条件下研究该蝇发育起点及有效积温常数有助于了解和掌握该蝇年种群的动态规律,为该蝇的预测预报提供理论依据.     

四川西部丽蝇科4蝇种昼夜活动节律的研究

首次记录四川西部雅安市丽蝇科(Calliphoridae)4蝇种昼夜活动节律的初步研究,结果表明,蝇类这一具有白昼活动、夜间蛰伏的生物生态特性的昆虫群体,对光照度和光照时间表现出异常敏感的行为反应;在地理生态环境中,对于影响蝇类行为活动诸因素如气温、光照、晴、阴、雨等气候现象,文中予以讨论。     

三尖裸变丽蝇的再描述(双翅目,丽蝇科)

对丽蝇科Calliphoridae裸变丽蝇属Gymnadichosia Villeneuve,1927三尖裸变丽蝇G.tribulis Villeneuve进行再描述,并附主要特征图.研究标本保存于中国科学院上海昆虫博物馆.     

二种尸食性蝇类幼虫形态学变化及在法医学上的意义

为了满足实际工作中利用蝇类幼虫日龄推断尸体死后间隔时间的需求,采用形态观察与图像分析相结合的方法对巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichina grahami(Aldrich)、大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius)幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨进行了研究,筛选适合日龄推断的指标。结果显示:2种尸食性蝇类幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨均随着时间的延长发生规律性的变化。其中,咽骨的骨化面积、平均光密度,后气门的平均光密度是最理想的判断幼虫日龄的指标,为法医昆虫学精确推断死后间隔时间提供重要的指导意义。     

不同温度条件下棕尾别麻蝇的生长发育及其在法医学上的意义

棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrine分布很广,也是我国南方地区尸体上较为常见的麻蝇类昆虫.本文探讨温度对重要的尸食性昆虫棕尾别麻蝇生长发育的影响,在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃五个恒温条件下,实验测得棕尾别麻蝇的发育历期分别为33.2±0.3、21.6±0.3、15.9±0.7、13.8±0.5、11.8±0.2 d;实验结果表明,棕尾别麻蝇发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;其生长的最适温度在25～30℃;35℃时幼虫能够生长,但是不能正常化蛹,化蛹的个体也不能正常羽化;在15～35℃条件下,分别就幼虫的体长、体宽、体重和蛹重与时间的回归分析表明这些指标与时间呈三次曲线关系,回归方程统计检验达到极显著水平(P＜＜0.01).研究结果对死后间隔时间的推断具有一定的法医学意义.     

蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子在不同虫态棕尾別麻蝇体表的附着能力及与寄主体表结构的关系

【目的】为解释蜡蚧轮枝菌Lecanicillium lecanii对棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrina成虫、蛹和幼虫等 3种虫态的致病性差异,研究分析了蜡蚧轮枝菌L. lecanii分生孢子在3种虫态体表的附着能力及与寄主体表结构的关系。【方法】采用血球计数板计数法测量蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子在棕尾別麻蝇B. peregrina成虫、蛹和幼虫体表的附着数量,并利用扫描电子显微镜等显微技术观察供试虫体体壁外长物分布情况以及附着分生孢子情况。【结果】蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子在棕尾別麻蝇3种虫态上的附着数量差异显著(P=0.0001),成虫附着孢子数量为(1.35±0.12)×10⁶个/头,而蛹和幼虫分别为(0.57±0.09)×10⁶个/头和(0.45±0.06)×10⁶个/头。成虫周身微毛上均有孢子附着;整个蛹体仅棘刺底部呈“绳索状”的褶皱处可发现有孢子的附着;幼虫的体表未发现有孢子的附着。【结论】蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子在棕尾別麻蝇成虫、蛹、幼虫体表的附着能力与寄主体表结构有密切关系,是蜡蚧轮枝菌对该虫不同虫态间存在致病差异的原因。     

Food Acceptance and Social Learning Opportunities in Semi‐Free Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

When confronted with novel foods, chimpanzees’ responses combine a mixture of curiosity and cautiousness. Once the item is in the mouth, the initial cautiousness is followed by an aversion to bitter taste that is mediated mainly by the TAS2R gene family. For instance, variations on the TAS2R38 locus which has been studied extensively in humans have been associated with different acceptance of bitter substances. Surprisingly, while cautiousness and bitter taste aversion were selected to prevent any risk of poisoning, very few studies on novel food acceptance have included the vegetative parts of plants. Moreover, the studies were usually carried out with captive apes faced to a very restricted variety of non‐toxic plants, hardly making the results representative. This study aims to replicate previous findings obtained in zoos while controlling for these limitations. We provided nine subgroups of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in the Ugandan sanctuary of Ngamba Island with novel plants known to be consumed by wild chimpanzees of the same subspecies, as well as domestic plants, wild sapota fruit and grey clay used by human local communities. We also genotyped their TAS2R38 gene. Our results confirm the very low genetic heterogeneity for TAS2R38 in this chimpanzee subspecies. Chimpanzees were particularly cautious towards the vegetative parts of novel plants, likely reflecting their behavioural strategy for avoiding toxic compounds. We also confirmed their higher propensity towards testing sapota and clay, reflecting their ability to expand their diet. In contrast with the results found in zoos, familiar and novel less‐palatable vegetative parts of plants did not elicit many interindividual observations. This may be explained by the items presented, which could have been so novel to be considered as enrichment in captive conditions, where the apes are rarely exposed to plants.     

半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索中的学习行为

研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索过程中的学习行为。结果表明,成虫期之前的饲养寄主所取食的寄主植物对成蜂行为没有影响,而雌蜂早期的短暂经历可对其随后的行为反应产生显著影响,从而对已经历的植物气味表现出显著的嗜好,但这种通过学习所表现出的嗜好又可因新的经历而改变。雌成蜂不仅能对其所经历的虫伤寄主植物释放的信息化合物进行学习,而且对其所经历的寄主幼虫的信息化合物也能进行学习。     

微囊藻毒素与饮用水消毒副产物复合诱导草鱼淋巴细胞凋亡

针对饮用水中消毒副产物与微囊藻毒素的低剂量复合污染问题,采用离体细胞培养诱导方法,以草鱼淋巴细胞为暴露受体,研究了MCLR、MCRR两种微囊藻毒素和CHClBr₂、CHCl₂Br两种消毒副产物的单独与联合毒效应.结果表明:4种污染物在试验浓度下暴露2 h即能使草鱼淋巴细胞发生凋亡,且呈显著的剂量-效应关系;1 nmol·L^-1MCLR、MCRR分别和1～100 nmol·L^-1的CHCl₂Br、CHClBr₂的联合作用均表现为相加作用,并且均呈显著的剂量-效应关系.草鱼淋巴细胞凋亡率可作为一种有效的指标来评价微囊藻毒素及消毒副产物复合污染引起的细胞毒性.     

Decreased Electroconvulsive Shock-Induced Diacylglycerols and Free Fatty Acid Accumulation in the Rat Brain by Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761): Selective Effect in Hippocampus as Compared with Cerebral Cortex

Abstract: The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) treatment (100 mg/kg/day, per os, for 14 days) on electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) and diacylglycerols (DAG) was analyzed in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. EGb 761 reduced the FFA pool size by 33% and increased the DAG pool by 36% in the hippocampus. These endogenous lipids were unaffected in cerebral cortex. During the tonic seizure (10 s after ECS) the fast accumulation of FFA, mainly 20:4, was similar in sham- and EGb 761 -treated rats, in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. However, further accumulation of free 18:0 and 20:4, observed in the hippocampus of sham-treated rats during clonic seizures (30 s to 2 min after ECS), did not occur in EGb 761-treated animals. The rise in DAG content triggered in the cortex and hippocampus by ECS was delayed by EGb 761 treatment from 10 s to 1 min, when values similar to those in sham animals were attained. Moreover, in the hippocampus the size of the total DAG pool was decreased by 19% during the tonic seizure. At later times, DAG content showed a faster decrease in EGb 761-treated rats. By 2 min levels of all DAG acyl groups decreased to values significantly lower than in sham animals in both cortex and hippocampus. This study shows that EGb 761 treatment affects, with high selectivity, lipid metabolism and lipid-derived second messenger release and removal in the hippocampus, while affecting to a lesser extent the cerebral cortex.     

Use of 1,2-Bis(2-Amino-5-Fluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N'',N''-Tetraacetic Acid (5FBAPTA) in the Measurement of Free Intracellular Calcium in the Brain by 19F-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

We have applied the 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) calcium indicator 1,2-bis(2-amino-5-fluoro-phenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (5FBAPTA) to the measurement of the free intracellular calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) in superfused brain slices. A mean +/- SD control value of 380 +/- 71 nM (n = 18) was obtained at 37 degrees C using 2.4 mM extracellular Ca2+. Subcellular fractionation studies using [3H]5FBAPTA showed that after loading of its tetraacetoxymethyl ester, approximately 55% was de-esterified, with the other 45% remaining as the tetraester bound to membranes. Of the de-esterified 5FBAPTA, greater than 90% was in the cytosolic fractions, with less than 1% in the mitochondria or microsomes. The NMR-visible de-esterified 5FBAPTA slowly disappeared from the tissue with a t1/2 of 4 h. A time course after loading confirmed that the calculated [Ca2+]i was constant over a 5-h period, although the scatter of individual results was +/- 20%. The [Ca2+]i was increased by a high extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e), by a low extracellular concentration of Na+, and by the calcium ionophore A23187. On recovery from high [K+]e, the [Ca2+]i "overshot" to values lower than the original control value. The [Ca2+]i was surpisingly resistant to changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration.