不同类型表面活性剂在土壤上的吸附特征比较研究

应用平衡振荡法,研究了阴、阳和非离子表面活性剂在土壤上的吸附．结果表明,阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵能强列吸附在6种不同性质的土壤上,吸附等温线为L型,分配常数Kd,为3．0×10^2～48×10^2L·kg^-1;阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠、非离子表面活性剂OP及Tween-20的吸附等温线随土壤类型不同而不同,有L、S等型,吸附强度远弱于阳离子表面活性剂,Kd分别大体处于5．3～39、0．13～0．44(Tween-20)和4．4～22．4L·kg^-1(OP)．阳离子表面活性剂的土壤最大吸附量与土壤阳离子交换容量呈线性相关．低浓度范围内,阴离子表面活性剂的土壤分配常数与土壤粘粒含量呈正相关．同时土壤颗粒表面的电荷特性也影响吸附．非离子表面活性剂的Kd与土壤粘粒、砂粒、粉沙含量及表面积存在经验函数关系．     

表面活性剂对链霉素在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子:十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS;非离子,曲拉通100,TX-100)对链霉素(Streptomycin,STR)在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加STR在土壤中吸附的线性程度。CTAB的存在抑制了STR在土壤表面的吸附同时抑制了STR的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了STR在土壤中的吸附量并增加了吸附过程的可逆性。与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX-100对STR在土壤中的吸附的影响取决于其添加浓度。低浓度的TX-100对STR的吸附促进作用大于高浓度。随着TX-100浓度的增加,TX-100对STR的增溶作用加剧。促使吸附在土壤表面的STR迁移到水相中,从而抑制了STR的吸附,进而促进了STR的解吸。     

多环芳烃类化合物在土壤上的吸附

研究了几种多环芳烃化合物在土壤上的吸附行为．通过一个连续投药－取样试验装置,在没有任何其它有机试剂干扰的情况下,测定了荧蒽与菲在土壤上的吸附量．研究表明,这两种多环芳烃化合物在土壤上的吸附量与土壤有机质含量之间呈显著相关．对多环芳烃化合物的分子结构及理化特性,如辛醇－水分配系数、溶解度等参数与ＬｏｇＫｏｃ关系的研究发现多环芳烃化合物的ＬｏｇＫｏｃ与化合物的水溶性、辛酸－水分配系数以及分子结构中的苯环数线性相关．     

表面活性剂的增溶作用及在土壤中的行为

表面活性剂胶束的存在是导致难溶有机化合物(HOCs)溶解度增加的主要原因,表面活性剂对土壤的影响很大,即使很低浓度的表面活性剂也会明显改变土壤的物理、化学和生物性质,其中表面活性剂的吸附过程起了主要作用,另外,表面活性剂的类型、结构和浓度以及所处环境条件和微生物种类都对土壤中植物、微生物生长和其本身的生物降解和去除有影响,这些都将导致土壤中原有污染物迁移转化的改变,应该引起人们的日益重视。     

碳酸钙对土壤镉吸附及解吸的影响

采用等温吸附法,并以1mol/L KNO3进行解吸试验,研究CaCO3对3种土壤镉吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,3种土壤的原状土样对镉吸附总趋势为：栗钙土＞棕壤＞淋溶褐土,均符合Langmuir方程、Frenudlich方程和Temink方程,其中以Freumdlich方程最佳。镉的专性吸附量表现为栗钙土＞淋溶褐土＞棕壤。添加CaCO3使3种土壤中镉的吸附量增加,增加幅度棕壤为4％－11％,淋溶褐土2％－11％,栗钙土2％－8％。外界加入的镉浓度越高,增加幅度越大。Freundlich方程（lgX=lgK lgC/n）拟合的参数结果表明：加入CaCO3后,K和n值均下降;Langmuir方程中镉最大吸附值增加,吸附平均常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用增加,吸附平衡常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用外,还可能影响反应体系的平衡系数。加入CaCO3,土壤对镉的专性吸附明显增加,尤其以棕壤专性吸附的镉最多,淋溶褐土其次,而栗钙土增加较少,栗钙土去除CaCO3后,镉的吸附减少了2.0%-26.0%,土壤专性吸附的镉减少4.0%-38.2%。3种土壤镉的解吸能力表现为：棕壤＞淋溶褐土＞栗钙土。添加CaCO3,土壤镉的解吸量下降。去除CaCO3后,栗钙土匐解吸量明显增加。     

磷酸盐在土壤中的竞争吸附与解吸机制

本文概述了近年来国内外有关磷酸盐的竞争吸附与解吸的研究成果。土壤中许多阴离子都能与磷竞争吸附点位,使得磷的吸附下降。有机质可促进或抑制磷的吸附,pH是影响竞争吸附的主要因子。磷被吸附后大多固持在表面而难于解吸,往往呈现明显的滞后现象。通常只有拟物理吸附的磷能被解吸,化学吸附的磷因与表面金属离子作用形成双齿配位而极难被淋洗下来。解吸受多种因素的影响,其中解吸剂的类型是主要因子之一。     

石油污染土壤清洗药剂筛选及效果评价

以高浓度石油污染土壤为研究对象,筛选表面活性剂及清洗助剂,优化清洗药剂洗脱参数,评价药剂复配洗脱效果,重点考察对石油族组成中重组分的洗脱效率。结果表明:4种表面活性剂SYO(0.25%)、SDBS(0.25%)、TX-100(0.25%)和AEO(0.75%)具有较好的石油洗脱效果;优化的清洗条件为清洗温度65℃、清洗时间60 min、振荡强度500 r·min^-1;此条件下,TX-100的石油洗脱率最高,可达78.87%;筛选的3种清洗助剂中,Na₂SiO₃的助洗效果最佳,与SDBS复配使用后增效作用明显,洗脱率提高21.52%;另外,Na₂SiO₃与SDBS复配,可脱附去除85%的饱和烃和芳香烃,同时也脱附了80%以上的胶质沥青质组分,这种药剂复配模式可为重质组分含量较多的石油污染土壤清洗提供参考。     

BTEX在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

苯系物(BTEX)系苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的统称,由于其具有高毒性而引起了人们的广泛关注。研究BTEX在土壤中的环境行为,有助于准确了解其在环境中的归宿以及评价其对生态系统和人类健康的风险性。本文从吸附-解吸、挥发、淋溶和降解等4个方面,对BTEX在土壤中环境行为的研究进展进行了综述,特别对影响BTEX在土壤环境中的吸附-解吸行为的不同因素进行了详细概述,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2 的酵母菌Y17为材料,对其吸附Cu2 过程中的主要影响因素,包括溶液Ph、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液Ph值、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间.正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液Ph5.0,吸附时间40min,加菌量5.Og湿菌/L时,对初始浓度为8mmol/L的Cu2 达到最佳吸附率为82.7%.通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验,初步确定Y17吸附Cu2 的位点在细胞壁,细胞壁表面的-NH2,-COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors

The anaerobic biodegradation of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) was studied in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors (UASB). One reactor was fed with easily degradable substrates and commercial LAS solution during a period of 3 months (Reactor 1), meanwhile a second reactor was fed with a commercial LAS solution without co-substrate (Reactor 2) during 4 months. Both reactors were operated with an organic loading rate of 4–5 mg-LAS/l*day and a hydraulic retention time of one day.The LAS biodegradation was determined by full mass balance. LAS was analysed by HPLC in the liquid phase (influent and effluent streams of the reactors) as well as in the solid phase (granular sludge used as biomass). The results indicate a high level of removal (primary biodegradation: 64–85%). Biodegradation was higher in the absence of external co-substrates than in the presence of additional sources of carbon. This indicates that the surfactant can be partially used as carbon and energy source by anaerobic bacteria. Under the operating conditions used, inhibition of the methanogenic activity or any other negative effects on the biomass due to the presence of LAS were not observed. The methanogenic activity remained high and stable throughout the experiment.     

How adaptation and mass transfer control the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate by activated sludge

We use a nonsteady-state model to evaluate the effects of community adaptation and sorption kinetics on the fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in batch experiments conducted with activated sludge that was continuously fed different concentrations of LAS. We observed a sharp decrease in the biodegradation rate between 30 and 60 minutes and the presence of an LAS residual at the end of the batch experiments. The modeling analysis indicates that these phenomena were caused by relatively slow inter-phase mass transport of LAS. The modeling analyses also showed that the amount of LAS-degrading biomass increased when the continuous activated sludge was fed a higher LAS concentration. Although community adaptation to LAS involved accumulation of more LAS degraders, the increase was not proportional to the feed concentration of LAS, which supports the concept that LAS degraders also utilized portions of the general biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) fed to the continuous activated sludge systems.     

Isolation of (S)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol assimilating bacterium,its characterization,and its use in preparation of (R)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol and (S)-epichlorohydrin

Summary Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a widely used anionic surfactant. Although approximately 1 million metric tons of LAS are produced annually, relatively little is known about the bacteria or the genetic factors that control LAS degradation in the environment. The objectives of this research were to: i) compare bacterial populations in wastewater and pristine pond systems; ii) determine the frequency of plasmids in bacteria from these sites; and iii) compare the frequency of DNA sequences coding for aromatic catabolism in isolates from these two sites. Plate counts indicated that exposure to wastewater resulted in higher levels of both heterotrophic bacteria and bacteria capable of growing on LAS containing medium (LAS/YEPG). In addition to higher numbers, a higher proportion of heterotrophs from the wastewater system were capable of growth on LAS/YEPG medium. Thus, the high levels of LAS in the wastewater system apparently selected fro organisms that were able to tolerate and/or degrade, it. Mineralization of¹⁴C-ring labelled LAS in any habitat related to the presence of organisms that grew on LAS/YEPG. Although may of these isolates could carry out primary degradation, no isolate, could mineralize¹⁴C-ring LAS in pure culture. A higher incidence of plasmids was found in bacteria from the wastewater pond and among bacteria that grew on LAS containing medium. However, the presence of plasmid, DNA did not necessarily confer the ability to degrade LAS nor was the ability to degrade LAS dependent on the presence of a plasmid. The incidence of selected genotypes for aromatic catabolism was similar among isolates on LAS/YEPG at both sites, suggesting that LAS ring degradation may be present in other populations or encoded by alternative sequences. In conclusion, LAS mineralization is mediated by a consortium and the evidence that initial attack of LAS is plasmid mediated is inconclusive.     

Biotransformation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: oxidation of alkyl side-chain

The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which generally mineralizes substituted aromatics to CO₂, transformed linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants mainly at their alkyl side chain. Degradation of LAS was evidenced by a zone of clearing on LAS-containing agar plates and colorimetric analysis of liquid cultures. Disappearance of LAS was virtually complete within 10 days in low nitrogen (2.4 mM N), high nitrogen (24 mM N) and malt extract (ME) liquid media. After 5 days of incubation in ME medium, transformation of LAS was complete at concentrations4 mg l^-1, but decreased at higher concentrations. The LAS degradation was not dependent on lignin peroxidases (LiPs) and manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnPs). Mineralization of¹⁴C-ring-LAS to ¹⁴CO₂ by P. chrysosporium was <1% regardless of the culture conditions used. Thin layer chromatography and mass spectral analyses indicated that P. chrysosporium transformed LAS to sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs) through oxidative shortening of the alkyl side-chains. While LAS disappearance in the cultures was not dependent on LiPs and MnPs, transformation of the parent LAS moieties to SPCs was more extensive in low N medium that favors expression of these enzymes. The SPCs produced in LN cultures were shorter in chain-length than those produced in ME cultures. Also there was a notable shift in the relative abundance of odd and even chain length metabolites compared to the starting LAS particularly in the low N cultures suggesting the possible involvement of processes other than or in addition to-oxidation in the chain-shortening process.     

In vitro acute toxicity of anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on the motility of gilthead (Sparus aurata L.) sperm

This paper describes the acute toxicity of a known anionic surfactant, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS), on the quality of gilthead Sparus aurata L. sperm. The parameter used to judge exposure effectiveness was sperm motility as well as its fertilizing ability after being combined with unexposed gilthead eggs. Preincubation of sperm suspensions with concentrations of LAS of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L caused decrease in sperm motility and fertilizing ability. In this respect, percentages of motile sperm were respectively 89.8+/-9.8, 81.7+/-16.3, 69.5+/-21.3, 57.1+/-19.1 and 21.2+/-10.9%. With regard to the percentage of fertilization success, the results were 85.7+/-8.1, 75.1+/-20.2, 62.9+/-19.7, 52.7+/-19.2 and 14.2+/-7.9% respectively. At concentrations of LAS of 0.5 mg/L or higher, the differences in both percentage of motility and fertilizing ability with controls were significant (p<5%). Although extrapolation from the laboratory to the field requires caution, the results of this work demonstrated that low-level surfactant pollution may impact directly on reproduction of the free gametes (sperm) released into water. It may lead to a long-term decline and eventual extinction of gilthead populations in nature when they are located close to effluents that are either untreated or receive inadequate secondary treatment. It is also quite important because this species constitutes an important link in the food chain and its death via exposure to surfactants may imbalance the littoral ecosystem.     

Acute toxicity of anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on the fertilizing capability of gilthead (Sparus aurata L.) sperm

In the present work we have evaluated and compared the acute toxicity of two anionic surfactants, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) on the fertilizing capability of gilthead Sparus aurata L. sperm. The criterion used to judge exposure effectiveness was fertilization success. Spawned eggs and sperms were collected from adult giltheads. Sperms were dosed separately with different concentrations of SDS and LAS for 60 minutes. After this period, sperms and eggs were combined for 20 minutes during which fertilization took place. Finally, the number of fertilized eggs were counted and recorded to estimate the percentage of fertilization. Exposure to SDS and LAS concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg/L for 60 minutes caused a significant inhibitory effect on fertilization success in gilthead Sparus aurata L.. In addition, the EC50 value for gilthead fertilization after sperm exposure was found to be 2.8 mg/L and in the case of LAS it was of 2.6 mg/L. The comparison of the results from SDS and LAS shows that the latter has a stronger negative effect on sperm viability than SDS.     

Diffusive exchange of linear alkylbenze suifonates (LAS) between overlying water and bottom sediment

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) was detected in a 0–30 cm deep sediment column collected in Lake Teganuma (one of the most polluted lakes in Japan). The range of the LAS concentration in sediments was between 0.1 and 500 µg g^–1 (C₁₁-C₁₄ homologs per dry solid) and its vertical profile showed a seasonal variation. A mathematical model, which includes a diffusion term and a biodegradation term, was used to simulate the temporal variation of LAS in the sediment column and to calculate the diffusive flux rate of LAS across the sediment/water interface. An averaged diffusion coefficient of 2.4 × 10^–5 cm² s^–1 for the sediment interstitial water was obtained from sediment core samples located in Lake Teganuma. The biodegradation rate constant (0.002 d^–1) of LAS in the sediment obtained from the model analysis was considerably less than that reported for LAS in anaerobic waters. These results confirm that a model describing diffusive transport and biodegradation of LAS in the sediments can simulate the temporal variation of LAS in near surface sediments. The diffusive flux rate from overlying water to bottom sediment was calculated to be between –0.20 and 0.52 (C₁₁-C₁₄ LAS) mg m^–2 h^–1 and the annual net flux rate was 0.7 g m^–2 y^–1.     

First evidences of surfactant biodegradation by marine sponges (Porifera): an experimental study with a linear alkylbenzenesulfonate

The main objective of this work was to better appreciate the role of benthic macro-organisms in the biodegradation of detergents in the marine environment. Sponges, which could be highly resistant to pollution and which are highly active filter-feeders, appear as interesting organisms in this topic. An experimental study conducted in aquarium with seawater enriched in a pure linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), namely 1-(p-Sulfophenyl)nonane, has shown that the primary degradation was 10 times more rapid in the presence of the sponge Spongia officinalis than in the presence of only marine bacteria. The main degradation metabolites, 3-(p-sulfophenyl)propionic acid and p-sulfobenzoic acid were produced in greater amounts in the presence of sponge. The very rapid degradation kinetics observed in this study may be due to the symbiotic microbial community present in S. officinalis. The sponge may also have promoted the activity of marine bacteria by transforming the original molecule in a more available secondary product. This study demonstrates for the first time that benthic macro-organisms can play an important role in the transformation of biodegradable contaminants, such as LAS.     

Adsorption Characteristics and the Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter on Mercury(II) Adsorption of Various Soils in China

To evaluate the adsorption characteristics and effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wheat straw (DOM_W) and swine manure (DOM_S) on mercury [Hg(II)] adsorption by soils, a series of experiments was conducted on 26 soils with different soil properties.Results showed that the values of K_d (a solid–liquid partition coefficient) of soils varied within a range of 0.768–14.386 L g^?1. K_d values were mainly controlled by soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil nitrogen (N), and soil sulfur (S). When DOM_W and DOM_S were added to the soil samples, the amount of Hg(II) adsorbed by the soils decreased significantly. Furthermore, based on the decreased percentage of adsorption of Hg(II) by soil upon adding DOM_W (P_DOMW) or DOM_S (P_DOMS), about 73.08% soils, the values of P_DOMS were smaller than those of P_DOMW. The P_DOMW values were related to SOM, pH, free Fe oxide content, and CEC, whereas P_DOMS values were related to soil free Fe/Al oxide contents. Therefore, we should pay more attention about mercury risk caused by the addition of exogenous organic matter in soils, especially for the soils with low or high pH, less SOM, low CEC, and less free Fe/Al oxide.