有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响Ⅰ.土壤内源Zn形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源Ｚｎ形态分布．结果表明,单淹水使土中各形态Ｚｎ一定程度上向生物有效性较低的Ｚｎ形态转化,有效态Ｚｎ降低．土壤盐分量不同,明显影响无定形氧化铁结合态、紧结有机态以及硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ变化．种稻不施有机物料,根际交换态和硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ亏缺;碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态和无定形氧化铁结合态Ｚｎ富集．根际Ｚｎ形态转化强度大于非根际,其有效态Ｚｎ量接近临界值并高于非根际．有机物料利于根际内外土壤中硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ的转化,低盐土壤根际更强烈．随有机物料用量增加,促使根际硅酸盐矿物态、碳酸盐结合态及氧化锰结合态Ｚｎ向交换态、紧结有机态和无定形氧化铁结合态Ｚｎ转化,低盐土壤较明显．     

有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响 Ⅰ.土壤内源Zn形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源Zn形态分布。结果表明,单淹水使土中各形态Zn一定程度上向生物有效性较低的Zn形态转化,有效态Zn降低。土壤盐分量不同,明显影响无定形氧化铁结合态、紧结有机态以及硅酸盐矿物态Zn变化。种稻不施有机物料,根际交换态和硅酸盐矿物态Zn亏缺;碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态和无定形氧化铁结合态Zn富集。根际Zn形态转化强度大于非根际,其有效态Zn量接近临界值并高于非根际。有机物料利于根际内外土壤中硅酸盐矿物态Zn的转化,低盐土壤根际更强烈。随有机物料用量增加,促使根际硅酸盐矿物态、碳酸盐结合态及氧化锰结合态Zn向交换态、紧结有机态和无定形氧化铁结合态Zn转化,低盐土壤较明显。     

外源^65Zn进入土壤后的扩散及存在形态

利用６５Ｚｎ示踪和化学连续分级技术研究了外源Ｚｎ在褐土中的存在形态。结果表明交换态Ｚｎ（ＥＸ－Ｚｎ）和碳酸盐结合态Ｚｎ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｚｎ）含量约占土壤总Ｚｎ量的６７－７２％．Ｚｎ投加量增加,土壤Ｚｎ的强度因数增大．反之,Ｚｎ的矿物形态增高．土壤水分４％和１００％时,土壤中Ｚｎ的扩散系数Ｄ分别是７．９×１０－８和６．６×１０－６ｃｍ２·ｓ－１．土壤水分含量在３０％和７０％时,Ｚｎ在施入点的平均停留时间分别是９ｄ和４ｄ．Ｚｎ的扩散程度（σ２）也随之从０增大到０．３７１．     

绿洲土Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染下重金属的形态特征和生物有效性

通过模拟基于干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合污染下的油菜盆栽试验,采用Tessier五步连续浸提法探究了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态的转化归趋和生物有效性.结果显示,随着Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高,油菜的干重先增加后减小,根系的生长由促进作用转变为抑制作用;对照土壤中4种重金属元素均以残渣态为主要赋存形态,可交换态的含量均很小;随着外源重金属的添加,油菜种植土壤中4种重金属元素的各形态含量随之增加,Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态和Ni的碳酸盐结合态对外界胁迫响应强度最大,Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的活性增加,且Cd、Pb的主要赋存形态迅速转变为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Zn的主要赋存形态由残渣态和碳酸盐结合态过渡到碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Ni的主要赋存形态为碳酸盐结合态;Cd、Zn在茎叶中的含量大于根系,Pb、Ni反之,油菜能将Cd、Zn更多的运输至茎叶,Pb、Ni则主要积累在根系;油菜茎叶吸收Cd和油菜各部位吸收Zn的主要贡献形态为可交换态,根吸收Cd的主要贡献形态由可交换态转变为有机结合态,根吸收Pb和油菜各部位吸收Ni的主要贡献形态为碳酸盐结合态.     

石灰性土壤上植物根际中Fe,Mn的形态分布及其与植物吸收的关系

研究了石灰性土壤上５种作物品种根际微生态环境中Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ的形态分布．结果表明,交换态Ｆｅ（ＥＸ－Ｆｅ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｆｅ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｆｅ）、无定形氧化铁（ＡＯ－Ｆｅ）和交换态Ｍｎ（Ｅ－Ｍｎ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｍｎ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｍｎ）在根际土壤中都呈现明显的累积．各品种根际中的累积量有较大差异．相关分析表明,黄潮土上植株含Ｆｅ量、吸Ｆｅ量与根际土壤ＡＯ－Ｆｅ含量呈显著正相关．根际有效态Ｆｅ累积不仅是根际ｐＨ作用的结果,与根系分泌物对难溶性Ｆｅ活化有关．根际有效态Ｍｎ累积则受到根际土壤Ｅｈ的影响．     

有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响Ⅱ.土壤内源铁形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源铁形态分布．结果表明,单淹水利于土中无定形氧化铁、络合态铁、有效态铁以及氧化铁活化度升高,并且络合态铁与有效态铁升高程度,低盐土壤显著;晶形氧化铁变化不明显,土中可能存在其它形态铁向晶形氧化铁转化．种稻不施有机物料,根际络合态铁和有效态铁富集;无定形氧化铁和晶形氧化铁亏缺．根际氧化铁活化度稍低于非根际．增施有机物料利于两种盐渍土根际内外铁形态向络合态铁和无定形氧化铁转化;有效态铁和氧化铁活化度提高,低盐土壤根际较明显     

蛋氨酸锌螯合物中的锌在山羊体内代谢规律的研究

将１０头体重为９ｋｇ左右的健康浏阳黑公山羊分成两组,在代谢笼内个体饲喂,分别喂以含６５Ｚｎ蛋氨酸Ｚｎ（６５ＺｎＭｅｔ）和６５Ｚｎ硫酸锌（６５ＺｎＳＯ４）的饲粮,以比较研究蛋氨酸锌螯合物中的Ｚｎ在山羊体内的代谢规律．结果表明,６５ＺｎＭｅｔ组在粪中排出６５Ｚｎ的浓度低于６５ＺｎＳＯ４组,在饲喂６５ＺｎＭｅｔ螯合物３ｄ期间Ｚｎ的表观吸收率为４９．１２％,显著地（α＜０．０５）高于６５ＺｎＳＯ４（３８．９１％）组,５２ｈ达到排泄高峰．６５ＺｎＭｅｔ组与６５ＺｎＳＯ４组６５Ｚｎ在体内的存留率分别为４０．３８％与２９．５２％,差异显著（α＜０．０５）;停止饲喂６５Ｚｎ后的第３ｄ,两组体内存留趋于平衡,６５ＺｎＭｅｔ组与６５ＺｎＳＯ４分别为４．８８与４．７４ｍｇ;在组织器官中Ｚｎ的分布规律两组几乎相同,单位含量均以肝、脾、胰含量高,骨、蹄含量低     

镉与豆磺隆复合胁迫下小麦根－土界面镉形态的变化

通过根际箱试验,研究了Cd与豆磺隆复合胁迫下小麦根 土界面Cd形态变化的空间和时间效应.在空间上将根－土界面(0～5 mm)细化到1 mm,在时间上将取样时间分为14、21、28、35和42 d,并将小麦体吸收的Cd与根 土界面各形态Cd作相关分析,从而得出影响小麦体生长的Cd形态.结果表明,在小麦不同的生长时间内,可交换态Cd表现出的空间效应明显不同.在小麦生长的第14天,根－土界面可交换态Cd大体上由根中心区(6.186 mg·kg^-1)向根外区(6.482 mg·kg^-1)逐渐增加;从小麦生长第21天到42天,根-土界面可交换态Cd呈现出由根中心区到某一层升高,之后又由该层到土体下降的趋势.根-土界面各层碳酸盐和铁锰结合态Cd向可交换态Cd转化的趋势由根中心区向根外区逐渐减弱,而向残留态Cd转化的趋势逐渐加强,有机结合态Cd浓度变化在近根区较大.碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd浓度随时间而逐渐下降;残留态Cd浓度则表现出明显的上升趋势.相关分析表明,近根层的可交换态Cd和有机结合态Cd是小麦能直接利用的两种Cd形态.豆磺隆对可交换态Cd含量变化以及碳酸盐和铁锰结合态Cd的转化有明显影响.     

不同利用方式下石灰性紫色土的锌形态剖面分布特征初探

分析对比了4个剖面(稻田、旱地、城墙岩群组林地、蓬莱镇组林地)Zn形态的分布特征,结果表明,稻田各形态Zn的剖面分布比旱地复杂,农地土层深厚,Zn各形态分配在层次间的变化较林地复杂．DTPA-Zn(有效态锌)在表层分配的相对较高,说明作物根系层及林木根系层缺Zn突出．对各种形态在不同剖面中的分配进行了显著性分析,结果表明,农地的碳酸盐结合态锌(3．65％)、紧结有机结合态锌(2．81％)、晶形氧化铁结合态锌(22．04％)显著大于林地(1．86％、0．84％、11．59％)．     

菌根植物根际环境对污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd形态的影响

采用根垫法和连续形态分析技术,分析了生长在污灌土壤中菌根小麦和无菌根小麦根际Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的形态分布和变化趋势。结果表明,下对照土壤相比,菌根际土壤中交换态Ｃｕ含量显著增加,交换态Ｃｄ呈减少的趋势;与非菌根际相比,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的有机结合态在菌根根际中显著增加,而４种测定金属２的碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态都没有显著改变,该结果表明,植物根系能影响根际中金属形态的变化,且菌根比无菌根的影响程度大     

Chemical speciation of Zn in acidic soils: suitable soil extractant for assessing Zn availability to maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Chemical fractions of soil Zn namely: water soluble (WS), exchangeable (EX), Pb displaceable (Pb-disp.), acid soluble (AS), Mn oxide occluded (MnOX), organically bound (OB), amorphous Fe oxide occluded (AFeOX), crystalline Fe oxide occluded (CFeOX), residual (RES) were determined in 20 surface (0–15 cm) samples of acidic soils from the provinces of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, India. The chemical fractions of soil Zn in acidic soils were found to be in the following descending order of Zn concentration: RES > CFeOX > Pb-Disp. > AFeOX > MnOX > AS > OB > EX > WS. These soil samples were also extracted by: DTPA (pH 7.3), DTPA (pH 5.3), AB-DTPA (pH 7.6), Mehlich 3 (pH 2.0), Modified Olsen, 0.01 N CaCl₂, 1 M MgCl ₂ and ion exchange resins. Chemical fractions and the soil extractable content of Zn estimated by different soil extractants were significantly correlated with some general soil properties. Maize (cv. Pragati) plants were grown in these soils for 35 days after emergence and Zn uptake by plants was compared with the amount of Zn extracted by different soil extractants and chemical fractions of Zn. Among chemical fractions of soil Zn, Pb-displaceable and acid soluble chemical fractions of soil Zn showed a significant and positive correlation with Zn uptake by maize. Path coefficient analysis also revealed that the acid soluble Zn fraction showed the highest positive and direct effect on Zn uptake (P=0.960). Among different multinutrient soil extractants evaluated for their suitability to assess Zn availability in acidic soils, DTPA (pH=5.3) was most suitable soil extractant, as the quantity of soil Zn extracted by this extractant showed a significant and positive correlation with the dry matter yield, Zn concentration and uptake by maize plants.     

外源65Zn进入土壤后的扩散及存在形态

利用⁶⁵Zn示踪和化学连续分级技术研究了外源Zn在褐土中的存在形态。结果表明交换态Zn(EX-Zn)和碳酸盐结合态Zn(CARB-Zn)含量约占土壤总Zn量的67-72%.Zn投加量增加,土壤Zn的强度因数增大。反之,Zn的矿物形态增高。土壤水分4%和100%时,土壤中Zn的扩散系数D分别是7.9×10^-8和6.6×10^-6cm²·s^-1.土壤水分含量在30%和70%时,Zn在施入点的平均停留时间分别是9d和4d.Zn的扩散程度(σ²)也随之从0增大到0.371.     

模拟酸雨对污染土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn释放及其形态转化的影响

研究了模拟酸雨连续浸泡下污染红壤和黄红壤中重金属释放及形态转化．结果表明。随着模拟酸雨pH值下降,污染土壤中重金属释放强度明显增大;Cd、Zn释放量与酸雨pH值呈线性极显著负相关．Cu与酸雨pH值呈线性显著负相关．模拟酸雨作用下,污染红壤和黄红壤中Cd均以交换态为主;Cu则以有机结合态和氧化锰结合态为主;Zn在污染红壤中以残留态和交换态为主．在污染黄红壤中以残留态和有机结合态为主．土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量对Cd、Cu、Zn的释放产生一定的影响并影响Cd、Zn的形态转化,但对Cu形态转化影响不明显,随着模拟酸雨酸度增大,污染红壤和黄红壤中重金属Cd、Cu的生物可利用态明显增多,但难解吸态Zn向生物有效态转化效应不明显．     

Relationship of Soil Properties to Fractionation of Pb and Zn in Soil and Their Uptake into Plantago lanceolata

Soil samples (0 to 5?cm) from 30 locations in the Celje region, Slovenia, an area that has been subjected to severe industrial emissions of Pb and Zn, were analyzed for selected soil properties and subjected to a six-step sequential extraction of Pb and Zn. Phyto-available forms of heavy metals: soluble in soil solution and exchangeable from soil colloids to soil solution together accounted for 0 to 1.68% of Pb and 0 to 40.8% of total soil Zn. Most of the Pb and Zn was found to reside in less labile forms bound to carbonate (2.04 to 43.5% Pb, 3.9 to 35.1% Zn), bound to Fe and Mn oxides (0 to 16.1% Pb, 1.4 to 25.4% Zn), bound to organic matter (35.8 to 71.1% Pb, 14.8 to 56.2% Zn), and in the residual fraction (10.4 to 53.4% Pb, 14.2 to 75.3% Zn). Factor analysis and stepwise multiple regression revealed that the concentration of Pb in the proposed indicator plant, narrow leaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata) did not correlate with the measured soil properties, Pb fractionation in soil, and total soil Pb. Plant uptake of Zn, however, significantly correlated with soil pH and with the share of phyto-available forms of Zn in the soil (R² = 86.9). A statistically significant correlation (P<0.01) was found between the fractions of Pb and Zn carbonates and soil organic matter content (R² = 90.6 and 90.9, respectively); the fraction of Pb bound to organic matter and soil organic matter content (R² = 90.6); the residual fraction of Pb and total Pb content in soil (R² = 95.7); the fraction of Zn bound to Fe an Mn oxides, the fraction of Zn bound to organic matter, the residual fraction of Zn and total Zn content in soil (R² = 75.9, 93.2, and 87.4, respectively). Soil texture, pH, and cation exchange capacity did not affect the relative proportions of Pb and Zn forms in soil.     

Quantitative speciation of heavy metals in soil and crops of agricultural fields of Islamabad,Pakistan

Abstract

Two root crops: carrot (Daucus carota) and spring onion (Allium fistulosum) and soil samples were selected from the agricultural fields located near Islamabad, Pakistan to determine their elemental content. Field soil speciation of the two crops was also carried out to analyse the correlation of the elements in field crop and soil. Concentrations of selected elements were evaluated in the leaf, stem, root and flowering part of the crops using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that elements are mostly concentrated in soil rather than crop parts following the sequence Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd. Furthermore, soil speciation showed that Ni and Cr are more prevalent in the Fe–Mn oxide fraction, Zn and Cd as the carbonate bound fraction and Cu is found in the organic bound form. However, concentrations of Pb are similar across the carbonate, Fe–Mn oxide and organic bound fractions. The highest average concentration of Zn is found as the carbonate bound fraction (2.09 ± 0.005 mg kg^?1) and Cu as the organic bound (1.51 ± 0.029 mg kg^?1) in soil samples taken from the agricultural field of Daucus carota.     

根瘤菌对土壤铜、锌和镉形态分配的影响

以湖南郴州红壤和河北巩义褐土为供试土壤。制备Cu、Zn、Cd污染土壤。接种大豆根瘤菌(Rhi-zobium fredii)HN01,用连续提取法浸提土壤中不同形态的重金属．结果表明。褐土接种根瘤菌后固相结合态Zn总量降低10％。专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态Zn减少达9％～26％．红壤中结合态Zn的总量变化不显著,但专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Zn含量显著减少。交换态Zn含量显著增加．褐土中接种根瘤菌抑制了Cu向土壤溶液的释放,固相结合态Cu总量增加18％,可交换态、专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态的Cu增加20％～54％．接种根瘤菌对土壤中Cd的溶解没有明显的抑制或促进作用,但改变了红壤中各形态Cd的含量高低顺序．Cd污染红壤中可交换态和有机结合态Cd含量分别增加22％和11％,专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Cd分别减少14％和29％．根瘤菌对不同类型重金属及不同土壤中重金属形态影响的差异主要与土壤pH降低有关．     

Effect of phosphorus application on transformation of zinc fraction in soil and on the zinc nutrition of lowland rice

We have studied in the laboratory the effect of different levels of P application on the transformation on native as well as of applied zinc in a rice-growing soil under two moisture regimes viz., flooded and nonflooded. Application of P caused a decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organic complexed with a concomitant increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of native soil zinc. Application of P also caused a decrease in the transformation of applied Zn into the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of zinc. The above effects of P were more pronounced in soil under flooded than under nonflooded moisture regimes. The water soluble plus exchangeable and the organically complexed forms of Zn are considered to play an important role in Zn nutrition of lowland rice, while the role of the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms are less important in this regard.The results of greenhouse experiments showed that P application caused a progressive decrease in the Zn concentration in shoot and root. This was attributed at least partly to the decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed forms of Zn and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms in soil due to P application.     

Heavy metals in human hair and teeth

Biological samples were collected simultaneously with environmental quality investigations. Studies of metal levels in biological (hair and teeth) and environmental (soil and air) samples were performed in Zwardoń during 1991/1992. Zwardoń is a small mountain resort village, situated on the border pass of Zwardoń, in the close proximity of the southwestern border of Poland. Heavy metal levels in soil, air, and chemical metals forms in the soil were examined. Pearson’s product correlation in soil (for total concentration of heavy metals and each chemical form) in hair and in teeth was calculated to investigate bioavailability of heavy metals in human organism. We received essential correlations simultaneously between: Pb vs Mn in exchangeable form of metal in soil, in teeth and in soil (total); Cd vs Zn and Mn vs Co in organically bound form in soil and in teeth and soil (total); and Cu vs Zn in all investigated samples (teeth, hair, soil total, and organically bound form in soil); Mn vs Co and Cr vs Mn in residual form in soil, in teeth, and in soil (total) and between Co vs Ni for hair, soil (total), and residual form in soil.