农家庭院沼气渣肥中N—NH4^＋的挥发损失及其防止途径的研究

农家庭院沼气渣肥中Ｎ－ＮＨ＿４￣＋的挥发损失及其防止途径的研究卢明远,郭秀银,梁文举（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＶｏｌａｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎＬｏｓｓｏｆＮＨ－ＮｆｒｏｍＭｅｔｈａｎｅ－ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇＭａｎｕｒｅｉｎＲｕｒａｌＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｓａｎｄＩｔｓＰｒｅｖｅｎ－ｔｉｏｎｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ￥ＬｕＭｉｎｇｙｕａｎ;ＧｕｏＸｉｕｙｉｎ;ＬｉａｎｇＷｅｎｊｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：４１－４２．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｒｅｐｏｒｔｓｔｈｅｖｏｌａｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｌｏｓｓｏｆＮＨ－Ｎｆｒｏｍｍｅｔｈａｎｅ—ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｍａｎｕｒｅｉｎｒｕｒａｌｈｏｕｓｅ－ｈｏｌｄｓａｎｄｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓｓｏｍｅｅａｓｉｌｙａｃｃｅｓｓｉｂｌｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｆｏｒｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｌｏｓｓａｎｄｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｎｇａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐｏｌ－ｌｕｔｉｏｎ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ—ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｍａｎｕｒｅ,ＮＨ—Ｎ     

方程N′(t)=r(t)N(t)(1-bN(t-τ)-cN~2(t-τ))正平衡点的全局吸引性

本文给出保证平方Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程Ｎ′（ｔ）＝ｒ（ｔ）Ｎ（ｔ）（ｌ-ｂＮ（ｔ-τ）－ｃＮ２（ｔ-τ））的每一正解Ｎ（ｔ）趋于正平衡点Ｎ*的一组充分条件．改进了 Ｇａｐａｌｓａｍｙ,Ｌａｄａｓ和罗交晚等人的结果．     

具有非常数消耗率的Chemostat系统解的稳定性

本文讨论了一类具有非常数消耗率的 Ｃｈｃｍｏｓｔａｔ系统得到解稳定的条件：当 Ａ_１≥ １并且λ_１＜λ_２时,系统在 Ｒ_＋~３内的轨线关于奇点Ｎ１是全局稳定的;当Ａ２≥ １并且λ_１＞λ_２时,系统在Ｒ_＋~３内的轨线关于奇点 Ｎ_２是全局稳定的．     

羊草草地枯枝落叶中N,P,K变化动态

羊草草地枯枝落叶中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ变化动态郭继勋,祝廷成（东北师范大学国家草地生态工程实验室,长春１３００２４）ＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆＮ,ＰａｎｄＫｉｎｌｉｔｔｅｒｓｏｎＡｎｅｕｒｏｌｏｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ．￥ＧｕｏＪｉｘｕｎａｎｄ...     

人肝细胞癌中N－ras、c－myc癌基因的表达──原位分子杂交和免疫组织化学研究

为了明确Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ癌基因在人肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）中的表达及其形态学分布,我们对３８例石蜡包埋的ＨＣＣ（其中３３例带有癌周肝组织）标本进行了原位核酸杂交和免疫组化研究。结果表明,ＨＣＣ及癌周肝组织中Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达阳性率分别为４２％和３９％;ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ阳性表达率分别为４７％和３６％;ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白阳性率分别为５３％和３９％。ＨＣＣ与癌周肝之间Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ及ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白表达水平无显著差别;ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ及蛋白阳性强度也无显著差别,其形态学分布基本一致,主要集中于癌细胞和癌周肝中的部分高度增生结节;Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达增强主要见于癌细胞、癌周肝中的高度增生结节、小细胞性不典型增生及少部分肝小多角细胞。它们与ＨＢｘＡｇ表达之间无明确的对应关系。上述结果显示,ＨＣＣ中Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ表达都显著增强,它们可能是人ＨＣＣ发生中较晚期的事件,而Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达增强早于ｃ－ｍｙｃ癌基因活化。     

r射线诱发大鼠胚胎细胞转化与N—ras的激活

以ｒ射线诱发转化的大鼠胚胎细胞（ＲＥＣ：ｃｙｃ：ｒ３３）的ＤＮＡ构建粘粒基因库,用总基因库ＤＮＡ转染ＮＩＨ／３Ｔ３细胞,产生转化灶的ＤＮＡ作二轮转染,二轮转化的ＮＩＨ３／Ｔ３细胞内有大鼠ＲＥＣ：ｍｙｃ：ｒ３３ＤＮＡ中具转化活性的Ｎ－ｒａｓ基因,用不对称ＰＣＲ和ＤＮＡ序列分析法证明,ＲＥＣ：ｍｙｃ：ｒ３３细胞中鼠Ｎ－ｒａｓ的活化是由于第６１位密码子的Ａ→Ｇ点空为。ＮＩＨ／３Ｔ３转化灶中鼠Ｎ－ｒａｓ也     

草坪主要杂草普通蓼的危害及防除

草坪主要杂草普通蓼的危害及防除周兴文（沈阳大学师范学院,沈阳１１００１５）ＩＮＶＡＳＩＯＮＡＮＤＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＭＡＩＮＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＬＡＷＮＷＥＥＤＳＰＯＬＹＧＯＮＵＭＨＵＭＩＦＵＳＵＭＺｈｏｕＸｉｎｇｗｅｎ（Ｔｅａｃｈｅｒｓｃｏｌｅｇｅｏ...     

Expression of tachykinin receptors in Xenopus oocytes injected with poly(A)~+RNA from cat dorsal root ganglion

ＴａｃｈｙｋｉｎｉｎｆａｍｉｌｙｉｓａｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｎｅｕｒｏｐｅｐｔｉｄｅｓｗｉｔｈｓｉｍｉｌａｒＣｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｅｄｂｉｏａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ.ＴｈｅｍａｊｏｒｔａｃｈｙｋｉｎｉｎｓｉｎｍａｍｍａｌｉａｎａｒｅｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅＰ(ＳＰ),ｎｅｕｒｏｋｉｎｉｎＡ(ＮＫＡ)ａｎｄｎｅｕｒｏｋｉｎｉｎＢ(ＮＫＢ).Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｓｅｐｅｐｔｉｄｅｓ,ｔｈｒｅｅｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｔａｃｈｙｋｉｎｉｎｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒｓｗｅｒｅｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄａｎｄｎ…     

石佛寺水库对周围环境的影响

石佛寺水库对周围环境的影响裴铁,范世香,韩绍文,迟振文（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）王鉴成（辽宁省水利电力厅,沈阳１１０００３）ＩｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆＳｈｉｆｏｓｉＲｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｏｎＩｔｓＡｄｊａｃｅｎｔＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒ...     

沈阳水资源保护与水质管理

沈阳水资源保护与水质管理李秀鸿（沈阳环境科学研究所,１１０００５）ＷａｔｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅＣｏｎｓｃｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＬｉＸｉｏｕｈｏｎｇ（ＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｓｃｉｅｉｌｃｅ,１１０００５）．（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：４５－４８。Ｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌａｎｄｌｏｎｇｔｅｒｍｉｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ－ｍｅｎｔ,ｈｕｍａｎｌｉｆｅａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ．Ｉｔｉｓｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｏｕｔｔｈａｔｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｓｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ,ａｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｏｌｉｃｙａｎｄｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｍｕｓｔｂｅａｄｏｐｔｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙｏｆｅｘｉｓｔｉｎ     

N、P供给对作物排放N2O的影响研究初报

The preliminary results with detached leaves and seedlings of corn, soybean and sorghumfrom pot and field experiments indicate that inorganic nitrogen supply can significantly enhance the N₂O emission and NO₃^- concentration in plants in the case of phosphorus deficiency and of less light, but phosphorus Supply and sunlight condition can markedly reduce the N₂O emission and NO₃^- concentration in the plants.It's concluded seemed thatthe N₂O emission is a kind of physiological protection to avoid NO₃^- accumulation in plantswhen nitrogen metabolism in plants is in disorder and mineral nitrogen is in over supply.     

淹水条件下添加有机物料对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮及氮素气体排放的影响

蔬菜地大量施用氮肥可以引起土壤硝态氮积累,导致土壤退化,快速消除土壤积累的硝态氮,可以提高蔬菜地土壤质量,延长其使用时间.在硝态氮(360 mg N·kg^-1)积累的蔬菜地土壤中,分别加入0、2500、5000和7500 kg C·hm^-2黑麦草(记为CK、C₂₅₀₀、C₅₀₀₀和C₇₅₀₀),淹水条件下,30 ℃恒温室内培养240 h,研究土壤硝态氮含量及氮素气体排放量变化.结果表明：培养结束时,CK处理中土壤硝态氮含量高达310 mg N·kg^-1,添加黑麦草能有效地消除土壤中积累的硝态氮,C₂₅₀₀、C₅₀₀₀和C₇₅₀₀处理中土壤硝态氮含量降低至10 mg N·kg^-1以下需要的时间分别为240、48和24 h.添加黑麦草显著提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤电导率,其变化幅度随黑麦草添加量的增加而增大.添加黑麦草处理的土壤N₂O和N₂累积排放量为270～378 mg N·kg^-1,N₂O/N₂为0.6～1.5.淹水条件下添加黑麦草可快速消除蔬菜地土壤积累的硝态氮,但应充分重视N₂O在这一过程中的大量排放.     

空气NH3增高情况下不同形式氮源对荫香光合作用和氮利用的影响

 生长在供给NO-3 N、NH+4 N和NH4NO3 N氮源下的荫香（Cinnamomum burmanni）幼树暴露在增高空气NH3浓度下30 d。利用气体交换测定和氮分析研究了植株的光合作用、氮利用和氮在光合过程一些组分中的分配,根据Farquhar-von Caemmerer模式得出相关光合参数。结果表明在增高空气NH3下生长于NO-3 N的植株Rubisco最大羧化速率（Vcmax）和最大光合电子传递速率（Jmax）较正常空气下的高,但生长于NH+4 N和NH4NO3 N的植株则较正常空气下的低。无论生长于何种形式氮下的植株,在空气NH3增高下以单位叶面积为基准的叶氮含量（Na）显著增高（p<0.05）。在增高空气NH3下,生长于NO-3 N下的植株,其类囊体氮量（NT）、Rubisco氮（NR）和结合于光合电子传递链的氮（NE）的含量较正常空气下的增高（p<0.05）;而生长于NH+4 N和NH4NO3 N下的植株则较正常空气下的低。表明在空气NH3增高下生长于NO－3 N的植株能有效地利用氮合成光合过程必要的组份,而生长于NH+4 N和NH4NO－3 N的植株氮在NT、NR和NE的分配受到部分限制。在空气NH3增高下生长于NO－3 N和NH4NO3 N的植株,其以单位干重为基准的有机氮量较正常空气下的高,但生长于NH+4 N的植株则较正常空气下的低,此外在空气NH3增高下生长于NO－3 N的植株的可溶性蛋白氮较正常空气下增高,而生长在NH+4 N的植株亦见降低。结果表明空气NH3增高可能有利于NO－3 N下生长的荫香植株利用空气中的氮,促进叶片光合速率提高,而空气NH3增高能抑制NH+4 N或NH4NO3 N下生长的荫香植株光合作用和氮的利用和再分配。     

交叉培养法研究养分对作物幼苗释放N2O的影响

为验证土壤中N2 O能否通过植物的输导组织由叶片释放从而干扰植物直接释放N2 O的定量测定 ,实验采用分室隔离法确证了土壤N2 O对测定某些作物 (如玉米、高粱 )直接释放N2 O的干扰 ;采用交叉培养法消除了这种干扰 ,准确地测定了大豆、玉米幼苗直接释放N2 O的强度 ;并研究了N、P营养与植物释放N2 O及体内NO 3 N浓度之间的相关性 .     

Induction of poplar leaf nitrate reductase: a test of extrachloroplastic control of isoprene emission rate

Several recent studies have suggested that control of isoprene emission rate is in part exerted by supply of extrachloroplastic phosphoenolpyruvate to the chloroplast. To test this hypothesis, we altered PEP supply by differential induction of cytosolic nitrate reductase (NR) and PEP carboxylase (PEPC) in plants of Populus deltoides grown with NO3- or NH4+ as the sole nitrogen source. Growth with 8 mM NH4+ produced a high leaf nitrogen concentration, compared with 8 mM NO3-, as well as slightly elevated rates of photosynthesis and significantly enhanced rates of isoprene emission and content of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, a precursor to isoprene biosynthesis), chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoids. Growth with 8 mM NO3- resulted in parallel reductions in both leaf isoprene emission rate and DMAPP. The differential effects of growth with NH4+ or NO3- were not observed when plants were grown with 4 mM nitrogen. The effects of reduced DMAPP availability were specific to isoprene emission and were not propagated to higher isoprenoids, as the correlations between nitrogen content and either leaf chlorophyll (a+b) or total carotenoids were unaffected by nitrogen source. Biochemical analysis revealed significantly higher levels of NR and PEPC activity in leaves of 8 mM NO3- -grown plants, consistent with their fundamental roles in nitrate assimilation. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that foliar assimilation of NO3- reduces isoprene emission rate by competing for carbon skeletons (mediated by PEPC) within the cytosol and possibly reductant within the chloroplast. Cytosolic competition for PEP is a major regulator of chloroplast DMAPP supply, and we offer a new "safety valve" hypothesis to explain why plants emit isoprene.     

Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide gas is a plant vitalization signal to increase plant size and the contents of cell constituents

We report the unexpected novel finding that exogenously supplied atmospheric NO2 at an ambient concentration is a plant vitalization signal to double shoot size and the contents of cell constituents. When seedlings of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia were grown for 10 wk under natural light and irrigation with 10 mm KNO3 in air containing (+NO2 plants) or not containing (-NO2 plants) 15NO2 (150 +/- 50 ppb), shoot biomass, total leaf area, and contents per shoot of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), free amino acids and crude proteins were all approximately 2 times greater in +NO2 plants than in -NO2 plants. In mass spectrometric analysis of the 15N/14N ratio, it was found that NO2-derived N (NO2-N) comprised < 3% of total plant N, indicating that the contribution of NO2-N to total N was very minor. It thus seems very likely that the primary role of NO2 is as a multifunctional signal to stimulate plant growth, nutrient uptake and metabolism.     

城市化对湿地松人工林氮素供应的影响

以位于南昌市城乡梯度(城区、郊区和乡村)的湿地松人工林为研究对象,采用离子交换树脂袋法,估测城乡梯度森林土壤有效氮的季节动态,分析城市化对土壤供氮能力的影响.结果表明:湿地松人工林土壤有效氮的供应存在明显的季节波动,其中秋、冬季铵态氮高于春、夏季,而春、夏季硝态氮、矿质氮和相对硝化速率高于秋、冬季(P＜0.05);有效氮供应的季节动态与湿地松的生长节律(即需氮过程)基本吻合.城乡梯度不同位置森林土壤有效氮及其各组分与相对硝化速率的差异明显,城区均显著高于乡村(P＜0.05);城市化会加快森林土壤的矿化和硝化过程,增强土壤的供氮能力,提高土壤中硝态氮含量.建议在城市森林建设中应配置需氮能力强,特别是对硝态氮吸收偏好的地被植物,减缓城市森林中有效氮的流失及其引发的环境污染.     

大气一氧化碳浓度升高对植物生长的影响

大气ＣＯ２浓度同对植物生长有促进作用,对Ｃ３植物生长的促进作用最大。短期ＣＯ２浓度升高时,植物光和速率增加;在长期ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下,植物光鸽上降并发生光合适应现象。这可能是植物在长期ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下植物源库关系不平衡引起的反馈抑制作用以及营养吸收不能满足光合速率增加的需要所引起Ｒｕｂｉｓｅｏ活必和含量下降。在ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下植物的呼吸也会发生变化,根的分枝和数量增多,根系的分泌量和吸收     

Does nitrogen supply affect the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hanno) to the combination of elevated CO(2) and O(3)?

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hanno) was grown at ambient (350 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated CO(2) (700 micromol mol(-1)) in charcoal/Purafil-filtered air (CFA <5 nmol mol(-1)) or ozone (CFA +75 nmol mol(-1) 7 h d(-1)) at three levels of N supply (1.5, 4 and 14 mM NO(-3)), to test the hypothesis that the combined impacts of elevated CO(2) and O(3) on plant growth and photosynthetic capacity are affected by nitrogen availability. Shifts in foliar N content reflected the level of N supplied, and the growth stimulation induced by elevated CO(2) was dependent on the level of N supply. At 60 d after transfer (DAT), elevated CO(2) was found to increase total biomass by 44%, 29%, 12% in plants supplied with 14, 4 and 1.5 mM NO(-3), respectively, and there was no evidence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO(2) across N treatments; the maximum in vivo rate of Rubisco carboxylation (V(cmax)) was similar in plants raised at elevated and ambient CO(2). At 60 DAT, ozone exposure was found to suppress plant relative growth rate (RGR) and net photosynthesis (A) in plants supplied with 14 and 4 mM NO(-3). However, O(3) had no effect on the RGR of plants supplied with 1.5 mM NO(-3) and this effect was accompanied by a reduced impact of the pollutant on A. Elevated CO(2) counteracted the detrimental effects of O(3) (i.e. the same ozone concentration that depressed RGR and A at ambient CO(2) resulted in no significant effects when plants were raised at elevated CO(2)) at all levels of N supply and the effect was associated with a decline in O(3) uptake at the leaf level.     

不同种类氮肥对土壤释放N2O的影响

用培养试验模拟研究了在正常水分 ( 2 2 % )、干旱 ( 1 2 % )和高含水量 ( 32 % )条件下 ,普通碳酸氢铵 (普碳 )、尿素及新型肥料长效碳酸氢铵 (长碳 )对土壤释放N2 O的影响 ;同时考察了土壤NO-3 的形成时间和形成量 .结果表明 ,农田中施加的无机氮肥是大气中N2 O的重要来源 ,而长碳与普碳和尿素相比 ,不但可以明显延后N2 O释放高峰期出现时间 ,而且大多数情况下可以显著减少其释放量 (P <0 .0 1 ) .在 5个月的监测期内 ,与普碳和尿素相比其减少N2 O释放的比例分别为 80 .2 3和 88.41 % ( 1 2 %含水量 ) ,40 .0 0和2 7.59% ( 2 2 %含水量 ) ,无减少作用和 45.88% ( 32 %含水量 ) .本研究结果提示长碳具有作为农田生态系统N2 O减排措施的巨大潜力 ,同时暗示在农业中用长碳代替目前普遍应用的普碳 ,可以减少地下水中NO-3 引起的污染 .