山地麻晰繁殖生态的研究

１９９７年３月至１９９８年８月,在徐州市近郊的牛头山对山地麻晰的繁殖生态进行了研究。３～７月为繁殖期,其中４～５月为交配产卵盛期。雌雄性比为１１．６。从交配到产卵为２６天,卵白色、革质、椭圆形。长径平均为１．３７（１．２３～１．５３）ｃｍ,短径平均为０．８６（０．７～１．０６）ｃｍ,卵重平均为０．６（０．４～０．８５）ｇ,每窝平均产卵４．１（３～５）枚。孵化期为５０天。初孵出的小麻晰尾端为蓝绿色,     

黄腹角雉的饲养繁殖

笼养下黄腹角雉自３月下旬开始产卵,６月中旬结束,产卵期持续近３个月。年产窝数３．５窝,年均产卵１０．８枚／只雌鸟。１９９４,１９９５年卵的受精率和化率分别为２６．７％。１２．５％和６８．６％,４７．８％,对孵化率人低的原因进行了总结分析。     

蓝翡翠繁殖习性研究

蓝翡翠每年５月上、中旬迁来，５月下旬开始营巢，穴室呈球状，洞穴深：土坎型５９．２±１０．５３ｃｍ；岩崖型５２．７±８．５９ｃｍ。产卵高峰期６月上、中旬，每窝产卵３─５枚，卵椭圆形，卵重１２．４１ｇ，卵的量度３１．３２×２７．２２ｍｍ，抱孵性强，孵化期２０天，出雏率５０．０％。亲鸟共同育雏，育雏期１９天。食物种类，有害昆虫占５１．５％，河蟹、河虾、河鱼３４．１％，青蛙１２．１％，蜒３．０％。     

淤泥湖近太湖新银鱼的生物学及其增殖途径的研究

近太湖新银鱼的生殖期为春夏季的３月底至６月上旬,产卵盛期为４月上旬和５月上旬。性成熟年龄为１年,属分批产卵类型。终生以浮游动物为食。生长１年平均全长为６８．７ｍｍ,平均体重为０．７０ｇ。产卵后不久死亡,寿命只有１年。捕捞近太湖新银鱼的合理时期为冬季,捕捞期内划定禁渔区和向禁渔区放流部分亲本。产卵盛期人工放流受精卵或银鱼苗。     

水利建设对辽东半岛香鱼Plecoglossus altivelis的影响

辽东半岛水利建设造成洄游型香鱼资源下降,并在碧流河水库、转角楼水库形成了陆封型香鱼。陆封型香鱼发生了①个体小型化：体长和体重由洄游型香鱼的２０─２５ｃｍ（平均２２．６ｃｍ）,１５０─２５０ｇ（平均２０４ｇ）,分别下降到１０─１８ｃｍ（平均１３．６ｃｍ）,和１３─７３ｇ（平均３６．５ｇ）。②性状变异：洄游型香鱼体长为体高的３．７─４．７倍,为头长的４．５─５．３倍,而陆封型香鱼体长为体高的４．３─６．５倍,为头长的３．９─４．３倍。③怀卵量减少,产卵期提前：洄游型香鱼怀卵量为１．０─８．５万粒（平均３．１万位）．产卵盛期为９月底至１０月上旬,而陆封型香鱼的怀卵量为０．３２─０．６１万粒（平均０．４０万粒）,产卵盛期为９月上旬至下旬,提前２０ｄ左右。     

山西省代县小鸊鷉繁殖生物学的研究

１９８５—１９９４年的３—１１月,在山西省代县对小鸊鷉的繁殖生物学进行了研究。该鸟在山西省为夏候鸟,每年最早３月６日迁来,最晚１１月２４日迁离,居留期为２５５天左右。种群密度在繁殖前的４月为１．３７,繁殖后的９月为１．９５（只／ｈａ）。产卵始期为５月２７日,日产１枚,窝卵数５—８枚,产出第二枚卵时开始孵卵。观察到最早孵卵期为５月２８日,孵卵期２０－２２ｄ。雏鸟出壳先后顺序与产卵先后顺序相一致,孵化率为９５．４５％,雏鸟为早成鸟。     

山西省代县小PiTi繁殖生物学的研究

１９８５－１９９４年的３－１１月,在山西省代县对小ＰｉＴｉ的繁殖生物学进行了研究。该鸟在山西省为夏候鸟,每年最虫３月６日迁来,最晚１１月２４日迁离,居留期为２５５天左右。种群密度在繁殖前的４月为１．３７,繁殖后的９月为１．９５（只／ｈａ）。产卵始期为５月２７日,日产１枚,窝卵数５－８枚,产出第二枚卵时开始孵卵。观察到最早孵卵期为５月２８日,孵卵期为２０－２２ｄ。雏鸟出壳先后顺序与产卵先后顺序相一致     

芦芽山自然保护区ChiXiao的生态

１９９３－１９９５年,在芦芽山自然保护区对我国二重点保护物（ＢｕｂｏＢｕｂｏ）的生态进行了调查,在本地区ＣｈｉＸｉａｏ栖于山地疏林、岩石灌丛及丘陵农田。每年３－６月繁殖,３月下旬产卵、每隔２－３ｄ产卵一枚,每窝产卵２－４枚、孵卵期３９ｄ、孵化率８８．８９％。雏鸟被亲鸟抚育７０ｄ后离巢。本区ＣｈｉＸｉａｏ食物以农林鼠类主。     

鲁西南甘薯天蛾发生规律及防治研究

甘薯天蛾在鲁西南一年发生３－４代,以蛹在土中７－１５ｃｍ深处越冬。各代幼虫发生期：第１代发生在５月下旬至６月下旬,第２代于７月上旬至下旬,第３代８月上旬至９月上旬,而第４代则于９月上旬至１０月下旬。发育起点温度１５．６±１．３℃,有效积温３７０．６±１３日度。温度、天敌、降水是影响此虫发生的重要因素。采用高效低毒农药、点灯诱杀、保护利用天敌等措施综合防治甘薯天蛾,有较好的防治效果。     

荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究

荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）１年繁殖１次,有明显的季节性周期。４月初出蛰时雄性精巢已相当发育,５月其重量和体积最大,６月变小,进入精子发生的晚期,７月降到最小,８月开始回升,１０月中旬入蛰时已接近春季出蛰时水平。１年内仅７月精巢中无精子。雌性出蛰后卵细胞开始发育,４月下旬进入成熟期,６月达高峰,７月下降,８月进入休止期。每雌年产卵１～３枚或１～４枚,平均１．８３（ｎ＝４８,１９８７）和２．１７（ｎ＝４８,１９９３）。特定体长组的生殖率是影响种群年平均生殖率的主要因素。生殖周期与光周期相符,光周期是影响荒漠沙蜥生殖周期的主要气候因子。     

Feeding behaviour of cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to spawning

The food consumption and egg production of 26 adult (13 female and 13 male) Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) were monitored during prespawning, spawning and postspawning periods. Females spawned from late January to mid-April. Feeding activity occurred from December to early January and ceased for females, on average, 36 days (15–54 days) before the onset of spawning. The duration of spawning by females was, on average, 42 days (10–61 days) and feeding was suppressed by both sexes during the first three-quarters of each female's spawning period. Mature females went, on average, 70 days or 19% of the year without eating. An abrupt increase in feeding activity, particularly by females, occurred during the last quarter of spawning or shortly after the release of the last egg batch (on average, feeding started again after 91% of a female's eggs had been released or 82% of egg batches). Females consumed greater quantities of food than males during both winter and postspawning feeding periods. During spawning, females lost, on average, 29% of their body weight and males 14%. Fecundity ranged from 0.75 to 3.97 million eggs per female. The volume of eggs produced by four individual females (range = 1285–5995 ml in four to 11 batches) ranged from 99 to 195% (mean 150%) of a female's postspawning body volume. Six immature cod fed throughout the experimental period and gained, on average, 8% of initial body weight. Laboratory results were supported by stomach fullness index values of Georges Bank cod exhibiting different maturity states.     

Field mortality estimates of anchovy larvae, Engraulis encrasicolus, in the western Mediterranean

Eggs and larvae of anchovy were obtained from plankton collections made along the Catalan coast (north-western Mediterranean) from 1983 to 1985 in order to determine spawning seasons and areas and other aspects of its life history. Previous studies have shown the existence of two main spawning areas, to the north and south of the Catalan coast, respectively. The northern one is characterized by a shorter spawning period related with the thermal cycle.
Mortality rates of larvae aged 4.9-15 days were calculated from the peak spawning month (June) of the three years, separately by spawning areas. Data on abundance by length classes were adjusted for escape and net avoidance and for duration of growth through a size class as derived from otolith readings. Mortality rates ranged from 0.17 to 0.58. Mortality was higher in 1983 than in 1984 and 1985, coinciding with a high production of anchovy eggs in that year. Mortality at the northern spawning area was lower than at the southern one.     

Size-selective mortality of Sea of Okhotsk pink salmon in the ocean in the winter and spring

The mortality of Sea of Okhotsk pink salmon in the winter and spring varies significantly from year to year, which complicates forecasts of its arrival in the following year based on data on the downstream migration of fry and surveys in the fall. The size-selective mortality of pink salmon was studied and the possibility of using the size and weight parameters of juveniles for predicting their return was evaluated through measurements of scale increments in juvenile pink salmon that were caught in the southern Sea of Okhotsk in the fall of 2007 and 2008 and in fish of these year classes that came back to spawn. In the 2007 year class, which had a low overwinter survival level in the ocean, the average scale increments for the first year of life were considerably smaller than those in adult fish that returned to the spawning grounds. In the pink salmon of 2008, which had a very high level of overwinter survival, the values of scale increments in juveniles and adults were similar. This confirms the hypothesis of a critical size and a critical period, according to which slowly growing juveniles that do not accumulate enough energy reserves for summer are eliminated in the winter to a greater extent as compared to fast-growing fish. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between the size and weight of juvenile pink salmon and their mortality in the ocean. After conducting further and more extensive studies this will allow using the size parameters of juvenile pink salmon as one of predictors of its return for the year following the fall surveys. These results emphasize how important it is to take the size and growth rate of juvenile salmon into account when forecasting their return.     

东海带鱼春、夏和秋季产卵群体的生殖周期特性与种群问题

东海带鱼有春、夏和秋季生殖之别,秋季并出现分群现象。带鱼第一个生殖周期与其出生季节相适应;从第二个生殖周期开始则消失了与出生季节的相应关系。根据种群结构的组成特性以及耳石相对生长的分析,从种群概念上阐明了不同季节出生的带鱼群体的相互关系。论证了春、夏和秋季产卵群体系为同一种群的不同生物学群。文中讨论了种下阶元的不同分化程度和位置:繁殖群(种群)——繁殖下群——生物学群。     

Bifurcation theory, adaptive dynamics and dynamic energy budget-structured populations of iteroparous species

In this paper, we describe a technique to evaluate the evolutionary dynamics of the timing of spawning for iteroparous species. The life cycle of the species consists of three life stages, embryonic, juvenile and adult whereby the transitions of life stages (gametogenesis, birth and maturation) occur at species-specific sizes. The dynamics of the population is studied in a semi-chemostat environment where the inflowing food concentration is periodic (annual). A dynamic energy budget-based continuous-time model is used to describe the uptake of the food, storage in reserves and allocation of the energy to growth, maintenance, development (embryos, juveniles) and reproduction (adults). A discrete-event process is used for modelling reproduction. At a fixed spawning date of the year, the reproduction buffer is emptied and a new cohort is formed by eggs with a fixed size and energy content. The population consists of cohorts: for each year one consisting of individuals with the same age which die after their last reproduction event. The resulting mathematical model is a finite-dimensional set of ordinary differential equations with fixed 1-year periodic boundary conditions yielding a stroboscopic map. We will study the evolutionary development of the population using the adaptive dynamics approach. The trait is the timing of spawning. Pairwise and mutual invasibility plots are calculated using bifurcation analysis of the stroboscopic map. The evolutionary singular strategy value belonging to the evolutionary endpoint for the trait allows for an interpretation of the reproduction strategy of the population. In a case study, parameter values from the literature for the bivalve Macoma balthica are used.     

Spawning behavior of the tiger grouper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycteroperca tigris</Emphasis>) in a Caribbean atoll

Many grouper (Epinephelidae) species aggregate to spawn at specific times of year, at consistent locations, and at specific times of day and phases of the moon. The tiger grouper (Mycteroperca tigris) is widely distributed in the Caribbean Sea and aggregates to spawn just after the full moon. In January and February 2003–2005, we conducted visual surveys of a tiger grouper spawning aggregation at Glover’s Reef, Belize. The primary objectives of this study were to describe grouper spawning activities with respect to the timing of the lunar cycle, identify and describe male and female spawning behaviors, and estimate the number of grouper spawning events each day. The peak number of both male and female tiger groupers counted each year occurred from 6 to 10 d after the full moon. The peak count of males was 1.6–2.2 times greater than the peak count of females. Six categories of male–male and six categories of male–female interactions were identified. All male tiger groupers displayed an ability to rapidly change color; this was often triggered by a close encounter with other male or female tiger groupers. The daily spawning activity was remarkably predictable. The first spawning occurred on average 8.1 min before sunset, and the last occurred 5.1 min after sunset. On average, less than half of the females at the spawning site spawned each day, but some females spawned more than once in a given day. Females appeared to choose their mates.     

High fertilization success in a surface-brooding Caribbean gorgonian

Colonies of the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae release eggs that are retained on the colony surface where they are fertilized and then develop. In December 2001, spawning on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, occurred over 6 d, with spawning by any one colony limited to 1-3 d. With the exception of the first and last days of the spawning period, fertilization success was high, often greater than 90%. Eggs collected in December 2001 had an overall fertilization success of more than 66%. At one site, the increase in fertilization after the first day of spawning correlated with male spawning, but male gonad index was a poor predictor of fertilization success. The number of male colonies close to a female was not correlated with fertilization success. Surface brooding is an efficient mechanism for "harvesting" sperm released upstream of female colonies. By maintaining their eggs at a single location, surface-brooding species can extend the period over which eggs are likely to encounter sperm. As a result, fertilization success is summed across the temporal variance in sperm availability, and the need for very high densities of sperm, with its concomitant risk of polyspermy, may be reduced.     

Increased leptin may be involved in the short life span of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)

It is well known that ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) die after spawning and have a life span of only 1 year. The determinants for such a short life span are probably connected with spawning and related changes in hormonal homeostases. One of these changes is that the ayu's feeding activity decreases both during and after spawning. We investigated the relationships among leptin, one of the regulators of food intake, and two other major hormones, 17 beta-estradiol and prolactin (PRL). Ir-leptin levels were significantly higher during spawning, and were associated with a decrease in appetite. Ir-leptin levels were also synchronized with levels of 17 beta-estradiol and PRL-like protein. Therefore, one possible explanation for the decrease in appetite during ayu spawning is that the elevation of 17 beta-estradiol homeostasis induced the secretion of Ir-leptin. The inability to decrease leptin to the basal levels because of high estrogen after spawning could be in part responsible for the short life span of ayu.     

Fecundity and reproduction of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in Lake Agios Vasilios, Greece

SUMMARY. In Lake Agios Vasilios, male perch become sexually mature during their first year of life whereas females become sexually mature during their second year. The mean absolute fecundity was 8080 eggs; values ranged from 2080 to 28488. The mean relative fecundity was 141 eggs/g body wet weight (ranging from 113 to 201). The absolute increase in weight of gonads is related to the age of the fish. The spawning period is from the middle of March to the beginning of April, at a mean water temperature of 8°C.     

The Role of Temperature and Embryo Development Time in the Diel Timing of Spawning in a Coral-reef Damselfish with High-frequency Spawning Synchrony

We studied the diel timing of spawning in the demersally spawning Hawaiian damselfish, Dascyllus albisella, from mid-June to late-September 1997 at two small patch reefs in Hawaii. Our objectives were to elucidate daily timing of spawning in relation to water temperature, diel timing of hatching, and short-period spawning synchrony. Spawning occurred every 5–7 days at both reefs, with all spawning on a reef concluded either within a single day (1-day spawning) or within two successive days (2-day spawning). Spawning began in early morning and continued for most of the day. There was a significant, positive linear relationship between mean daily average water temperature (= daily average temperature averaged over the period starting from the day following the last spawning day of the preceding nest cycle till the day before the first spawning day of the current cycle) and peak spawning hour of day, for 1-day spawning, and the first and second days of 2-day spawning at both reefs. The relationship between mean daily average water temperature and peak spawning hour of day was comparable among all spawning-day classes and reefs. Hatching occurred on the fourth day of development throughout the study despite the 26.5–29.1°C change in water temperature during the study period, and hatching was restricted to within two hours after sunset. We propose that D. albisella's peak spawning time is positively correlated with increased water temperature because it maintains the benefits of synchronous spawning within two constraints: the narrow daily period of hatching, and the inverse relationship between water temperature and embryo developmental time.