基于农业面源污染分区的三峡库区生态农业园建设研究

在三峡库区建立生态农业园是解决库区农业、环境和生态问题的有效措施。以农业面源污染分区为基础,探讨三峡库区重庆段生态农业园的建设模式和对策。结果表明:(1)根据地形地貌特征,将生态农业园规划为三大生态农业区,低海拔平坝丘陵生态农业区适宜发展"粮果蔬-猪-沼气-粮果蔬+休闲旅游"复合型高效农业模式,中海拔低山生态农业区可采用"粮-林-畜-沼气-草"的生态农业园建立模式,高海拔高山生态农业区适宜发展林草牧药复合型高效生态农业发展模式。(2)结合农业产业发展,确定了生态种植园、生态养殖园和生态综合园为该区的生态农业园建设方向。划分归并后的五大农业面源污染产污区中,库首外围丘陵山地产污区适宜以生态种植园为主导发展方向;库尾丘陵山地产污区可主营生态养殖园;余下3个产污区的发展核心都宜放在生态综合园建设。(3)三大生态农业区中的中海拔低山生态农业区和五大产污区中的库中平行岭谷产污区是库区生态农业园的建设重点。(4)为保障生态农业园的建设,应积极促进国家、政府、企业和农户之间的合作关系,不断创新和提升农业面源污染防控和农业生产技术。     

安徽古牛降自然保护区蕨类植物初步研究——种类、区系及其分布与环境的关系

本文报道了安徽省古牛降自然保护区蕨类植物104种(包括变种、变型);介绍了该区的自然概况;对该区蕨类植物的区系成分进行了分析,将其分为12个分布区类型,其中东亚分布和中国特有分布是该区蕨类植物的主要分布区类型;将该区与黄山、九华山、齐云山、庐山、武夷山、鼎湖山和秦岭等七地区的蕨类植物区系进行了比较,它和黄山等四地区相同成分较多,和鼎湖山、秦岭等地区虽有一定数量的相同成分,但整个区系成分相差较大;联系中国植物区系进行分析,该区与黄山等4地区同属中国-日本森林植物亚区的华东地区(IE12),而鼎湖山、秦岭等地虽属同一亚区,但分属不同地区,因此该区蕨类植物区系与前者有较密切的联系,与后者虽有一定联系,但关系远不及前者密切。文章最后就该区蕨类植物分布与环境的关系进行了讨论。     

新疆焉耆盆地种子植物区系特征分析

焉耆盆地位于新疆天山中段南麓,在植被地理区划上属于新疆暖温带灌木、半灌木荒漠区,其独特的自然地理位置和生态环境孕育了较为丰富的植物资源,研究其种子植物区系多样性分布特点对该区植物资源保护及可持续开发利用具有极其重要的意义。本研究通过野外实地调查及查阅相关文献资料,对新疆焉耆盆地的种子植物区系分布特点进行了系统分析。结果显示,该区种子植物约有1035种,隶属于80科373属,其中新疆特有种有38种,占新疆特有种总种数的14.18%。区系地理成分中,在科级水平上,焉耆盆地种子植物80科可划分为6个分布区类型和7个变型,并以温带地理成分为主(共有22个科),占该区非世界分布科总科数的57.89%;在属级水平上,焉耆盆地种子植物373属可划分为12个分布区类型和17个变型,并以温带地理成分为主(共197属),占非世界分布属总属数的62.54%。焉耆盆地种子植物生活型中,草本植物占优势,共有901种,占该区种子植物总种数的87.05%;灌木有110种(占10.63%),乔木17种(占1.64%),藤本7种(占0.68%)。焉耆盆地种子植物生态类型中,中生类型676种,占该区种子植物总种数的65.31%;旱生类型有191种(占18.45%),湿生类型123种(占11.88%),水生类型45种(占4.35%)。     

我国生态农业发展中面临的新问题及对策

我国生态农业发展中面临的新问题及对策吴文良（北京农业大学农业生态和环境科学系,１０００９４）１０年来,我国生态农业的发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,但也面临着一系列新的问题,值得深入探讨并采取相应的措施。１理论方面有待创新和完善我国生态农业的发展,突出表现出两大热点,一是学术界的“百家争鸣”,即在理论上对生态农业进行了广泛的探讨;二是各地进行了不同类型、不同层次、不同规模的生态农业试点,这两方面均取得了可喜的成果,并逐渐结合得越来越密切。但其理论仍以农业生态学为主,尚未形成具有内在逻辑联系的完善的理论体系,特别是对生态价值、环境价值、生态经济规律等方面的研究还很不成熟,总的看来大大落后于生态农业实践的要求,因此有待于创新和完善。２生态农业综合配套技术研究不足生态农业发展的技术关键不仅在于单项技术的创新,而且在于已有技术的组装配套,即技术的综合化、整体化。在国家级区域综合治理农业科技攻关、农业部重点科研项目和国家自然科学基金重点项目中均无生态农业方面的重要课题,充其量只在有关于专题和国家环保局重点课题中有所涉及,部分省地市级科研项目中有几个。少数生态农业的国际合作研究项目,较少有高层次的农业科研单位和高等院校参与,     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测东陵区土地利用格局的变化

根据沈阳市东陵区3个时期遥感航片和地形图获得的土地利用类型数据,成功地确定了土地利用类型的转移概率,并用马氏链模型预测了该区土地利用类型变化趋势。结果表明,当前该区的土地利用格局正处于一种耕地逐渐减少,居民点工矿用地逐渐增加的变化状态,而且这种变化将持续很长时间,最后将达到以旱地20.66％、水田28.41％、居民点工矿用地37.42％、菜地6.15％、林地4.36％等为主要土地利用类型的稳定状态,形成一个城乡结合的新的土地利用格局。     

湘西北壶瓶山自然保护区植物区系

壶瓶山自然保护区具有丰富的植物区系成分,现知维管束植物有205科(蕨类和拟蕨类 植物40科,裸子植物7科,被子植物158科),839属,约1961种(包括154变种)。其中,古 和原始的科、属不乏其代表。从种子植物属的分布区类型的比较分析,该区具有我国15个种子植物属的分布区类型中的14个,表明了与世界各地区植物区系的联系程度。另一方面,该 地区的植物区系虽含有丰富的热带成分,但根据各类温带属占该区总属数的百分比以及分布于该地区的中国特有属中的木本属几乎所有都是落叶的乔木或灌木,该区的植物区系性质明显偏重于温带性质。而且,这种温带性质可能与该区的山体海拔高度有着重要的联系。     

湖北省湿地维管植物区系研究

湖北省湿地维管植物有96科337属1009种,其中蕨类植物22科30属41种,种子植物74科307属968种,主要是由草本植物组成,科、属的优势现象明显.分布区类型多样,在科级水平上有8个类型和2个变型,在属级水平上有13个类型和12个变型,在种级水平上有13个类型和5个变型,表明该区系地理成分复杂,与其他区系联系广泛;温带成分占微弱优势,反映出该区系从热带到温带过渡的区系特点;世界分布成分多为建群种和优势种;特有属、种贫乏,说明湿地植被的隐域性.     

黑龙江省二龙山水库流域景观生态评价与规划研究

从景观生态学的基本理论出发,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,借助于大型统计分析软件包SPSS中的主成分分析和空间系统聚类分析方法,对黑龙江省二龙山水库流域的景观生态环境进行了定量分析与评价,获得了4个景观生态评价类型．其中,良好状态的景观生态类型占全流域面积的比重最大,为36％,一般状态次之,为31％;较差状态和理想状态分别为17％和16％．并按景观空间生态结构,将全流域规划与设计为3个景观功能区,即农业景观功能区,其景观过程以作物生产为主,发展方向为兼顾经济、生态和社会多种效益的生态农业、观光农业和高效农业;生态环境保护功能区,其景观过程以水土流失、植被覆盖减少等退化过程为主,主要执行生态环境保护功能,大力发展水土保持林,努力提高植被覆盖率,是本区发展利用的方向;森林景观功能区,森林资源的合理采伐利用、林种的空间优化配置、森林的抚育以及天然林的保护成为该区发展的主要方向．     

安徽荒漠植被的多元分析

应用数量分类和排序方法分析了安西砾石戈壁荒漠植被、并应用逐步回归分析方法确定了群落和环境因素的关系方程。结果表明,该区砾石戈壁荒漠植被可分为６个主要群落类型。这些群落类型与土壤总含盐量、氯化物含量、硫酸盐含量及年降水量有密切的关系。     

广东从化陈禾洞省级自然保护区维管植物区系研究

在野外调查及查阅相关资料的基础上,对广东从化陈禾洞省级自然保护区植物区系进行研究。结果表明:(1)该区植物资源丰富,共有野生维管植物193科627属1139种(包括种下等级)。其中,蕨类植物36科66属119种,裸子植物7科8属9种,被子植物150科528属1011种(双子叶植物130科417属838种,单子叶植物20科111属173种)。(2)该区种子植物科、属优势现象明显,以菊科Asteraceae、禾本科Poaceae及茜草科Rubiaceae为主。在科属的组成上较为分散,主要以少寡种的科、属为主,分别占67.88%、91.7%。(3)该区蕨类植物在属的组成上也较为分散,以5个种以下的属为主,占比为93.94%。(4)该区植物区系成分复杂,在科级水平上,种子植物有8个分布区类型及5个变型,热带分布类型成分有80个科,占总科数的50.96%,而蕨类植物有5个分布区类型,热带成分的科有23个,占蕨类总科数的63.89%;在属级水平上,种子植物有13个分布区类型及16个变型,热带成分有365属,占总属数的68.10%,而蕨类植物有7个类型及1个变型,热带分布类型成分有40属,占蕨类植物总属数的60.61%。     

Finding spatial regularity in mosaic landscapes: two methods integrated

Two methods were employed to find spatial regularity in a complicated mountain landscape of Beijing, China on the basis of functional and structural affinities. The first approach applied Affinity Analysis based on species composition to landscape. The mosaic diversity of the landscape was 3.5298>3, which means the study landscape is complex and controlled by multiple environmental gradients. These landscape types were divided into 3 parts according to the mean affinity values of 0.2143 and 0.7857 (0.5±1 SD). Modal sites are the central types of the landscape, which include a zonal broad-leaved forest of the region and a conifer plantation replacing the former. Outliers are found in the highest altitude and the lowest, both have few species in common with the above two modal types. The remaining landscape types are intermediate sites, which are transitional between modals and outliers, broadly distributed throughout mountain environments. Neighbor types have more species in common than those more widely separated, which probably distributed adjacently in space or in similar quality habitat. The other method employed is the new TWINSPAN analysis by substituting spatial neighboring data of landscape types for species composition data. It clearly divided the landscape types into three groups, i.e., subalpine, middle and low mountain groups, which were correlated with altitude, as well as influenced by human disturbance. The new TWINSPAN classification method is more reliable in finding spatial gradient of patchy landscapes than affinity analysis; however, affinity analysis is useful in finding species diversity pattern and the importance of landscape types in a region. Integrating advantages of the two methods could supply complete and reliable information on how landscape types are distributed in space, which environmental gradient dominates the spatial distribution of the landscape types, as well as where important and unusual types are located.     

北京东灵山区景观类型空间邻接与分布规律

景观由斑块实间镶嵌而成。如何从错综复杂的斑块镶嵌中发现景观类型的空间分布规律,是景观格局研究中亟待解决的问题。通过对北京东灵山地区景观类型空间邻接关系的研究,借鉴群落生态学方法对其空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明,各个景观类型的空间邻接特征明显差异,可依紧密邻接的类型数目和程度分为３类;决定景观类型邻接多样性的主要因素是邻接类型的数目;采用作者提出的以景观类型空间邻接长度替代群落学数据的群落分类方     

不同基因型割手密无性系的核型分析

为探讨不同基因型割手密无性系间的亲缘关系,采用酶解去壁低渗法对不同基因型的割手密材料进行核型分析。10份供试材料的绝大多数染色体为中部着丝点(m)染色体,少数为近中部着丝点(sm)染色体及正中部着丝点(M)染色体,部分材料中还具有端部着丝点(T)染色体及近端部着丝点区染色体(t);依据分析结果总结了参试材料的核型公式;参试材料中有2份为1B核型、7份为2B核型、1份为2C核型。参试材料间的核型均存在差异且不对称。     

太白山鸟类垂直分布的研究

太白山为我国著名的高山,是我国东经105°以东的最高峰,高达3767米。该山在地貌上具有高山深谷和冰川地形,同时在气候,植被、动物和土壤等方面具有典型的垂直分带现象。 有关太白山鸟类的垂直分布,仅郑作新等(1973)作过简单叙述。为了能有效的利用鸟类资源,保护森林,满足当前对鸟类资源的规划和利用,作者于1982年6—8月,1983年6—9月,11—12月,1984年1、4月对太白山鸟类垂直分布的特点、原因、规     

三峡大老岭地区森林群落的数量分类研究

在大量的嫩落样方调查基础上,利用二元批示种分类法（ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ）对三峡大老岭地区的森林群落进行数量分类,并据此划人会区山地植被垂直带的高度范围,讨论了ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ方法的特点及其应用于结构复杂的亚热带木时应依据的原则。最后,文章总结了大老岭地区的森林群落类型。     

Classification and measurement of fungal pellets by automated image analysis

An automated image analysis method for classifying and measuring pellets of filamentous fungi growing in submerged fermentations has been developed. The method discriminates between pelleted mycelial growth and loose aggregates of dispersed hyphae. Pellets are classified into smooth and hairy types. In both cases, the core of the pellet is identified and its shape and size characterized. For hairy pellets the annular region is also characterized. The method was tested on pellets of Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414 grown in a defined medium in shake flasks. This rapid method makes practical extensive studies on the morphology of pellets in submerged fermentations and the influence of fermentation conditions on that morphology.     

Types of body posture and their characteristics in boys 10 to 13 years of age

The main goal of the study was to determine the types of body posture of boys (n = 273), 10 to 13 years of age, by means of the body posture assessment method based on the software Posture Image Analyzer. The results should enable better understanding of postural issues, as well as timely and more precise selection of kinesitherapeutic procedures. Values of 5 front view and 4 sagittal view indicators of standing body posture were measured by means of subjects' photographs and software Image Posture Analyzer Cluster analysis (K-means method) revealed three types of body posture in both the anterior and sagittal plane. Their characteristics were determined with discriminant analysis. In sagittal indicators three posture types are recognizable: (a) correct sagittal body posture (29.3%), (b) mild impaired sagittal body posture (41.8%), (c) marked impaired sagittal body posture (28.9%). In anterior indicators also three posture types are recognizable: (a) correct anterior body posture (19.4%), (b) mild scoliotic body posture in the lumbar region (47.6%), (c) mild scoliotic body posture with double curvature (33%).     

气候变化背景下青海省三江源地区游憩功能格局演变

在气候变化背景下,青海三江源地区游憩功能格局发生改变。综合运用PC （Pairwise Comparison）法、AHP （Analytic Hierarchy Process）、指标模型、相关分析等方法,构建三江源地区游憩功能评价框架,研究1978-2012年三江源地区3类游憩功能格局的演变,以及这种演变与气候变化之间的关联。研究表明：（1）气候条件、独特景观、植被条件、地表覆被与地形条件等要素影响着三江源地区游憩功能的形成,不同要素在美感、参与机会与适宜环境3类游憩功能形成过程中发挥的作用不同,且具有非线性贡献;（2）三江源地区的美感功能较强,其次是参与机会功能,而适宜环境功能较弱;（3）气候变化在不同程度上改变了三江源地区的3类游憩功能,其中,适宜环境功能的响应最强烈,主要表现为提升;参与机会功能的响应程度最弱。该研究完善了游憩功能的理论与应用,并为气候变化背景下三江源地区旅游可持续发展决策提供参考。     

Ecological assessment of vegetation from a nature reserve using regional reference data and indicator scores

A method is presented for ecological assessment of botanical sample data from a nature reserve network. The approach uses regional floristic survey data for a specific biotope as a context for spatial and temporal comparison. Assessments are based upon floristic similarity to reference vegetation types and indicator scores that summarise multivariate plant species data in relation to important environmental gradients. The approach was implemented as a software tool using floristic survey data for soligenous mires in a UK region. Plant community monitoring data were assessed against reference communities from this regional baseline to illustrate the potential advantages of the method. These include; (a) allowing links to be made between multivariate plant species data and measurements of environmental drivers, (b) providing realistic assessments of spatial and temporal differences because comparisons are against typical values of indicator scores for the region, (c) providing the scope for setting realistic criteria for vegetation monitoring.     

Capturing the population structure of microparasites: using ITS‐sequence data and a pooled DNA approach

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA is a common marker not only for the molecular identification of different taxa and strains, but also for the analysis of population structure of wild microparasite communities. Importantly, the multicopy nature of this region allows the amplification of low‐quantity samples of the target DNA, a common problem in studies on unicellular, unculturable microparasites. We analysed ITS sequences from the protozoan parasite Caullerya mesnili (class Ichthyosporea) infecting waterflea (Daphnia) hosts, across several host population samples. We showed that analysing representative ITS‐types [as identified by statistical parsimony network analysis (SPN)] is a suitable method to address relevant polymorphism. The spatial patterns were consistent regardless of whether parasite DNA was extracted from individual hosts or pooled host samples. Remarkably, the efficiency in detecting different sequence types was even higher after sample pooling. As shown by simulations, an easily manageable number of sequences from pooled DNA samples are sufficient to resolve the spatial population structure in this system. In summary, the ITS region analysed from pooled DNA samples can provide valuable insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of microparasites. Moreover, the application of SPN analysis is a good alternative to the well‐established neighbour‐joining method (NJ) for the identification of representative ITS‐types. SPN can even outperform NJ by joining most of the singleton sequences to representative sequence clusters.