大鹏湾反曲原甲藻种群变化率动态模型研究

大鹏湾反曲原甲藻种群变化率动态模型研究黄贯虹（广东民族学院计算机科学系,广州５１０６３３）郭远琼黄伟建（暨南大学华侨医院计算机室,广州５１０６３２）（暨南大学水生生物研究所,广州５１０６３２）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆａＭｏｄｅｌｏｎＣｈａｎｇｅＲａｔｉｏｏｆｔ...     

大鹏湾生态因子灰关联分析

研究大鹏湾夜光藻、反曲原甲藻、浮游动物种群增殖与浮游动物和海水理化因子之间的关系,采用的方法是根据它们的种群增殖态势与浮游动物和理化因子的比较,依据空间理论的数学基础,按照规范性、偶对称性、整体性和接近性这四条原则,确定参考数列（母序列：夜光藻和反曲原甲藻、浮游动物）和若干比较数列（子序列：浮游动物和海水理化因子）之间的关联度．给出各因子对母序列影响的排列次序．其结果是,对大鹏湾生态环境起主要影响的因子有浮游动物、锰、铁和溶解氧     

南麂列岛海域原甲藻种群动态及其环境影响因子分析

研究了2006年4月至2007年3月之间,南麂海域原甲藻种群的种类组成、季节动态、空间分布及其与水温、盐度、氮磷营养盐等环境因子的关系。原甲藻种类有三角棘原甲藻、东海原甲藻、海洋原甲藻和反曲原甲藻,前两者是南麂海域最为优势的种类,它们的分布季节集中在春季（4－6月）,并先后于5月12日和5月25日形成赤潮。原甲藻细胞数量在表层水体中的数量显著高于底层,这与原甲藻种类能够自主运动,具有明显的昼夜垂直移动特性有关。三角棘原甲藻较高细胞数量则相对集中出现在水温为18.5－19.5,盐度为29.58‰－30.95‰的水体中;东海原甲藻较高细胞数量则相对集中出现在水温为18.5－21.3℃,盐度为29.03‰－30.92‰的水体中。氮盐和磷酸盐浓度与原甲藻细胞数量之间呈负相关,磷营养盐浓度的高低对原甲藻种群动态影响更甚。对原甲藻细胞数量和环境因子之间进行相关性分析,发现原甲藻细胞数量与N:P值之间存在显著的正相关性,并与磷酸盐浓度之间存在显著的负相关性。原甲藻细胞具有较强储备氮磷营养物质能力的生物学特性使其能够在低营养条件下取得生长竞争的优势。     

大鹏湾优势藻引发赤潮的灰分析

对1990年3月30日－6月30日在大鹏湾盐田海域的海水采样结果,用灰色理论的系统分析方法研究并计算大鹏湾地区海水中的尖刺拟菱形藻、中肋条骨藻和反曲原甲藻等3种藻引发的赤潮与浮游动物数量和海水理化因子等12个因素变化的灰关联度,关联排序结果表明：浮游动物、浊度、铁、锰、溶解氧、酸碱度、盐度和温度均对该三类藻种群增殖态势有着较大的影响,构成大鹏赤潮发生“优势”因素。     

川西高山森林林窗对季节性冻融期土壤氮动态的影响

为了解高山森林林窗对土壤氮动态的影响,于2012—2013年在川西高山冷杉原始林大、中、小林窗以及林下采集了4个关键时期(初冻期、深冻期、初融期和融化末期)的土样,测定其铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮和可溶性有机氮含量。结果表明:各林窗内土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量在融化末期显著高于其他3个关键时期;土壤微生物生物量氮在初融期最低,土壤可溶性有机氮含量在深冻期最低,而这两者含量在初冻期均最高;土壤硝态氮含量占土壤矿质氮总量的67.26%~83.59%;冬季林窗通过改变土壤微环境进而引起氮素组分的改变,林窗大小与可溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关;土壤温度与铵态氮、硝态氮及可溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关;冻结深度与硝态氮和可溶性有机氮呈显著负相关。经过季节性冻融期,小林窗和林下土壤具有更高的矿质氮和可溶性有机氮,为生长季内植被与土壤微生物奠定了良好的生长条件。     

长白山阔叶红松林土壤无机氮空间异质性

利用地统计学方法,研究了长白山阔叶红松林内土壤表层(0～10cm)铵态氮和硝态氮的空间异质性.结果表明:长白山阔叶红松林内土壤表层铵态氮和硝态氮的半方差函数可用球状模型或高斯模型拟合.土壤表层铵态氮和硝态氮的空间分布均呈现中等程度的空间自相关,结构比范围分别在0.70%～41.47%和32.26%～52.66%;铵态氮的空间自相关尺度小于硝态氮,变程分别为8.87和9.76m.土壤表层铵态氮和硝态氮在空间上呈斑块状分布;铵态氮的空间异质性程度高于硝态氮,硝态氮与土壤水分呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.3743,P0.05),而铵态氮与土壤水分无显著的相关关系.     

盐渍区农田氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮动态变化的影响

土壤硝态氮动态变化和残留与农田硝态氮淋溶以及地下水硝态氮污染密切相关。为了促进海河低平原盐渍区农田氮肥合理利用以及农业可持续发展,试验在盐化潮土条件下,通过设计不同施氮量（0,70,140,210kg N hm^-2）处理,重点研究了该区农田氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮动态、残留以及土壤氮损失的影响。结果表明：（1）0～100cm土壤剖面硝态氮总量随施氮量显著增加,施用氮肥没有改变剖面硝态氮总量随玉米生育进程波状变化趋势,但明显增强了其变化幅度;（2）施氮改变了硝态氮土壤剖面空间分布状态,表现出施氮后上部土层（0～40cm）硝态氮比例显著增加而后迅速降低的趋势;（3）硝态氮残留与氮素损失随施氮量增加而增加,且N210和N140处理下氮素损失量显著高于N70和N0。     

川西亚高山-高山森林土壤养分动态及其对季节性冻融的响应

为深入了解川西亚高山-高山森林冬季生态学过程,于2008年11月—2009年10月,在土壤冻结初期、冻结期和融化期及植被生长季节,研究了不同海拔(3582 m、3298 m和3023 m)岷江冷杉林土壤养分动态及其对季节性冻融的响应。3个海拔森林土壤冬季具有较高养分含量,且随土壤冻融过程不断变化。土壤有机层可溶性碳和氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量在冻结初期显著增加后快速降低,并随融化过程迅速增加后再次降低,而土壤可溶性碳和氮、硝态氮含量在冻结期变化不明显,铵态氮显著增加。矿质土壤层可溶性碳和氮、铵态氮含量也在冻结初期显著增加后降低,而土壤可溶性氮、铵态氮和硝态氮在冻结期显著增加,并在融化期经历一个明显的含量高峰。海拔和土层的交互作用显著影响土壤可溶性碳和硝态氮含量,土壤养分含量与土壤温度的相关性随海拔差异而不同。这表明季节性冻融期是土壤生态过程的重要时期,土壤冻融格局显著影响川西亚高山-高山森林土壤养分动态。     

华南赤红壤无机复合肥氮磷淋失特征

采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验,研究了不同施肥水平下无机复合肥中氮和磷在华南赤红壤中的淋失特征.结果表明: 铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮淋失量均随施肥量增加而提高;肥料中氮的淋失率在36.8%～49.2%之间,总氮淋失量（y）与施肥量（x）之间的回归方程为y=0.3667x+66.483（R²=0.992）;铵态氮和总氮的淋失主要集中在前5次淋洗,硝态氮的淋失持续时间更长.施肥量对可溶性磷淋失量无显著影响,但颗粒磷和总磷淋失量均随施肥量增加呈上升趋势;肥料磷淋失率在0.002%～0.010%之间,总磷淋失量（y）与施肥量（x）之间的回归方程为y=7e^-5x+0.0538（R²=0.931）;磷的淋失动态与氮显著不同,为缓慢的持续累积过程.硝态氮与铵态氮淋失量比值和可溶性磷与颗粒磷淋失量比值均随施肥量增加呈下降趋势.     

大亚湾裸甲藻种群的季节变化与环境条件的关系

研究了大亚湾1997年7月至1998年6月裸甲藻种群季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。裸甲藻在大亚湾主要出现在4－5月份,并在4月至5月份出现了4个密度高峰,最高密度可达每毫升996个细胞,6月至9月份偶有出现,10月至2月份则未出现。裸甲藻高密度出现的温度、盐度范围分别为25－30℃和24‰-32‰。裸甲藻在大亚湾的出现及4、5月份的密度高峰与水温的季节变化密切相关,3月份水温存在一个急升期,水温由3月初的15.5℃以下上升至3月底的23.5℃左右,为裸甲藻种群密度的急剧增长提供了合适的温度条件。大亚湾盐度的季节波动较小,与裸甲藻种群的种群的季节变化无关。大亚湾氮、磷、硅等营养物质含量丰富,不存在营养元素缺乏,但高密度的裸甲藻种群仅在氮、磷含量及氮磷比分别为50－100μg/L,5-20μg/L和5－30范围内出现,氮、磷、硅3种营养盐的含量及它们之间的比值特别是氮磷比是影响裸甲藻高密度出现的重要内容。     

长白山北坡土壤氮矿化时空分异特征

利用土壤温度连续观测数据,基于文献报道的土壤氮矿化测定数据,对长白山主要林型的年矿化量进行模拟计算,同时修正了以往利用气温计算造成的偏差以及相关模型中的参数错误.根据长白山各植被带的土壤温度观测数据,对各植被带的矿化量进行估计.位于基带的针阔混交林的矿化量为58.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,红松云冷杉林为34.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,岳桦云冷杉林为28.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,苔原为19.6 kg · hm-2 · a-1.建立了通用于各植被带的土壤矿化对温度(t)的综合回归模型(y=0 038255e(0.1392t)).同时用所建立的综合方程,模拟计算了各海拔高度土壤氮矿化季节变化,并指出海拔每升高100m矿化速率降低2.31 kg · hm-2 · a-1.     

Near infrared spectroscopy, cluster and multivariate analysis hyphenated to thin layer chromatography for the analysis of amino acids

Summary. A method based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed for the rapid and non-destructive determination and quantification of solid and dissolved amino acids. The statistical results obtained after optimisation of measurement conditions were evaluated on the basis of statistical parameters, Q-value (quality of calibrations), R², standard error of estimation (SEE), standard error of prediction (SEP), BIAS applying cluster and different multivariate analytical procedures. Experimental optimisation comprised the selection of the highest suitable optical thin-layer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mm), sample temperature (10–30 °C), measurement option (light fibre, 0.5 mm optical thin-layer; boiling point tube; different types of cuvettes) and sample concentration in the range between 100 and 500 ppm. Applying the optimised conditions and a 115-QS Suprasil^? cuvette (V = 400 μl), the established qualitative model enabled to distinguish between different dissolved amino acids with a Q-value of 0.9555. Solid amino acids were investigated in the transflectance mode, allowing to differentiate them with a Q-value of 0.9155. For the qualitative and quantitative analysis of amino acids in complex matrices NIRS was established as a detection system directly onto the plate after prior separation on cellulose based thin-layer chromatography (TLC) sheets employing n-butanol, acetic acid and distilled water at a ratio of 8:4:2 (v/v/v) as an optimised mobile phase. Due to the prior separation step, the established calibration curve was found to be more stable than the one calculated from the dissolved amino acids. The found lower limit of detection was 0.01 mg/ml. Finally, this optimised TLC-NIRS method was successfully applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of L-lysine in apple juice. NIRS is shown not only to offer a fast, non-destructive detection tool but also to provide an easy-to-use alternative to more complicated detection methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative and quantitative TLC analysis of amino acids in crude samples.     

Food, density, and microhabitat: factors affecting growth and recruitment potential of juvenile saltmarsh fishes

The relationships among microhabitat use, food habits, conspecific density and recent growth rate for estuarine-dependent juvenile spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, and red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, were studied to determine how nursery habitat influences early growth. Juvenile spotted seatrout and red drum were quantified along the marsh-edge ecotone from multiple drop samples, and their immediate environments characterized by a suite of physical and chemical variables along with substrate type and Spartina stem density. Recent daily growth of individual fish was modeled in a series of multiple regression analyses that considered the relative contributions of food, microhabitat, and conspecific density. The spotted seatrout model (p < 0.0001) included four independent variables, otolith radius, prey diversity, salinity, and a salinity-DO interaction term, and explained 67.9% of the variation in daily growth. All variables were significant (p < 0.05), and regression slopes were positive for all variables except salinity. The red drum model (p > 0.0001) included five independent variables, otolith radius, temperature, salinity, depth and substrate, and explained 63.3% of the variation in daily growth. All variables were significant (p > 0.05), and all regression slopes were positive. Fish size (as estimated by otolith radius) accounted for most of the variance in the spotted seatrout (60.2%) and red drum (44.8%) models, while the remaining environmental variables were significant and responsible for 7.7 and 18.5%, respectively. Density variables were not selected for either model, suggesting that density-dependence was not an important influence on recent daily growth. Generally, physico-chemical variables such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen contributed more to growth than diet or extrinsic factors such as grass stem density.     

Analysis and estimative of schistosomiasis prevalence for the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using multiple regression with social and environmental spatial data

The aim of this work is to establish a relationship between schistosomiasis prevalence and social-environmental variables, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, through multiple linear regression. The final regression model was established, after a variables selection phase, with a set of spatial variables which contains the summer minimum temperature, human development index, and vegetation type variables. Based on this model, a schistosomiasis risk map was built for Minas Gerais.     

Reproductive and recruitment dynamics of clionaid sponges on oyster reefs in North Carolina

Boring sponges belonging to the family Clionaidae have become a destructive nuisance to eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) aquaculture and restoration efforts in the southeastern USA. Clionaid sponges colonize the inner layers of oyster shells and remove carbonate material, compromising the quality and marketability of the oyster; however, relatively little is known about reproduction and recruitment of these sponges. Using histological techniques, reproductive activity of clionaid sponges was monitored at two sites (Cedar Island and Masonboro Sound) in coastal North Carolina. Sponge recruitment to limestone tiles (5×5 cm), oyster shells, and clam shells was monitored in 2013 and 2014; recruitment to the limestone tiles was statistically higher than recruitment to clam or oyster shells. Overall, seasonal patterns in reproduction and recruitment of clionaid sponges were generally similar at the two sites. Three species of clionaid sponge were found during field sampling (Cliona celata, C. lobata, and C. truitti), and reproductive activity (eggs and spermatocysts) of these species was observed from April to November, with peak reproduction occurring from June to September for C. lobata and from August to September for C. celata. Recruitment peaked in late summer/early fall. Additionally, the relationship between environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a) and clionaid recruitment was explored using a regression model. At Cedar Island, the best‐fit model included salinity and dissolved oxygen, while the best‐fit model at Masonboro Sound included temperature, pH, and salinity. The data from this study show that the primary reproduction and recruitment pulses occur in the fall for local clionaids, and thus mitigation strategies should be applied in the late fall or winter to minimize infestations.     

运用灰关联模型分析大鹏湾叶绿素-b与海水理化因子的关系

运用灰色理论的系统分析模型研究叶绿素-b与不温,浮游动物,盐度,溶解氧,酸碱度,磷酸盐,亚硝酸盐,硝酸盐,铁和锰等10个海水理化因子间的关系,所有样品数据采自深圳大鹏湾的盐田海域。灰关联值的计算及其排序结果表明：硝酸盐,磷酸盐,亚硝酸盐和酸碱度对叶绿素－b的浓度比其他海水理化因子有着较大的影响,本文建立叶绿素－b与这4个海水理化因子的灰模型{GM(1,n)},结果表明,相关因子与叶绿素－b的浓度变化 着较好的吻合。     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取宣木瓜总皂苷提取工艺研究

对宣木瓜总皂苷的超声辅助提取工艺优化进行研究.在单因素试验基础上,选择提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度和料液比为自变量,以宣木瓜总皂苷得率为响应值,采用Central Composite Design试验设计方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对宣木瓜总皂苷提取率的影响.利用Design Expert软件得到回归方程的预测模型并进行响应面分析,确定超声辅助提取宣木瓜总皂苷的最佳条件为时间61.69 min,温度62.34℃,乙醇浓度70.49％,料液比1∶30.57 g/mL,在此条件下,总皂苷提取率达到1.55％.验证实验表明,所得模型方程能较好地预测实验结果.     

Seasonal hydrochemical variation in a tropical coastal lagoon (A?u Lagoon, Brazil).

Hydrochemical conditions in the A?u Lagoon are described using spatial and temporal variations of various limnological variables (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, carbon dioxide, dissolved and total nutrients (N, P and Si), and chlorophyll a). Collected data was used in order to understand the structure and functioning of an enclosed coastal lagoon strongly influenced by climatic conditions. Water samples were collected monthly (November 1999-December 2000) in five sampling stations established along the lagoon. A decreasing spatial gradient of electrical conductivity was observed beginning from a sand bar region between the lagoon and the sea in the direction of the sweet-water input area. The positive correlation observed between the pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) values, and the negative one observed between pH values and those of carbon dioxide (CO2), evidenced coupled biological processes, e.g., primary production and decomposition. Both spatial and temporal variation of dissolved nutrients showed fast increase and decrease in the beginning of summer, suggesting that nutrient input resulting from rainfall stimulates phytoplankton production, as reflected by chlorophyll a concentration increase.