Soil Phosphorus Fractionation during Forest Development on Landslide Scars in the Luquillo Mountains,Puerto Rico1

Mineral soils from a chronosequence of landslide scars ranging in age from 1 to more than 55 years in a subtropical montane rain forest of eastern Puerto Rico were used to determine the rate at which labile P capital recovers during primary succession. Nine organic and inorganic soil P fractions were measured using the Hedley sequential extraction procedure. Deep soil cores (9 m) from a nearby site were also analyzed to determine the distribution of P fractions below the solum. Litterfall P was measured for two years in the landslide scars to estimate allochthonous litter P inputs, and published precipitation data were used to estimate annual atmospheric inputs of P to the recovering forests. In the upper solum (0–10 cm), organic matter increased with landslide age, as did resin‐Pi, labile P (defined here as resin‐Pi + HCO₃‐Pi + HCO₃‐Po) and total organic P. Occluded P decreased with increasing landslide age. No significant changes in P concentrations or pools were observed in 10 to 35 or in 35 to 60 cm depth intervals across the chronosequence. Labile soil P increased to approximately two‐thirds of the pre‐disturbance levels in the oldest landslide scar (>55 yr). Thus, plants, their associated microflora/fauna, and P inputs from off‐site substantially altered the distribution of soil P fractions during forest recovery. Across the chronosequence, the increase in labile P accumulated in soil and biomass appeared to be greater than the estimated allochthonous inputs from litter and precipitation, indicating that as the forest developed, some occluded P may have been released for use by soil biota. Resin‐Pi and labile P were correlated with soil organic matter content, suggesting, as in other highly weathered soils, organic matter accumulation and turnover are important in maintaining labile P pools. Primary mineral P (apatite) was scarce, even in deep soil cores.     

Phosphorus fractions in montane forest soils of the Cordillera de Piuchué, Chile: biogeochemical implications

The Hedley fractionation procedure as modified by Tiessen and Moir (1993) was used to evaluate the amounts of P in several soil chemical pools in an old, unglaciated landscape at 600 m elevation in the Cordillera de Piuchué, Chile (42° 30′ S. 74° W). This is an area of primary forests which have escaped disturbance from forest harvesting, land clearing and the deposition of anthropogenic chemicals. Two study watersheds are conifer-dominated with moorland on wind-exposed ridgetops. In a third study watershed, vegetation is dominated by evergreen broadleaf trees. Soils are thin (ca. 40 cm) and have a high organic matter content. Across all communities, most of the soil P is in non-labile forms in organic combinations or in combination with secondary soil minerals. Little P was present in primary minerals. The remainder (ca. 20%) was in labile forms extractable with anion exchange resin or bicarbonate solution. From litterfall and allometric relationships, we estimated the annual P requirement of growing vegetation to be <1 kg ha^-1 in the moorland and < 3 kg ha^-1 in the conifer and mixed forests. This is substantially less than the standing pool of resin-extractable P (ca. 20 kg ha^-1), which is considered to be P fraction most readily available to plants. Resin-extractable P was strongly correlated with soil carbon content ( R² =0.72 − 0.87, p < 0.001) suggesting that soil organic matter is the likely proximate source of plant-available P. On a kg ha^-1 basis, the most labile forms of P did not differ significantly across 3 of the 4 community types despite dramatic differences in species, live biomass and annual P requirement, suggesting little control of available P pools by forest vegetation type. On a more detailed level, resin-extractable P was strongly correlated with HCO₃-extractable organic (and inorganic) P. This is consistent with other findings of P behavior in acid soils high in organic matter in which microbial transformations are key in regulating pools of plant-available P. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Four decades of post-agricultural forest development have caused major redistributions of soil phosphorus fractions

Fertilisation of agricultural land causes an accumulation of nutrients in the top soil layer, among which phosphorus (P) is particularly persistent. Changing land use from farmland to forest affects soil properties, but changes in P pools have rarely been studied despite their importance to forest ecosystem development. Here, we describe the redistributions of the P pools in a four-decadal chronosequence of post-agricultural common oak (Quercus robur L.) forests in Belgium and Denmark. The aim was to assess whether forest age causes a repartitioning of P throughout the various soil P pools (labile P, slowly cycling P and occluded P); in particular, we addressed the time-related alterations in the inorganic versus organic P fractions. In less than 40 years of oak forest development, significant redistributions have occurred between different P fractions. While both the labile and the slowly cycling inorganic P fractions significantly decreased with forest age, the organic fractions significantly increased. The labile P pool (inorganic + organic), which is considered to be the pool of P most likely to contribute to plant-available P, significantly decreased with forest age (from >20 to <10% of total P), except in the 0-5 cm of topsoil, where labile P remained persistently high. The shift from inorganic to organic P and the shifts between the different inorganic P fractions are driven by biological processes and also by physicochemical changes related to forest development. It is concluded that the organic labile P fraction, which is readily mineralisable, should be taken into account when studying the bioavailable P pool in forest ecosystems.     

Biogeochemical implications of labile phosphorus in forest soils determined by the Hedley fractionation procedure

Forest ecologists and biogeochemists have used a variety of extraction techniques to assess labile vs. non-labile soil P pools in chronosequences, the balance between biological vs. geochemical control of P transformations across a wide range of soil orders, the role of plants with either N-fixing or mycorrhizal symbionts in controlling soil P fractions, and to make inferences about plant-available P. Currently, variants of the sequential extraction procedure developed by M. J. Hedley and co-workers afford the greatest discrimination among labile and non-labile organic and inorganic P pools. Results of recent studies that used this technique to evaluate P fractions in forest soils indicate the following: (1) in intact, highly weathered forest soils of the humid tropics, Hedley-labile P values are several times larger than extractable P values resulting from mildly acidic extracting solutions which were commonly used in the past 2 decades; (2) pools of Hedley-labile P are several times larger than the annual forest P requirement and P required from the soil annually in both temperate and tropical forests; (3) long-term trends in non-labile P pools during pedogenesis are adequately represented by the Walker and Syers' model of changes in P fractionation during soil development. However, to better represent trends in pools that can supply plant-available P across forest soils of different age and weathering status, the paradigm should be modified; and (4) across a wide range of tropical and temperate forest soils, organic matter content is an important determinant of Hedley-labile P.     

中亚热带不同母质发育森林土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

本研究以福建三明砂岩和花岗岩发育的米槠林土壤和杉木林土壤为对象,分析土壤磷组分、铁铝氧化物、微生物生物量以及磷酸酶活性等指标,研究母质和森林类型对土壤磷组分的影响程度和机制.结果表明:母质和森林类型显著影响土壤不同磷组分含量.总体上,砂岩发育土壤全磷含量、活性无机/有机磷、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量均显著高于花...     

佛山地区存留自然林和存留人工林的土壤无机磷组分

为探讨热带亚热带森林,尤其城市及其周边地区残存森林土壤磷的有效性,对佛山地区14个残存林(7个自然林和7个人工林)的0~3 cm和3~23 cm矿质土壤的P有效性进行研究。结果表明,铁结合态无机P和还原剂可溶解无机P是土壤无机P的主要组分。在0~3 cm矿质层中,自然林土壤铝结合态无机P、Bray 1提取无机P和总无机P含量显著高于人工林;而在3~23 cm矿质土层中,自然林土壤钙结合态无机P含量显著高于人工林。其它土壤营养指标在自然林和人工林间差异不显著。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量与钙结合态无机P除外的其它无机P组分含量均成显著正相关。聚类分析结果表明14个残存林土壤P有效性可分成3组,整体上人工林土壤P有效性比自然林低。这有助于认识城市化影响下城市及其周边地区残存森林土壤营养状况及加强养分管理。     

Soil phosphorus movement and budget after 13 years of fertilized cultivation in the Amazon basin

Agronomic studies on soil phosphorus dynamics have primarily focused on the plant-available inorganic P pool. However organic P and less labile inorganic pools can contribute significantly to plant P uptake. The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in inorganic and organic P pools of varying lability in and below the plowlayer after 13 years of continuous cultivation and fertilization on a Typic Paleudult in Yurimaguas, Peru. The field experiment was established after slash and burn of a secondary forest and included non-fertilized and fertilized treatments. The yearly cropping pattern consisted of an upland rice (Oryza sativa),-corn (Zea mays),-soybean (Glycine max) rotation. A modified version of the Hedley et al. procedure was used to sequentially fractionate soil P into increasingly recalcitrant organic and inorganic pools. Plowlayer accumulation of the fertilizer P occurred in all P pools. The greatest increase was in the NaOH extractable inorganic P pool. In the non-fertilized plots, the organic P decreased by 42%. Phosphorus fertilization resulted in significant movement of P below plowlayer. The accumulation occurred mostly in inorganic and organic P pools that are not quantified by traditional soil-P test methods. In fertilized plots sub-plowlayer total P increased by 90 g g^–1 (87%) while resin extractable P increased only 4 g g^–1. Phosphorus content of the organic P pools below the plowlayer increased by 24 g g^–1 (50%) in fertilized plots. The inclusion of less labile P pools in studies of P movement and the evaluation of P fertilizer residual values could lead to a better understanding of P dynamics and hence better management of P fertilization.     

Evaluation of the phosphorus status of P-deficient podzols in temperate pine stands: combining isotopic dilution and extraction methods

Phosphorus (P) is often a limiting factor of forest growth but our knowledge of the processes governing P availability in forest soils is rather limited. In the present work, we combined a isotopic dilution method with extraction methods to evaluate the P status in Pinus pinaster plantation forests on highly P-deficient soils. Total, organic, and inorganic P, dissolved and diffusive P, i.e. ionic P species that can be transferred from the solid phase to the soil solution due a gradient of concentration, were determined to a soil depth of 120 cm in a gradient of 18 forest sites (seven humid sites, five mesic sites, and six dry sites). Our objective was to assess the potential contribution of organic and inorganic P to plant available P. Based on results and our original assumptions, we observed that the contribution of organic P fractions (mineralization of soil organic P) to P availability related to the contribution of inorganic P fractions (diffusive P for durations up to 1 year) was predominant in litter, less important in top soil horizons, and negligible at depths below 30 cm. This was partly due to a decreasing proportion of organic P and an increasing proportion of diffusive P with soil depth. Owing to a very low amount of diffusive P in the top soils in dry sites, the relative contribution of organic P was actually higher in these sites than in humid and mesic sites, despite a lower overall organic P fraction. The combination of extraction and isotopic dilution methods in our study shed new light on P status in this forest range. In particular, these methods enable assessment of both the size of the pools and their dynamic fractions.     

Effects of Land-Use Change on Soil Nutrient Dynamics in Amazônia

Over the past several decades, the conversion of native forest to agricultural land uses has accelerated across the Amazon Basin. Despite a growing body of research on nutrient dynamics in Amazonian primary forest and forest-derived land uses, the effects of widespread land-use change on nutrient contents and cycles in soil and vegetation are not well understood. We reviewed over 100 studies conducted in Amazônia over the past 40 years on nutrient dynamics in natural forests and forest-derived land uses (pasture, shifting cultivation, and tree plantations). Our objectives were to compare soil data from land uses across Amazônia and identify any gaps in our present knowledge that might offer direction for future research. Specifically, by analyzing data we tested the following five widely cited hypotheses concerning the effects of land-use change on soil properties compiled from 39 studies in multifactorial ANOVA models; (a) soil pH, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and exchangeable calcium (Ca) concentrations rise and remain elevated following the slash-and-burn conversion of forest to pasture or crop fields; (b) soil contents of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and inorganic readily extractable (that is, Bray, Mehlich I, or resin) phosphorus (P_i) decline following forest-to-pasture conversion; (c) soil concentrations of total C, N, and P_i increase in secondary forests with time since abandonment of agricultural activities; (d) soil nutrient conditions under all tree-dominated land-use systems (natural or not) remain the same; and (e) higher efficiencies of nutrient utilization occur where soil nutrient pools are lower. Following the conversion of Amazonian forest to pasture or slash-and-burn agriculture, we found a significant and lasting effect on soil pH, bulk density, and exchangeable Ca concentrations. Unlike the other three land uses studied, concentrations of extractable soil P_i were equally low in both forest and pastures of all age classes, which demonstrates that postburning pulses in soil P_i concentration following a slash-and-burn decrease rapidly after forest-to-pasture conversion, perhaps due to accumulation in organic P fractions. Neither the concentrations nor the contents of total C and N appeared to change greatly on a regionwide basis as a result of forest-to-pasture conversion, but surface soil C:N ratios in 5-year-old pastures were significantly higher than those in older pastures, suggesting changes in the soil concentrations of at least one of these elements with time after pasture creation. Pasture soils did have higher total C and N concentrations than land uses such as annual cropping and secondary forest fallow, indicating that soil C and N maintenance and/or accumulation following forest conversion may be greater in pastures than in these other two land uses. The low concentrations of C and N in shifting cultivation soils appear to persist for many years in secondary forests regenerating from abandoned crop fields, suggesting that the recuperation of soil losses of C and N resulting during no-input annual cropping is slower than previously thought. Soil C, N and P concentrations were strongly related to clay content. Across all land uses, efficiencies of N, P, and Ca use (estimated as the inverse of litterfall N, P, and Ca contents) were not related to the sizes of their soil pools. More work is needed to test and standardize P extraction procedures that more accurately reflect plant availability. Few studies have been conducted to determine the role of organic P fractions and dissolved organic N (DON) in the elemental cycles of both natural and managed systems in this region. In general, we recommend further study of annual and perennial cropping systems, as well as more detailed examination of managed pastures and fallows, and secondary forests originating from various disturbances, since the intensity of previous land use likely determines the degree of soil degradation and the rate of subsequent secondary regrowth.     

Vegetation effects on phosphorus fractions in set-aside soils

As increasing amounts of arable land are being set aside, it is of importance to study the effect of vegetation on soil fertility. The fractionation of soil P under grassland, beech and spruce vegetation was investigated in sites previously fertilized with P by extracting sequentially with Resin, NaHCO₃, NaOH, HCl and finally NaOH after ultrasonic pretreatment. Under beech a large part of extractable P was found in inorganic fractions which are considered to be available for plants (Resin P₁ and Bicarbonate P₁). Under grass, a large part of the extractable P was found in potentially labile organic forms (Bicarbonate P_o and Fulvic acid P_o). After 25 years of permanent grass vegetation, the extractability of soil P was comparable to that from an adjacent arable plot. On spruce covered soils most of the added fertilizer P was rendered unextractable 20–30 years after application. However the available data does not allow a clear interpretation of this phenomena, as effects of soil parent material as well as vegetation may be taken into consideration. No decrease in P-extractability was found between beech and grass covered soils which had been fertilized for more than 200 years, when compared to less rich soils from the same area. On the basis of the current data it may be concluded that the vegetation affects the distribution of soil phosphorus fractions, and thus soil fertility. In the soils under investigation, grassland and beech vegetation conserved the phosphate availability to a high extent.     

增温对南亚热带森林土壤磷形态的影响及其对有效磷的贡献

磷(P)是森林生态系统生产力的重要限制性元素。土壤磷的有效性取决于磷的存在形态及其转化过程。目前有关增温如何调控磷形态转化过程, 从而促进土壤有效磷含量增加的机制尚未明确。该研究以南亚热带森林为研究对象, 采用沿海拔高度从300 m下降至30 m以模拟温度自然上升的方法, 采集该林型0-10、10-20、20-40 cm的土壤, 并用适用于酸性土壤的连续浸提方法分离不同形态磷, 研究增温对土壤不同形态磷含量的影响, 探讨土壤不同形态磷与有效磷的关系, 识别对土壤有效磷在增温背景下增加有重要贡献的磷组分。结果表明增温使0-10 cm的无机钙磷(Ca-Pi)及20-40 cm的无机铁磷(Fe-Pi)和总无机磷含量分别显著增加了65.5%、17.9%和18.5%, 但对总有机磷及各有机磷组分含量均无显著影响。土壤不同形态磷与有效磷含量的相关分析表明, 有效磷与无机态的不同形态磷及有机铝磷、有机铁磷含量均显著正相关, 其中与Fe-Pi含量的相关性最强。通过土壤不同形态磷与有效磷含量的通径分析进一步发现, 无机铝磷、Fe-Pi是土壤磷转化过程中的重要中间过渡性磷组分, 且Fe-Pi是促进有效磷含量增加最重要的直接贡献磷组分。结合前期研究结果, 增温可能增大了凋落物磷对土壤磷的输入, 还可能强化了土壤的吸附和沉淀过程, 使得更多进入到土壤的溶解态磷转化为Ca-Pi、Fe-Pi等缓效磷源, 其中Fe-Pi可能成为南亚热带森林在气候变暖背景下最重要的有效磷来源。     

Recovery of soil phosphorus on former bauxite mines through tropical forest restoration

Soil phosphorus (P) is a major driver of forest development and a critically limited nutrient in tropical soils, especially when topsoil is removed by mining. This nutrient can be present in soils in the form of different fractions, which have direct consequences for P availability to plants and, consequently, for restoration success. Therefore, understanding how the stocks of different soil P fractions change over the restoration process can be essential for guiding restoration interventions, monitoring, and adaptive management. Here, we investigated the recovery of soil P fractions by forest restoration interventions on bauxite mine sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We assessed the concentration of different fractions of soil organic and inorganic P at (1) a bauxite mine prepared for restoration; (2) two former bauxite mines undergoing forest restoration for 6 and 24 years; and (3) an old‐growth forest remnant. Overall, restored areas recovered levels of labile organic P (P_o‐NaHCO₃) at 5–40 cm and of moderately labile organic P (P_o‐NaOH) at different depths, exhibiting concentrations similar to those found in a conserved forest. The use of P‐rich fertilizers and forest topsoil may have greatly contributed to this outcome. Some other fractions, however, recovered only after 24 years of restoration. Other inorganic P fractions did not differ among mined, restored, and conserved sites: nonlabile P_i (residual P and P‐HCl), labile P_i (P_i‐NaHCO₃), and moderately labile P_i (P_i‐NaOH). Forest restoration was able to promote efficient recovery of important soil P fractions, highlighting the value of restoration efforts to mitigate soil degradation by mining.     

海拔梯度变化对武夷山黄山松林土壤磷组分和有效性的影响

土壤磷（P）是植物生长必需的养分元素,也是亚热带森林生产力的主要限制元素。目前,关于不同海拔土壤P组分和P有效性的变化规律尚无统一定论,其原因主要是忽略了植被类型变化导致的P组分和P有效性对海拔的响应更为复杂。因此,以武夷山不同海拔黄山松林为研究对象,通过测定土壤环境因素、理化性质、微生物生物量（SMB）、酸性磷酸单酯酶（ACP）和磷酸双酯酶（PD）活性以及土壤P组分,探究土壤P组分和P有效性的变化及其影响因素。结果表明,随海拔降低,速效P含量显著增加,而易分解P、中等易分解P、难利用P和总磷含量显著减少。冗余分析结果表明,微生物生物量磷和微生物生物量氮是影响土壤P组分和P有效性变化的关键因素。研究表明,随海拔降低,黄山松林土壤微生物通过提高ACP、PD活性和降低SMB含量的能量分配策略,促进更多较难分解P组分的矿化,从而提高速效P含量,以满足微生物对P的需求。因此,在低海拔地区,微生物通过能量分配策略获取更多有效P,可能有利于提高武夷山黄山松林土壤速效P的供应,但从长期来看,可能使P矿化速率提高和P损耗增加,导致P库的储备不足,不利于土壤P素养分的可持续供应。     

Persistence of tree related patterns in soil nutrients following slash-and-burn disturbance in the tropics

Individual trees are known to influence soil chemical properties, creating spatial patterns that vary with distance from the stem. The influence of trees on soil chemical properties is commonly viewed as the agronomic basis for low-input agroforestry and shifting cultivation practices, and as an important source of spatial heterogeneity in forest soils. Few studies, however, have examined the persistence of the effects of trees on soil after the pathways responsible for the effects are removed. Here, we present evidence from a Mexican dry forest indicating that stem-related patterns of soil nutrients do persist following slash-and-burn removal of trees and two years of cropping. Pre-disturbance concentrations of resin extractable phosphorus (P), bicarbonate extractable P, NaOH extractable P, total P, total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), KCl extractable nitrate (NO₃ ^-), and net N mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in stem than dripline soils under two canopy dominant species of large-stemmed trees with contrasting morphologies and phenologies (Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. and Forchhammeria pallida Liebm.). These stem effects persisted through slash burning and a first growing season for labile inorganic and organic P, NaOH inorganic P, and plant-available P, and through a second growing season for labile organic P, NaOH organic P, and plant-available P. While stem effects for extractable NO₃ ^-, net nitrification rates, total N and C disappeared after felling and slash burning, these stem effects returned after the first growing season. These results support the view that tree-influenced patterns of soil nutrients do persist after tree death, and that trees contribute to the long-term spatial heterogeneity of forest soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林下养鸡年限对杨树人工林土壤磷素形态和生物有效性的影响

林下养殖是一种经济有效的林地空间利用方式,但长期高负载的林下养殖对林地土壤性状究竟产生何种影响,目前尚无定论.以不同林下养鸡年限(0年、1年、3年和5年)的美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)人工林为对象,采用Hedley磷素分级法,分析其林地土壤的磷素组成和形态变化,探讨林下养鸡年限对土壤磷库特征及其生物有...     

Phosphorus pools and other soil properties in the rhizosphere of wheat and legumes growing in three soils in monoculture or as a mixture of wheat and legume

Background and aims

Phosphorus and nitrogen availability and forms are affected by soil properties as well as by plant species and further modulated by soil microbes. Additionally, close contact of the roots of two plant species may affect concentrations and forms of N and P. The aim of this study was to assess properties related to N and P cycling in the rhizosphere of wheat and legumes grown in monoculture or in wheat/legume mixtures in three soils differing in pH.

Methods

Faba bean, white lupin and wheat were grown in three soils differing in pH (4.8, 7.5 and 8.8) in monoculture or in mixed culture of wheat and legumes. Rhizosphere soil was collected at flowering and analyzed for P pools by sequential fractionation, available N as well as community structure of bacteria, fungi, ammonia oxidizers, N₂-fixers and P mobilizers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).

Results

Soil type was the major factor determining plant growth, rhizosphere nutrient dynamics and microbial community structure. Among the crop species, only faba bean had a significant effect on nitrification potential activity (PNA) in all three soils with lower activity compared to the unplanted soil. Soil type and plant spieces affected the community composition of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), N₂-fixers (nifH), P mobilizers (ALP gene) and fungi, but not that of bacteria. Among the microbial groups, the AOA and nifH community composition were most strongly affected by crop species, cropping system and soil type, suggesting that these groups are quite sensitive to environmental conditions. All plants depleted some labile as well as non-labile P pools whereas the less labile organic P pools (NaOH extractable P pools, acid extractable P pools) accumulated in the rhizosphere of legumes. The pattern of depletion and accumulation of some P pools differed between monoculture and mixed culture as well as among soils.

Conclusions

Plant growth and rhizosphere properties were mainly affected by soil type, but also by crop species whereas cropping system had the least effect. Wheat and the legumes depleted less labile inorganic P pools in some soils whereas less labile organic P pools (NaOH extractable P, acid extractable P) accumulated in the rhizosphere of legumes.     

湖南会同不同年龄杉木人工林土壤磷素特征

对湖南会同不同年龄(7年生、17年生、25年生)杉木人工林土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分和有机磷进行了研究,结果表明:3种不同林龄杉木林土壤全磷和有效磷的含量分别在317.06—398.56 mg/kg和0.82—1.38 mg/kg之间,土壤全磷和速效磷含量均属低水平;杉木林土壤全磷含量从7年生幼龄林到25a近熟林出现先升高后降低的规律,并且17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分分别增加了19.68%、15.75%,土壤有效磷含量17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分提高了45.55%左右;土壤磷素活化系数均小于2.0%,这表明本研究区土壤全磷向速效磷转化较难,土壤中磷素的有效性较低,但该值随着林分年龄的增加而出现增大的现象;无机磷含量分别为:7年生169.50 mg/kg、17年生182.03 mg/kg、25年生175.94 mg/kg,从幼龄林到中龄林增高,中龄林以后降低;土壤中无机磷组分以O-P含量最高,其次是Fe-P,Ca-P,Al-P最少;杉木不同生长发育阶段对无机磷形态的吸收是有选择性的,幼龄林到中龄林阶段林木以吸收Al-P为主,近熟林阶段林木以吸收Fe-P和Ca-P为主;有机磷含量在全磷所占比例随林龄的变化来看,杉木生长过程中有部分的有机磷矿化为无机磷。土壤不同形态磷的相关性分析结果显示,土壤有效磷与有机磷相关系数为0.667,呈极显著相关性,是研究区杉木人工林土壤有效磷的主要来源。     

Soil Carbon Accumulation During Temperate Forest Succession on Abandoned Low Productivity Agricultural Lands

Carbon sequestration in soils that have previously been depleted of organic matter due to agriculture is an important component of global strategies to mitigate rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Extensive areas of low productivity farmland have been abandoned from agriculture in eastern North America and elsewhere over the past century, and are naturally regenerating to temperate forests. We investigated the soil carbon sequestration potential of such lands by sampling adjacent mature forest and agricultural field sites, and replicated chronosequences of forest succession on Podzol, Brunisol, and Luvisol soil types that are considered ‘marginal’ for agriculture and have been abandoned extensively across southeastern Ontario, Canada. Total soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks to 10 cm depth were approximately 32% and 18% lower, respectively, in agricultural fields compared to mature forests. Furthermore, carbon stocks across our 100-year chronosequences increased most within the 0–5 cm soil depth interval, tended to increase within the 5–10 cm interval, and were unaltered within the 10–20 cm interval. Soil type had little effect on the potential magnitude or rates of soil carbon sequestration (~10 g C m^?2 y^?1 in the top 10 cm), perhaps because all sites shared a common vegetation successional pattern. Finally, our investigations of the ‘labile’ free-light carbon and nitrogen fractions in the Brunisol soil type indicated no increases across the chronosequence, implying that soil carbon accumulation was primarily in more recalcitrant pools. Our results indicate that each of these low productivity soil types can be moderate carbon sinks for a century following agricultural abandonment, and strongly suggest that time since abandonment is more important than soil type in determining the potential magnitude of carbon sequestration within this climatic region.     

不同林分土壤磷形态与磷酸酶特征

以湖南省平江县国有芦头林场的次生林以及经人工翻垦种植的油茶(Camellia oleifera)、黄桃(Amygdalus persica)、杨梅(Myrica rubra)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)四种人工林为研究对象,比较了不同林分土壤理化性质、磷酸酶活性与磷形态特征,分析了三者之间的相关性,探讨了次生林转变为人工林后,土壤磷形态和磷酸酶的变化特征以及驱动土壤磷素形态变化的关键因子。结果表明：(1)次生林土壤有机碳(SOC),全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)含量与磷酸酶活性显著高于其他四种林分。(2)五种林分中土壤残余磷(Residual-P)含量最高,是林地土壤主要的磷素存在形态。林分转变后,黄桃林与杉木林树脂提取态无机磷(Resin-Pi)显著增加,黄桃林与油茶林NaHCO₃提取态磷(NaHCO₃-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po)含量显著增加,而四种人工林的NaOH提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量均显著降低。可利用磷、中等可利用磷与稳定态磷...     

亚热带不同海拔黄山松林土壤磷组分及微生物特征

磷是亚热带地区植物生长必需的养分元素之一,海拔梯度可能会改变土壤-植物-微生物系统并影响土壤磷形态及有效性。了解不同海拔土壤磷组分状况,对维持山地森林生态系统可持续发展具有重要的意义。以戴云山地区不同海拔梯度(1300m和1600 m)黄山松林为研究对象,分析了土壤磷组分、微生物群落特征和磷酸酶活性。结果显示:海拔显著影响黄山松林土壤磷组分,与海拔1300 m相比,海拔1600 m处土壤总磷含量减少了48.4%—49.8%,且各磷组分(易分解态磷、中等易分解态磷和难分解态磷)含量也显著降低,淋溶层(A层)土壤的降低程度分别为45.7%、58.6%和38.7%,淀积层(B层)为82.6%、59.9%和31.1%。海拔对土壤微生物群落特征和酶活性亦有显著影响,各类微生物群落和总微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量(PLFAs),以及磷酸双酯酶(PD)活性均表现为海拔1600 m 1300 m,但酸性磷酸单酯酶(ACP)活性呈相反的趋势。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤磷组分主要受有机碳(SOC)调控,且SOC与有机磷组分(Na HCO3-Po和Na OH-Po)呈显著正相关;磷酸酶和外生菌根真菌(EMF)也是影响土壤磷组分变化的重要因素。研究表明,土壤有机质含量和微生物群落结构及功能的变化可能是不同海拔黄山松林土壤磷有效性的关键调控因素。