彩色多普勒超声联合血清β2-微球蛋白评估血管通路动静脉内瘘的临床价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析彩色多普勒超声联合血清β2-微球蛋白评估血管通路动静脉内瘘的临床价值。方法：选择2019年1月-2022年6月在本院进行建立动静脉内瘘的血液透析患者210例作为研究对象,所有患者都在造瘘术前1d、术后3个月进行彩色多普勒超声检查与血清β2-MG检测,判断血管通路状况并进行相关性分析。结果：210例患者术后3个月的头静脉、桡动脉、内瘘口的内径、血流速度、血流量都明显高于术前1 d（P<0.05）。210例患者术后3个月的血清β2-微球蛋白含量明显低于术前1 d（P<0.05）。210例患者经过手术判定为动静脉内瘘异常22例,占比10.5 %,其中吻合口狭窄10例、内瘘头静脉端闭塞6例、静脉段血栓2例、吻合口血栓2例、静脉段狭窄2例。Spearsman分析显示动静脉内瘘异常与内瘘口血流速度、头静脉血流量、桡动脉内径、血清β2-微球蛋白含量存在相关性（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示内瘘口血流速度、头静脉血流量、桡动脉内径、血清β2-微球蛋白含量为导致动静脉内瘘异常的重要因素（P<0.05）。结论：彩色多普勒超声可明确内瘘血流动力学和血管形态的变化,联合血清β2-微球蛋白检测可有效评估动静脉内瘘血管通路状况,监测内瘘使用功能与状态,为改善患者预后提供参考依据。     

尿毒症血液透析患者血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23与自体动静脉内瘘成熟不良的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨尿毒症血液透析患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2（Lp-PLA2）、成纤维细胞生长因子-23（FGF-23）与自体动静脉内瘘（AVF）成熟不良的关系。方法：选取2021年2月～2022年12月联勤保障部队第908医院肾内科收治的170例接受血液透析的尿毒症患者,根据AVF成熟情况分为成熟不良组57例和成熟组113例。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平。通过多因素Logistic回归分析尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平对尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的预测效能。结果：成熟不良组血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平高于成熟组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血磷、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、Lp-PLA2、FGF-23升高为尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平单独和联合预测尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.725、0.763、0.822,血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平联合预测的AUC最大。结论：尿毒症血液透析患者血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平升高与AVF成熟不良独立相关,血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平联合对AVF成熟不良的预测效能良好。     

维持性血液透析患者血清Irisin、MBL与炎症因子和动静脉内瘘血栓形成的关系研究

目的：探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血清鸢尾素（Irisin）、甘露糖结合凝集素（MBL）与炎症因子和动静脉内瘘（AVF）血栓形成的关系。方法：选取2021年1月～2022年10月石家庄市人民医院收治的125例MHD患者为MHD组,根据是否合并血栓形成分为血栓形成组41例和无血栓形成组84例,另选取我院同期85名体检健康者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清Irisin、MBL和炎症因子[白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]水平。通过Spearman相关性分析MHD患者血清Irisin、MBL与炎症因子水平的相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析MHD患者AVF血栓形成的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清Irisin、MBL对MHD患者AVF血栓形成的预测效能。结果：与对照组比较,MHD组血清Irisin水平降低,MBL、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平升高（P<0.05）。Spearman相关性分析显示,MHD患者血清Irisin与IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平呈负相关,MBL与IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平呈正相关...     

AVF与TCC血管通路在慢性肾衰竭患者中的血液透析效果比较及对炎性因子、营养水平和肾功能的影响

摘要 目的：探析自体动静脉内瘘（AVF）、带隧道带涤纶套透析导管（TCC）在慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者中的血液透析效果比较及对炎性因子、营养水平和肾功能的影响。方法：将2019年1月-2021年1月在安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院接受诊治的150例CRF患者纳入研讨,所有患者根据随机数字表法分为AVF组、TCC组两组,例数各为75例。观察两组血液透析效果并进行比较,对比两组炎性因子、营养水平和肾功能的变化情况,记录两组并发症发生情况。结果：AVF组透析6个月后尿素清除指数（KT/V）、尿素清除率（URR）高于TCC组（P<0.05）。AVF组透析6个月后白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）低于TCC组（P<0.05）。AVF组透析6个月后白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PAB）高于TCC组（P<0.05）。两组透析6个月后尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）较治疗前下降,且AVF组低于TCC组（P<0.05）。AVF组的并发症发生率低于TCC组（P<0.05）。结论：CRF患者采取AVF通路行血液透析治疗,临床效果较采取TCC通路更为显著,可有效改善患者肾功能,降低血液炎性因子水平,同时还可以降低并发症发生率,对机体营养状况的影响相对轻微,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对尿毒症血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的术前及术后监测效果分析

目的:探讨与分析彩色多普勒超声对尿毒症血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的术前及术后监测效果。方法:选择2017年2月至2019年5月在本院诊治的尿毒症血液透析并行自体动静脉内瘘的患者90例,在术前1-3 d与术后3个月进行超声监测,记录超声特征。记录患者术后内瘘失功、并发症发生情况并进行相关性分析。结果:所有患者都顺利完成自体动静脉内瘘;术后3个月患者自体动静脉内瘘在超声上表现为"u"或"v"形管状结构,表现为高速低阻动静脉瘘血流频谱,瘘口处彩色血流均显示为五彩镶嵌紊乱血流。术后3个月患者的头静脉与桡动脉内径、血流量都高于术前(P0.05)。90例患者术后3个月发生血栓形成2例、狭窄1例和静脉瘤样扩张4例,并发症发生率为7.8%。同时发生8例动静脉内瘘失功,发生率为8.9%;Pearson相关分析法显示术后动静脉内瘘失功、并发症发生情况与头静脉、桡动脉内径与血流量存在显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声应用于尿毒症血液透析患者及动静脉内瘘患者可监测内瘘血流动力学、血管形态学变化,能够客观评价内瘘失功与并发症发生情况。     

高压氧对透析用动静脉内瘘血液流量影响的观察

目的建立家兔颈动静脉内瘘(AVF)动物模型,观察高压氧(HBO)治疗对AVF血流量的影响。方法显微外科方法建立家兔颈总动静脉之间AVF模型32例,随机等分为实验组与对照组各16例,实验组给予HBO治疗,对照组不作任何治疗。于术后第2、8、15、22及29d采用彩色多普勒仪检测各组AVF血流情况。结果术后第15、22及29d,实验组的血流量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 HBO治疗可持续稳定AVF的血液流量,术后早期HBO治疗对AVF功能障碍有改善作用。     

彩色多普勒超声在血液透析动静脉内瘘功能评估及病变检测中的应用探究

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声在血液透析动静脉内瘘功能评估及病变检测中的应用价值。方法:选取2013年3月至2016年3月于我院接受血液透析的终末期肾病患者62例作为研究对象,采用二维超声观察动静脉内瘘的一般情况,采用彩色多普勒观察血流方向、速度以及充盈情况,对检测结果进行比较。结果:自体动静脉内瘘成形术后桡动脉管径(RAD)、桡动脉血流量(RVF)、头静脉管径(CVD)均较术前有所提高,各项指标随时间延长而逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。62例血液透析患者中,共有41例(66.13%)患者动静脉内瘘通畅,21例(33.87%)患者出现动静脉内瘘并发症,其中血栓形成9例(14.52%)、动静脉瘘狭窄7例(11.29%)以及静脉瘤状扩张5例(4.84%)。血栓形成组头静脉血管内径(D)、吻合口D、最大峰值流速(PSV)及血流阻力指数(RI)、桡动脉D、PSV及RI均较正常组有显著差异。血栓形成、动静脉瘘狭窄患者上述参数及血流量与正常组比较有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声可有效监测血液透析患者动静脉内瘘病变发生情况,对其结构功能进行直接观察的同时还可明确诊断动静脉内瘘并发症。     

全方位护理在血液透析患者动静脉内瘘失功中的应用研究

目的 探讨全方位护理在血液透析患者动静脉内瘘失功中的应用效果。方法 将2021年1～12月我院收治的60例血液透析动静脉内瘘患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组给予全方位护理干预,比较干预后两组动静脉内瘘失功发生率、焦虑与抑郁情况,以及躯体、角色、情感及社会功能评分。结果 观察组的动静脉内瘘失功发生率为3.33%(1/30),对照组为13.33%(4/30),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的SAS、SDS评分均低于对照组,躯体、角色、情感及社会功能评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 全方位护理干预能有效降低血液透析患者动静脉内瘘失功发生率,改善焦虑、抑郁情绪,提高生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术疗效及通畅率影响因素分析

摘要 目的：观察超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术疗效及通畅率的影响因素。方法：选择2018年6月-2020年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行超声引导下自体动静脉内瘘球囊扩张患者230例作为研究对象,根据患者术前血镁水平将患者为低镁血症组87例、正常及高镁血症组143例。分析患者一般人口学资料、术前实验室检查及超声记录指标,随访预后疗效。结果：手术技术成功率98.12 %,平均随访443±100天。两组术后3个月的血管内径与透析血流量高于术前,正常及高镁血症组高于低镁血症组（P<0.05）。术后3个月正常及高镁血症组的总有效率高于低镁血症组（P<0.05）。正常及高镁血症组术后3个月、6个月与1年的血管通畅率分别为90.9 %、77.62 %、67.83 %,明显高于低镁血症组的80.46 %、64.37 %、51.72 %（P<0.05）。COX多因素分析影响随访血管1年通畅率的因素主要为镁、血管内径、肱动脉血流量、年龄等（P<0.05）。结论：超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术对自体动静脉内瘘狭窄或血栓具有很好的效果,低镁血症、血管内径、肱动脉血流量是影响血管通畅率的重要因素。     

彩色多普勒超声对血液透析患者上肢动静脉内瘘成形术的观察与评价

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对血液透析患者上肢动静脉内瘘成形术的临床价值;方法:选取2012年1月至2015年8月期间在我院进行维持性血液透析的终末期肾病患者68例,采用彩色多普勒超声检测血液透析患者动静脉内瘘吻合的内径、狭窄程度等指标;结果:共行动静脉内瘘手术68例,成功65例,成功率为95.59%,失败3例,术后1-4个月随访,55例患者成功进行血液透析,成功率84.61%,10例发生一种或多种并发症。结论:彩色多普勒超声能够有效监测自体动静脉内瘘患者的血管通路情况,值得临床广泛应用。     

Gender differences in vascular access in hemodialysis patients in the United States: Developing strategies for improving access outcome

Background: Patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) require placement of permanent vascular access with the creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), an arteriovenous prosthetic graft (AVG), or a tunneled central venous catheter. AVFs provide greater long-term patency, fewer complications, and lower infection rates than do either AVGs or catheters. Despite these advantages, women continue to be underrepresented among AVF patients, possibly because of concerns about smaller vascular diameters and higher rates of early primary fistula failure in female HD patients. The numerous clinical benefits of AVF suggest that a greater effort should be made to promote AVF placement in women.Objective: This review analyzes risk factors for AVF failure in women and describes clinical strategies to improve AVF utilization and success for female HD patients.Methods: English-language publications were identified through a MEDLINE database search from January 1997 to March 2007, using the search terms arteriovenous fistula, vascular access, hemodialysis, female, and gender. Reference lists of identified articles were also reviewed.Results: There are significant benefits to using AVFs instead of AVGs or catheters in HD patients: greater long-term fistula patency, superior flow rates, and fewer complications. Vascular anatomical differences between the sexes contribute to the underutilization of AVF in women. AVF placement rates can be improved if patients and staff are adequately educated and provided with the tools to facilitate AVF placement. Noninvasive preoperative screening is important to identify superior access sites in women. Intraoperative monitoring of blood flow is a reliable predictor of early radiocephalic AVF patency. Routine postoperative vascular monitoring may improve overall success with AVF, and exercise may improve vascular diameter and may be even more beneficial for women, who may have smaller preoperative veins.Conclusions: Concerns about smaller vascular diameters and reports of higher failure rates in women may prevent nephrologists and surgeons from considering AVF for female HD patients. The numerous advantages associated with AVF suggest that a greater effort should be made to increase its utilization in women. With appropriate motivation, care, and diligence by treating clinicians, the success of AVFs in women can approach the good results typically expected in men.     

Patient-specific computational modeling of upper extremity arteriovenous fistula creation: its feasibility to support clinical decision-making

Introduction

Inadequate flow enhancement on the one hand, and excessive flow enhancement on the other hand, remain frequent complications of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation, and hamper hemodialysis therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease. In an effort to reduce these, a patient-specific computational model, capable of predicting postoperative flow, has been developed. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the patient-specific model and to investigate its feasibility to support decision-making in AVF surgery.

Methods

Patient-specific pulse wave propagation models were created for 25 patients awaiting AVF creation. Model input parameters were obtained from clinical measurements and literature. For every patient, a radiocephalic AVF, a brachiocephalic AVF, and a brachiobasilic AVF configuration were simulated and analyzed for their postoperative flow. The most distal configuration with a predicted flow between 400 and 1500 ml/min was considered the preferred location for AVF surgery. The suggestion of the model was compared to the choice of an experienced vascular surgeon. Furthermore, predicted flows were compared to measured postoperative flows.

Results

Taken into account the confidence interval (25^th and 75^th percentile interval), overlap between predicted and measured postoperative flows was observed in 70% of the patients. Differentiation between upper and lower arm configuration was similar in 76% of the patients, whereas discrimination between two upper arm AVF configurations was more difficult. In 3 patients the surgeon created an upper arm AVF, while model based predictions allowed for lower arm AVF creation, thereby preserving proximal vessels. In one patient early thrombosis in a radiocephalic AVF was observed which might have been indicated by the low predicted postoperative flow.

Conclusions

Postoperative flow can be predicted relatively accurately for multiple AVF configurations by using computational modeling. This model may therefore be considered a valuable additional tool in the preoperative work-up of patients awaiting AVF creation.     

Intraluminal Drug Delivery to the Mouse Arteriovenous Fistula Endothelium

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The simple murine AVF model was combined with intraluminal administration of drug solution to the venous endothelium at the same time as fistula creation. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The infra-renal aorta and IVC are dissected for clamping. After proximal and distal clamping, the puncture site is exposed and a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta and into the IVC. Immediately after the puncture, a reporter gene-expressing viral vector was infused in the IVC via the same needle, followed by 15 min of incubation. The intraluminal administration method enabled more robust viral gene delivery to the venous endothelium compared to administration by the external route. This novel method of delivery will facilitate studies that explore the role of the endothelium in AVF maturation and enable intraluminal drug delivery at the time of surgical operation.     

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.     

Regional and systemic hemodynamic responses following the creation of a murine arteriovenous fistula

The study of hemodynamic alterations following the creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is relevant to vascular adaptive responses and hemodialysis access dysfunction. This study examined such alterations in a murine AVF created by anastomosing the carotid artery to the jugular vein. AVF blood flow was markedly increased due to reduced AVF vascular resistance. Despite such markedly increased basal blood flow, AVF blood flow further increased in response to acetylcholine. This AVF model exhibited increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance; the kidney, in contrast, exhibited decreased blood flow and increased vascular resistance. Augmentation in AVF blood flow was attended by increased arterial heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein expression, the latter localized to smooth muscle cells of the AVF artery; AVF blood flow was substantially reduced in HO-1(-/-) mice compared with HO-1(+/+) mice. Finally, in a murine model of a representative disease known to exhibit impaired hemodynamic responses (sickle cell disease), the creation of an AVF was attended by decreased AVF flow and impaired AVF function. We conclude that this AVF model exhibits markedly increased AVF blood flow, a vasodilatory reserve capacity, increased cardiac output, decreased renal blood flow, and a dependency on intact hemodynamic responses, in general, and HO-1 expression, in particular, in achieving and maintaining AVF blood flow. We suggest that these findings support the utility of this model in investigating the basis for and the consequences of hemodynamic stress, including shear stress, and the pathobiology of hemodialysis AVF dysfunction.     

Wall shear stresses remain elevated in mature arteriovenous fistulas: a case study

Maintaining vascular access (VA) patency continues to be the greatest challenge for dialysis patients. VA dysfunction, primarily due to venous neointimal hyperplasia development and stenotic lesion formation, is mainly attributed to complex hemodynamics within the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The effect of VA creation and the subsequent geometrical remodeling on the hemodynamics and shear forces within a mature patient-specific AVF is investigated. A 3D reconstructed geometry of a healthy vein and a fully mature patient-specific AVF was developed from a series of 2D magnetic resonance image scans. A previously validated thresholding technique for region segmentation and lumen cross section contour creation was conducted in MIMICS 10.01, allowing for the creation of a 3D reconstructed geometry. The healthy vein and AVF computational models were built, subdivided, and meshed in GAMBIT 2.3. The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code FLUENT 6.3.2 (Fluent Inc., Lebanon, NH) was employed as the finite volume solver to determine the hemodynamics and shear forces within the healthy vein and patient-specific AVF. Geometrical alterations were evaluated and a CFD analysis was conducted. Substantial geometrical remodeling was observed, following VA creation with an increase in cross-sectional area, out of plane curvature (maximum angle of curvature in AVF=30?deg), and angle of blood flow entry. The mean flow velocity entering the vein of the AVF is dramatically increased. These factors result in complex three-dimensional hemodynamics within VA junction (VAJ) and efferent vein of the AVF. Complex flow patterns were observed and the maximum and mean wall shear stress (WSS) magnitudes are significantly elevated. Flow reversal was found within the VAJ and efferent vein. Extensive geometrical remodeling during AVF maturation does not restore physiological hemodynamics to the VAJ and venous conduit of the AVF, and high WSS and WSS gradients, and flow reversal persist. It is theorized that the vessel remodelling and the continued non-physiological hemodynamics within the AVF compound to result in stenotic lesion development.     

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.     

Should the Arteriovenous Fistula Be Created before Starting Dialysis?: A Decision Analytic Approach

Background

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is considered the vascular access of choice, but uncertainty exists about the optimal time for its creation in pre-dialysis patients. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal vascular access referral strategy for stage 4 (glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/1.73 m²) chronic kidney disease patients using a decision analytic framework.

Methods

A Markov model was created to compare two strategies: refer all stage 4 chronic kidney disease patients for an AVF versus wait until the patient starts dialysis. Data from published observational studies were used to estimate the probabilities used in the model. A Markov cohort analysis was used to determine the optimal strategy with life expectancy and quality adjusted life expectancy as the outcomes. Sensitivity analyses, including a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, were performed using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results

The wait strategy results in a higher life expectancy (66.6 versus 65.9 months) and quality adjusted life expectancy (38.9 versus 38.5 quality adjusted life months) than immediate AVF creation. It was robust across all the parameters except at higher rates of progression and lower rates of ischemic steal syndrome.

Conclusions

Early creation of an AVF, as recommended by most guidelines, may not be the preferred strategy in all pre-dialysis patients. Further research on cost implications and patient preferences for treatment options needs to be done before recommending early AVF creation.