疾病预防控制系统实验室生物安全柜的使用选择及应用

通过对安全柜的简要介绍及疾控工作的性质分析,达到对生物安全柜的正确认识及选用。避免疾控系统在选用生物安全柜过程中出现不足及过度的现象。     

生物-化学一体化装置处理生活污水的研究

经济的不断发展,城市化的进程不断加快,人们排放的生活污水也越来越多。如何处理大量的生活污水,成为了人们城市化建设中尤为关心的一个问题。在文中,对生物-化学一体化装置处理生活污水的操作工艺、技术要点、操作流程以及实际的应用效果进行了详细的阐述。通过试验研究结果可以发现,使用生物-化学一体化装置处理污水比使用一般的生化工艺操作在成本上能够降低大约30%,占地面积上大约减少70%,而且有良好的处理操作效果,处理后的污水符合国家相关的排放标准。在文中就是对这项装置在推广使用工作中的可行性进行了简单的分析和探讨。     

碱性离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氢氧化物催化地沟油制备生物柴油的研究

本研究合成了碱性离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氢氧化物,通过红外光谱和核磁共振检测与文献报道一致,以此离子液体为制备生物柴油的催化剂,发现具有很高的催化活性.在生物柴油的合成过程中,考察了离子液体的用量、醇与油物质的量比、反应温度和反应时间对酯交换反应的影响.结果显示,以地沟油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比8:1、反应温度70 ℃、反应时间110 min、催化剂用量为原料油质量的3.0 %.在此条件下, 脂肪酸甲酯转化率为95.7 %.由地沟油制备的生物柴油,其低温流动性能好,闪点高,除碘值较高外,其他主要性能符合0# 柴油标准,并且可以和0# 柴油进行调和使用.     

一种来源于红螺菌科细菌新型卤醇脱卤酶的克隆表达及其酶学性质鉴定

作为一类多功能生物催化剂,卤醇脱卤酶在手性β-取代醇和环氧化合物合成应用方面备受关注.目前催化功能较为清楚的卤醇脱卤酶不足40种,且绝大部分催化性能并不能满足科学研究和实际应用的要求,因此挖掘并鉴定更多的卤醇脱卤酶具有重要意义.本文克隆表达了来源于红螺菌科细菌Rhodospirillaceae bacterium中一个...     

商业界参与生物多样性主流化的进展、路径与建议

商业界在生物多样性主流化进程中发挥重要作用。本文概述了商业界对生物多样性的依赖和影响, 回顾了《生物多样性公约》与商业界有关的生物多样性主流化决定。对《2011-2020生物多样性战略计划》中4个主流化目标执行进展的分析表明, 加强商业界参与是对未来生物多样性行动提出更高要求的先决条件之一。文章梳理了4条加强商业界参与的全球路径, 包括提高认识, 引导资金流向, 完善报告体系和建立合作伙伴关系; 归纳出缺乏价值认知, 融资存在挑战, 需要更多技术方法支持和需要能力建设4个挑战。最后提出了促进商业界参与生物多样性主流化进程的建议, 包括加强生物多样性融资, 完善环境绩效体系, 加强科学支撑和建立多方协作机制。     

赖氨酸脱羧酶分子改造及固定化合成1,5-戊二胺研究进展

1,5-戊二胺又名尸胺,是一种重要的生物基聚酰胺生产原料,可以与二元羧酸缩合生成生物基聚酰胺PA5X,其性能可以与石油基聚酰胺材料媲美。生物基聚酰胺以可再生能源为底物,如淀粉、纤维素、植物油等,符合绿色可持续发展战略。1,5-戊二胺的生物合成主要包括微生物从头合成及全细胞催化两种方法,而赖氨酸脱羧酶是其生物合成中的关键酶,该酶主要包括诱导型赖氨酸脱羧酶CadA和组成型赖氨酸脱羧酶LdcC两种。赖氨酸脱羧酶是一种折叠型Ⅰ型磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal-5'' phosphate,PLP)依赖酶,但该酶在实际反应过程中易受环境因素影响,存在活性不高、结构不稳定等问题。因此,提高赖氨酸脱羧酶催化活性及稳定性成为该领域的研究热点,主要包括分子改造以及固定化研究。文中综述了赖氨酸脱羧酶的作用机理、分子改造技术及固定化策略的研究进展,并对未来进一步提升赖氨酸脱羧酶活性及稳定性策略进行了展望,旨在实现1,5-戊二胺的高效生物制备。     

两种检测生鲜乳中β-内酰胺酶方法的比较

采用Unisensor试剂盒法和杯碟法对22份来自不同奶站的生鲜乳中β-内酰胺酶进行了检测,指出了两种方法各自的优点和缺点。β-内酰胺酶检测过程中,两种方法应配合使用,简便、快捷的Unisensor试剂盒法可以做现场及快速检测,杯碟法可以对Unisensor试剂盒法的检测结果进行确证。     

高等植物对氨基酸态氮的吸收与利用研究进展

植物能够在不经矿化的情况下直接吸收利用环境中的分子态氨基酸.氨基酸作为植物和微生物的优良碳源和氮源,二者对其吸收存在着激烈竞争,氨基酸态氮来源广、半衰期短的特点使其具有巨大的流通量.运用氮同位素示踪方法研究氨基酸对植物的氮营养贡献一直是国内外学者研究的热点,对揭示土壤肥力本质具有重要意义.本文对不同生态系统中氨基酸形态特征、代谢机制及营养贡献进行了简要综述,分析了氨基酸态氮在植物-土壤-微生物系统中的循环机制及生物有效性等方面研究现状和发展趋势,并提出了土壤氨基酸生物有效性环境调控、氨基酸碳-氮代谢及提高农田生态系统有机氮管理等待解决的科学问题.     

气相色谱-质谱联用技术及其在代谢组学中的应用

代谢组学是以高通量、高灵敏度、高分辨率的现代仪器分析方法为手段,对细胞、体液、组织中所有代谢物进行无偏向的定性与定量分析的一门学科。气相色谱-质谱联用技术具有较高的检测灵敏度和鉴定准确度,通过标准谱图库的比对可对代谢物进行快速的鉴定,因此被广泛应用于生物样品的代谢产物的检测中。文中对近年来气相色谱-质谱联用技术的发展以及在代谢组学研究中取得的成果进行了综述。首先介绍了气相色谱-质谱联用技术的分类和常用的样品衍生化方法;继而从样品预处理、定性与定量分析、数据分析三方面介绍了气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析代谢物的方法,并系统地对该技术在微生物、植物、疾病诊断领域的应用实例进行了评述;最后提出了当前气相色谱-质谱联用技术在代谢组学研究中存在的问题并对后续的研究进行了展望。     

植物β-胡萝卜素羟化酶研究进展

-β胡萝卜素羟化酶是植物类胡萝卜素合成代谢中的关键酶,它催化了植物中β-胡萝卜素经中间产物β-隐黄素合成玉米黄素的过程。β-胡萝卜素羟化酶广泛存在于植物、蓝藻和细菌等生物中,其基因在植物中成对出现,在原核生物中则处于基因簇内。该酶是一种非血红素双铁单加氧酶,分子中有富含组氨酸的模体。多种生物的β-羟化酶基因已被克隆并分别在细菌、蓝藻或植物中表达。玉米黄素能帮助植物抵御胁迫环境,β-隐黄素对癌症等人类疾病有抑制作用。采用基因工程手段改造β-羟化酶基因,将为培养高抗逆性作物和大规模生产β-隐黄素提供新途径。     

Modified Laminar Flow Biological Safety Cabinet

Tests are reported on a modified laminar flow biological safety cabinet in which the return air plenum that conducts air from the work area to the high efficiency particulate air filters is under negative pressure. Freon gas released inside the cabinet could not be detected outside by a freon gas detection method capable of detecting 10(-6) cc/s. When T3 bacteriophage was aerosolized 5 cm outside the front opening in 11 tests, no phage could be detected inside the cabinet with the motor-filter unit in operation. An average of 2.8 x 10(5) plaque-forming units (PFU)/ft(3) (ca. 0.028 m(3)) were detected with the motor-filter unit not in operation, a penetration of 0.0%. Aerosolization 5 cm inside the cabinet yielded an average of 10 PFU/ft(3) outside the cabinet with the motor-filter unit in operation and an average of 4.1 x 10(5) PFU/ft(3) with the motor-filter unit not in operation, a penetration of 0.002%. These values are the same order of effectiveness as the positive-pressure laminar flow biological safety cabinets previously tested. The advantages of the negative-pressure return plenum design include: (i) assurance that if cracks or leaks develop in the plenum it will not lead to discharge of contaminated air into the laboratory; and (ii) the price is lower due to reduced manufacturing costs.     

Influence of crossdrafts on the performance of a biological safety cabinet.

A biological safety cabinet was tested to determine the effect of crossdrafts (such as those created by normal laboratory activity or ventilation) upon the ability of the cabinet to protect both experiments and investigators. A simple crossdraft, controllable from 50 to 200 feet per min (fpm; 15.24 to 60.96 m/min), was created across the face of the unit. Modifications of standardized procedures involving controlled bacterial aerosol challenges provided stringent test conditions. Results indicated that, as the crossflow velocities exceeded 100 fpm, the ability of the cabinet to protect either experiments or investigators decreased logarithmically with increasing crossdraft speed. Because 100 fpm is an airspeed easily achieved by some air conditioning and heating vents (open windows and doorways may create velocities far in excess of 200 fpm), the proper placement of a biological safety cabinet within the laboratory--away from such disruptive air currents--is essential to satisfactory cabinet performance.     

Influence of crossdrafts on the performance of a biological safety cabinet.

A biological safety cabinet was tested to determine the effect of crossdrafts (such as those created by normal laboratory activity or ventilation) upon the ability of the cabinet to protect both experiments and investigators. A simple crossdraft, controllable from 50 to 200 feet per min (fpm; 15.24 to 60.96 m/min), was created across the face of the unit. Modifications of standardized procedures involving controlled bacterial aerosol challenges provided stringent test conditions. Results indicated that, as the crossflow velocities exceeded 100 fpm, the ability of the cabinet to protect either experiments or investigators decreased logarithmically with increasing crossdraft speed. Because 100 fpm is an airspeed easily achieved by some air conditioning and heating vents (open windows and doorways may create velocities far in excess of 200 fpm), the proper placement of a biological safety cabinet within the laboratory--away from such disruptive air currents--is essential to satisfactory cabinet performance.     

Formaldehyde degradation by catalytic oxidation.

Formaldehyde used for the disinfection of a laminar-flow biological safety cabinet was oxidatively degraded by using a catalyst. This technique reduced the formaldehyde concentration in the cabinet from about 5,000 to about 45 mg/m3 in 8 h. This technique should prove useful in other applications.     

Continued successful operation of open-fronted microbiological safety cabinets in a force-ventilated laboratory.

The considerable refinements necessary to enable Class I and II microbiological safety cabinets to operate in a force-ventilated laboratory and to meet appropriate safety criteria have been reported previously. The continued successful operation of such cabinets without a deterioration of operator protection is described. The performance of two Class II units, one meeting and one failing the current British Standard applied to four head KI-discus testing, is compared and discussed. In addition, some further potential difficulties within the environment, which could compromise cabinet containment, are highlighted.     

Biological Containment Facility for Studying Infectious Disease

To effectively characterize newly recognized viruses (Marburg, Lassa, etc.) and to study other highly virulent infections for which no effective prophylaxis or therapy exists, special containment facilities must be utilized and conventional techniques modified to minimize risk to laboratory personnel. This paper describes a laboratory suite for such studies, contained within a larger research facility; two separate biological safety cabinet systems, animal rooms support laboratories, change room facilities, shower, air lock, and other safety features are contained in the area. Details of design, construction, airflows, and equipment are described in addition to a discussion of operation, techniques, and modification of laboratory equipment utilized in actual studies.     

Continued successful operation of open-fronted microbiological safety cabinets in a force-ventilated laboratory

R.W. OSBORNE AND T.A. DURKIN. 1991. The considerable refinements necessary to enable Class I and II microbiological safety cabinets to operate in a force-ventilated laboratory and to meet appropriate safety criteria have been reported previously. The continued successful operation of such cabinets without a deterioration of operator protection is described. The performance of two Class II units, one meeting and one failing the current British Standard applied to four head KI-Discus testing, is compared and discussed. In addition, some further potential difficulties within the environment, which could compromise cabinet containment, are highlighted.     

一种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料生物安全性评价

目的：初步评价一种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料的生物安全性。方法：按照国标GBl6886．5-1997,医药行业标准YY／T0268-2001、YY／T0279—1995、以及YY/T0244—1996所规定的方法对本院材料科新研制的复合树脂粘按材料的生物安全性进行评价,内容包括短期急性全身毒性试验,粘膜刺激实验,细胞毒性试验。结果：此种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料无细胞毒性,无短期全身毒性,对口腔黏膜无刺激。结论：此种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料具有良好的生物安全性,可以进行进一步安全性检测。     

Microbiological evaluation of a biological safety cabinet modified for bedding disposal

A biological safety cabinet modified for bedding disposal was tested to determine the cabinet's ability to protect operators and experiments from aerosol exposure during routine microbiological and cage cleaning procedures. Stringent test conditions were provided by modifications of standardized protocols in addition to simulated cage dumping procedures, both of which utilized bacterial aerosols as challenges. Results of standardized test procedures (with no operator present) indicated good performance in protecting both operators and experiments. Procedures involving the dumping (by an operator) of contaminated bedding within the unit showed that the cabinet was able to contain 99.96% or greater of the total particles generated.     

Biological safety in virological field with special considerations on class II biological safety cabinets

The most critical point for the biosafety is not sophisticated devices or facilities, but education of workers and their compliance to the regulation. Appropriate devices should be carefully selected in the introduction of new devices, and they should be properly maintained. The class II biosafety cabinet is one of the delicate safety equipments. It should be kept adequately maintained throughout the lifetime of the cabinet to insure safety of the laboratory. For the maintenance, appropriate measuring equipments should be used by trained technicians. The recently enforced law for control of recombinant DNA researches should be applied for the handling of pathogens even in non-recombinant DNA researches after proper modifications.