农林复合系统种间关系研究进展

种间相互作用在很大程度上决定了农林复合系统的生产力和可持续性,理解种间相互作用是经营和管理农林复合系统的关键。地上部分相互作用主要包括复合系统组分对光的竞争与互利、小气候的改变对系统生产力的影响;地下部分相互作用主要包括复合系统组分对水分和养分资源的竞争与互利、固氮树种对系统生产力的影响以及化感作用。今后需加强不同立地条件下的不同农林复合系统种间关系的比较、农林复合系统组分的空间分布格局、化感作用以及农林复合系统种间关系模型等研究。     

农林复合系统固碳潜力研究进展

农林复合系统是解决当前资源枯竭、农林用地紧张和实现环境保护的一种可持续土壤管理模式。自《京都议定书》签订以来, 农林复合系统因其较高的固碳潜力引起了科学家的广泛关注。深入理解农林复合系统的固碳过程及其对气候变化、环境条件的改变和管理措施的响应, 是准确地预测农林复合系统在全球变化情景下固碳潜力的关键。该文综述了农林复合系统的概念和分类, 探讨了农林复合系统相比单一系统的固碳潜力及固碳机理, 分析了农林复合系统固碳潜力的测定方法和当前面临的挑战, 综述了气候因子、环境条件和人为管理措施对农林复合系统固碳潜力的影响。我国农林复合系统的固碳潜力相比全球其他区域还处于较低水平, 为提高我国农林复合系统的固碳潜力, 未来需要加强以下四个方面的工作: 扩大农林复合系统的分布面积、加强农林复合系统的合理配置和管理、选择适宜的物种组合和优化系统的群体结构。     

三峡库区农林复合生态系统的效益评价

在对三峡库区农林复合生态系统大面积调查和定点测试的基础上,根据生态学原理和生态经济学原理,采用层次分析法（AH）,根据对农林复合生态系统的生物量和生产力,物质流,能量流,价值流,土地利用等系统研究的结果,对三峡库区分布面积较大的4种农林复合生态系统从经济效益,生态效益,社会效益及综合效益方面进行了评价,并与农田生态系统进行了对比研究。这一研究结果将为科学合理地利用三峡库区土地资源,生物资源和气候资源提供重要的科学依据,为保护和改善三峡库区的生态环境,解决农村移民就地安置部分的生态问题及提高农村的经济发展水平提供理论基础。     

山地小气候模拟研究进展

山地气候是最为复杂的气候类型之一,加上观测点少,气象资料比较缺乏,研究的难度很大,采用模型模拟的方法对山地气候进行研究是气象和生态学的交叉领域,得到气象和生态学者的广泛重视.目前,山地小气候模型模拟已得到很大的发展,作者从温度、降水、湿度、太阳辐射和风场5个方面综述了国内外在这方面的研究进展1)温度场的模拟主要是以分离-综合法改进后的多元回归法为主;2)降水模拟的方法主要有地形因子相关法(又可分为单要素、双要素、三要素和多要素)和趋势面法;3)关于湿度,一般气象站只观测水汽压和相对湿度,但一般的生态系统模型却是以水气压饱和差来表征湿度的,用湿度-辐射循环法模拟;4)太阳辐射的模拟很复杂,主要以直接辐射、散射辐射、反射辐射和总辐射分别来模拟;5)风场主要模拟方法有诊断方法和预报方法.以上对山地小气候的模型模拟总的特点为区域性强、经验性大、普适性(理论性)差.同时,我们根据实际研究工作,展望了未来山地气候中小尺度模拟研究的两个侧重点1) 今后要综合、动态地模拟山地小气候系统,用现代理论尤其是非线性理论来研究山地气候,以加强理论方面的研究;2) 加强对先进技术(例如GIS、RS等)的吸收利用.     

玉米大豆对农林复合系统小气候的光合响应

对黄土区核桃(Juglans regia L.)-(玉米+大豆)、李子(Prunus salicina)-(玉米+大豆)农林复合系统小气候效应的研究表明,在玉米和大豆的花期,农林间作系统与对照地相比可以降低农田地面温度1.7-1.9℃,减低风速55%-67%,提高相对湿度6.9%-8.4%,降低光合有效辐射强度13.9%-24.5%和大气CO2浓度5.3-10.9μmol.mol-1。本研究中,单作大豆叶片光合速率午间变化主要受到非气孔的限制作用。逐步回归分析结果表明,光合有效辐射强度和大气CO2浓度是影响林下作物光合速率的主要环境因子。林下小气候可能是作物避免"午休"现象的主要原因。     

物种多样性与人工生态系统稳定性探讨

通过40余年对人工群落的长期研究,探讨了一层一种的传统橡胶及茶树种植园,两层两种的橡胶-茶叶、橡胶-咖啡人工群落,三层三种的橡胶-萝芙木-千年健人工群落以及多层多种(5个层次100余种经济植物)的人工雨林的不同结构．从生物量、生产力及经济生产力,对群落环境(小气候、土壤等)的保护及改善能力和对自然灾害(如寒害、风害等)的抵抗力3个方面,比较了单一结构与复合结构在3个系统功能上的差异．结果表明,随着种类增加,层次复杂加大,系统在生物量及生产力上均有明显增加;小气候中随着结构的复杂化加大,相对湿度也随着增加,最高温度降低,最低温度升高,风速减少,土壤流失明显减少,对低温风害的抵抗力加强,表明人工生态系统结构明显影响了系统稳定性．     

混农林生态系统服务研究进展

混农林产业是兼顾生态环境修复、土壤资源可持续利用与社会经济效益共赢的生态治理衍生产业,将生态系统服务与混农林实践相结合既是全球生态系统服务研究的主要前沿之一,也是推进石漠化治理向生态产业振兴与生态系统服务提升融合阶段转变的具体路径。研究系统回顾了混农林生态系统服务的研究进展与特征,揭示了混农林生态系统服务与喀斯特地区产业振兴的内在关系,从混农林生态系统服务认知、评估与决策三个层面探讨了喀斯特地区产业振兴的方向,强调未来喀斯特地区应围绕混农林生态系统服务的级联机理、供需关系、权衡协同及影响因素等层面为混农林产业振兴提供决策支撑,进而更好地服务于喀斯特地区以巩固石漠化治理成效,提升生态系统服务,助力乡村振兴。     

林网保护区冬小麦生长过程的数值模拟

给出了一个模拟冬小麦生长过程的产量生态学模式,并对黄淮海平原林网保护区冬小麦的生长过程进行了数值模拟.模型输出变量包括作物的叶面积指数,根、茎、叶、籽等地上和地下器官生物量,以及与作物生长密切相关的土壤水分变化情况、作物水分利用率、光合/呼吸效率等生理生态因子.结果表明,由于林网地区小气候条件的改善,使得农林复合系统较之单作农田有更强的抗旱能力,在干旱的1994年,林网保护下的农林复合系统生产力较单作农田提高11.6%左右.模式输出的小麦地上部分生物量与生长监测资料十分一致.     

我国特产资源可持续发展支撑体系的构建

本文从我国特产资源可持续发展体系角度,提出从理论研究体系、应用技术体系及信息网络体系三方面构建我国农林特产可持续发展的支撑体系,并初步论述了三个体系的构建框架。     

根系间的相互作用——竞争与互利

植物根系间的相互作用分为竞争和互利两种形式 ,它是决定植物群落动态变化和群落结构的重要因素。根系间的竞争包括植株个体自身根系的竞争以及个体与个体根系间 (同种或异种 )的竞争两方面 ,前者的发生在农林系统中是不可避免的并且很难调控 ,后者可以分为种间植物根系的竞争和种内植物根系的竞争。还阐述了根系的竞争能力和与其密切相关的根系生长率、根组织的新陈代谢、植物的生长形式和根系的空间结构等植物特性 ,同时介绍了根系对水和养分的竞争机理、形式、影响以及竞争强度计算方法。接着具体分析包括根系错位在内的各种根系互利现象和相关机理。影响根系间相互作用的限制性因子有土壤营养的异质性、大气 CO2 浓度、地下草食生物、根系生产力和生物量、根系结构、形态和生理调节、土壤养分的扩散性以及植物间距等。随着科技的进步和各门学科的发展 ,未来根系的研究方向主要体现在结合实践优化农林系统中不同物种间的作用关系、预测根系竞争在全球气候变化下的发展规律、更新实验研究方法及手段研究作用机理等 3个方面。     

Possibilities for agroforestry development in Bulgaria: Outlooks and limitations

Current conditions in Bulgaria are favorable for the development of agroforestry due to socio-economic incentives and environmental necessities. As a scientific theory and practice, agroforestry is less familiar than other farming systems in Bulgaria. Hence, to ensure successful agroforestry development in Bulgaria, four necessary movements (or collective national ‘moments’) are described here: (1) wide-scale popularization of agroforesty's fundamental tenets, including its nature as a production system, types of agroforestry systems, structural components, methods for design, construction, maintenance and management, advantages and disadvantages and possible applications in Bulgaria; (2) a comprehensive research program on agroforestry, in areas such as high-tech selection of plant and animal species suitable for agroforestry technologies (including cultivation of lesser-known indigenous species that may be better suited to local conditions), studies of how to balance the biophysical interactions of agroforestry species to optimize and conserve natural recourses (e.g., sunlight, soil, water, microclimate), knowledge of best cultural practices (e.g., fertilization, irrigation, IPM) and economic analyses of various agroforestry systems; (3) education and preparation of interdisciplinary specialists for the development of this new economic direction; (4) realization of government policies to enhance and encourage the development of agroforestry in ways that are economically appropriate for the nation. These policies should include long-term development strategies, national and regional program plans and structures, financial incentives (loans, subsidies, tax reductions, ensuring production sales, awards, etc.) and establishment of agroforestry demonstration sites.     

Predator–prey ratios on cocoa along a land-use gradient in Indonesia

Tropical landscapes are dominated by agroecosystems, but the potential value of agroecosystems for the survival of species is often overlooked. In agroecosystems, species conservation is especially important when functional groups such as predators are affected. In Central Sulawesi, we sampled arthropods on cocoa in a gradient of land-use intensity from extensively used forest gardens to intensively used agroforestry systems. The abundance and diversity of all arthropods did not correlate with land-use intensity, so human impact was not followed by high species losses. However, the number of species and abundance of the phytophagous arthropods increased and that of the entomophagous arthropods decreased with land-use intensity. The reduced predator–prey ratio in intensified systems can be related to their reduced species richness of shade trees and the changed microclimate (increased temperature, decreased humidity and canopy cover). In conclusion, transformation of traditional into intensified agroforestry systems had a great impact on arthropod community structure on cocoa. Since predator–prey ratios decreased with increasing land-use intensity, local farmers should have least pest problems in the traditionally diversified agroforestry systems.     

A systematic map of ecosystem services assessments around European agroforestry

Agroforestry offers proven strategies as an environmentally benign and ecologically sustainable land management practice to promote ecosystem services. In this literature review, we systematically consider the agroforestry and ecosystem services literature with the aim to identify and catalogue the knowledge field and provide the first systematic synthesis of ecosystem services research in relation to European agroforestry. We reviewed 71 scientific publications from studies conducted in farmland and forest ecosystems with various types of agroforestry management. Each publication was systematically characterized and classified by agroforestry practice and research approach in order to provide an insight into the current research state in addressing ecosystem services (including methods, indicators, and approaches). Spatial distribution of the case study sites in Europe was also explored. In addition, typical clusters of similar research approaches were identified.The results show that ecosystem service assessment of European agroforestry is currently focused on the spatially extensive wood pastures in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Continental agricultural mosaic landscapes. A specific emphasis has been on regulating, supporting, and provisioning services, such as provision of habitat and biodiversity, food, climate regulation, fibre, and fuel, and the consideration of cultural services has been largely limited to aesthetic value. There is a bias to biophysical and monetary research approaches. The majority of the studies focus on quantitative methods and biophysical field measurements addressing the assessment of only one or two services. Monetary approaches have been applied in less than one fifth of the studies but form a distinctive group.Our results highlight gaps and biases in the ecosystem service research agenda within agroforestry based on which we conclude that research should aim to diversify from the biophysical and monetary approaches, towards a wider variety of approaches, especially socio-cultural, and a wider coverage of ecosystem services. Stronger consideration of stakeholder participation and introduction of spatially explicit mapping are also important key actions. We make suggestions to advance the promise of ecosystem services provision from European agroforestry in decision making including various actors, stakeholders, and institutions, with strong links to policy processes, such as the EU Biodiversity Strategy and Common Agricultural Policy.     

三峡库区移民安置区生态农业发展模式的研究

就三峡库区农用土地的分布、开发方式、存在问题、生态农业发展模式等方面进行了初步的探讨．在分析三峡库区现已开发的农用土地存在着地力衰退、生产力低、自然灾害频繁及生态环境恶化等问题的基础上,从人与自然相协调的角度,提出了建立农林复合生态系统、木本粮油型、农林牧复合型、农林牧渔复合型的发展模式的思路和建议．     

西双版纳地区不同胶农(林)复合系统的植物水分利用效率比较

当前,西双版纳地区大面积橡胶单一种植林已引发了诸多的生态环境问题,为解决这些问题同时协调当地的经济发展,农林复合系统被生态学者们认为是最好的解决办法。然而目前关于不同间作模式下橡胶树水分利用效率研究还很少。因此,于2013－2014年的雨季中期(8月)和末期(11月)、雾凉季(1月)、干热季(3月),分别测定了中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园内四种不同胶农(林)复合系统(橡胶—叶茶、橡胶—咖啡、橡胶—大叶千斤拔、橡胶—可可复合系统)及单层橡胶林的土壤含水量、橡胶树及其林下间作植物的枝条凌晨水势和正午水势,以及它们植物叶片的δ13 C值,分析了各胶农(林)复合系统内橡胶树的水分利用效率,以期遴选出水分关系配置合理的复合橡胶林栽培模式,为环境友好型橡胶种植林的建设和推广提供相关的参考依据和理论支持。结果表明：除橡胶—可可复合系统以外,其余胶农(林)复合系统内的橡胶树水分利用效率值均高于单层橡胶林;橡胶—大叶千斤拔复合系统的土壤含水量显著高于其它复合系统;橡胶—叶茶复合系统的土壤含水量虽然低于橡胶—大叶千斤拔复合系统,但其最为稳定、季节变化小;橡胶—咖啡复合系统的水分利用效率最高最稳定,即使受到寒害也没有引起明显变化;而橡胶—可可复合系统的作用不明显,所有特征都与单层橡胶林相似。这表明除了橡胶—可可复合系统外,其他3种胶农(林)复合系统都显著地缓解了橡胶树在旱季所遭受的水分胁迫,同时也能有效地抵御突发性天气灾害。     

Responses of slug numbers and slug damage to crops in a silvoarable agroforestry landscape

1. Alternative farming practices such as set-aside and agroforestry are likely to be of continuing interest to European agriculture but may have associated problems, such as increased populations of crop pests such as slugs.
2. A silvoarable agroforestry experiment has been in progress since 1987 at Leeds University Farms at Bramham, West Yorkshire, UK. It consists of four replicate blocks, each with rows of trees separating alleys of arable crops; all four blocks have their own arable control areas in adjacent fields.
3. Pitfall trap catches within the experiment indicate that the slug population increased over the period 1991–94. The increase was greatest, and most consistent, within the tree rows in the agroforestry blocks. The increase was slower and less consistent in the arable controls and the arable areas within the agroforestry blocks.
4. In spring 1994, the slugs in each of the treatments in the agroforestry experimental area were sampled using pipe traps, refuge traps and pitfall traps. The number and diversity of slugs were highest in the grassed understorey beneath the rows of trees and significantly higher in the alleys between the rows of trees than in the arable control areas.
5. The levels of slug damage to a pea crop were assessed by surveys that recorded the number of emerging plants and the number of damaged leaves per plant. There were significant correlations between the number of slugs caught and the damage to the crop by slugs. It is concluded that slugs have the potential to be important pests of some crops in silvoarable agroforestry landscapes and that this could influence the choice of crops for this type of farming.
6. Major conclusions are emboldened in the Discussion.     

Simultaneously protecting the environment and its residents: The need to incorporate agroforestry principles into the ecological projects of China

To mitigate severe environmental problems, the Chinese government introduced many ecological projects in degraded regions in the past 20 years. At the same time, ecological projects occupied cultivated croplands and thus, the income of local residents was significantly affected. From the perspective of both economic and ecological benefits, converting the current land use system into agroforestry systems is suggested in this study. Through a scientific design, an agroforestry system will be capable of supplying considerable output to residents in the land conversion region. In addition, the government should create an appropriate subsidy system, stable market environment, and free agricultural training services to help farmers. Amidst the increasing population and limiting cropland expansion globally, agroforestry is an answer to problems related to achieving the aims of sustainable development in China and other developing countries.     

Allelopathic Interactions in Agroforestry Systems

Agroforestry is a modern tool to develop sustainable land use and to increase food production by growing woody species (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) with agricultural crops and/or animals in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. Because these species co-exist with the agricultural crops, their allelopathic compatibility may be crucial to determine the success of an agroforestry system. A survey of the available information reveals that most of the agroforestry species (AF species) have negative allelopathic effects on food and fodder crops. Therefore, it is desirable to do further research in this direction so that AF species with no or positive allelopathic effects on the companion crops may be promoted for agroforestry programs. As AF species remain a part of the agroecosystem for a longer period, and most of them produce a large amount of leaves and litter, their allelochemicals may play an important role in developing an eco-friendly pest management strategy. Besides these generally studied aspects of allelopathy, some comparatively newer aspects of research have been identified, such as evaluation of qualitative yield of agroforestry systems, selective behavior of the allelochemicals, effect on soil quality, and the role of tree allelochemicals in animal and human nutrition. If given due consideration, allelopathy could play a pivotal role in conservation of the highly threatened environment, biodiversity, natural resource base, and making agriculture more sustainable through broadening the scope of agroforestry.     

影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。