虾池常见微藻的光照强度、温度和盐度适应性

通过Smith生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数分析了虾池常见微藻种群(啮蚀隐藻、新月菱形藻、微绿球藻和蛋白核小球藻)在光照强度、温度和盐度资源上的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征.结果表明:新月菱形藻和蛋白核小球藻具有较大的生态位宽度值,啮蚀隐藻和微绿球藻的生态位宽度值则相对较小.蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻在光照强度、温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值均为最大,啮蚀隐藻在各资源与其他微藻的重叠值最小.新月菱形藻与蛋白核小球藻适应光照强度的范围较广.当水温达16.9℃,可定向培育新月菱形藻;当水温达25℃,可定向培育新月菱形藻和啮蚀隐藻;当水温达30℃时,可定向培育新月菱形藻、蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻.养殖水体盐度处于9～26,可引入蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻;处于9～17.5,应引入啮蚀隐藻;高盐水体,应引入新月菱形藻.蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻在光照强度、温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值均为最大,因此微藻定向培育,不可同时引入蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻.     

广东湛江地区几种海洋微藻中的脂肪酸检测

本文检测了广东湛江地区6种典型的海洋经济微藻中绿藻纲的微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)和小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、金藻纲的湛江等鞭金藻     

三种微藻对城市二级出水脱氮除磷作用的研究

利用污水培养微藻可去除废水中的氮、磷污染物, 又可以实现生物质生产的耦合。以城市二级出水做为培养基, 选取了小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、栅藻( Scenedesmus sp.)、螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)为实验藻种, 考察3种微藻的生长特性和脱氮除磷的能力。结果表明, 所选的藻种在模拟二级出水中都能较好生长, 其中栅藻的生物量高于小球藻和螺旋藻, 最大生物量分别为0.328 g·L-1、0.264 g·L-1、0.192 g·L-1, 比生长速率为0.226 d-1、0.213 d-1、0.197 d-1。栅藻的油脂产量达97.35 mg·L-1, 高于其他两种微藻。3种微藻对模拟二级出水都具有较好的脱氮除磷效能, TP的去除率达到90%以上, TN的去除率达到80%以上。实验结果表明利用3种微藻均可达到对二级出水的深度脱氮除磷和生物质的富集。     

富油能源微藻的筛选及产油性能评价

为了筛选具有产油潜力的能源微藻,以实验室保藏的20株淡水和海洋微藻(绿藻门18株,真眼点藻纲1株,硅藻纲1株)为研究对象,利用光径为3 cm柱状光生物反应器通气分批培养,通过测定微藻培养物的生物量和总脂含量等指标,从中筛选生长速度快、生物量和总脂含量高的微藻。结果表明:20株微藻的生物量和总脂含量分别在1.81~7.88g/L和16.0%~55.9% dw(% Dry weight)之间,筛选得到具有产油潜力的微藻9株,分别是栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.)(6.34g/L,55.9% dw)、麻织绿球藻(Chlorococcum tatrense)(5.93g/L,46.9% dw)、眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)(7.88g/L,35.0% dw)、油面绿球藻(Chlorococcum oleofaciens)(5.58g/L,45.9% dw)、多形拟绿球藻(Pseudochlorococcum polymorphum)(6.10g/L,40.0% dw)、八月衣藻(Chlamydomonas augustae)(5.78g/L,40.5% dw)、椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)(5.56g/L,40.7%dw)、椭圆绿球藻(Chlorococcum ellipsoideum)(5.41g/L,38.0% dw)、雪绿球藻(Chlorococcum nivale)(5.55g/L,36.3% dw),其中最具产业化潜力的微藻为栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.),其总脂收获量和单位体积总脂产率分别为3.5 g/L和218.7mg/L·d。     

单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)和月牙藻(Selenastrumsp.)的培养条件及其细胞组成

从海滨的淡水池沼中分离得到单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)和月牙藻(Selenastrum sp.),分别研究了温度、光照强度、盐度对2种微藻生长繁殖的影响,分析了2种微藻的细胞组成、脂肪酸组成及盐度对2种微藻脂肪积累的影响.结果表明:单生卵囊藻和月牙藻的适宜生长温度分别为35.9℃～40.5℃和29.7℃～32.8℃;单生卵囊藻和月牙藻的适宜光照强度分别为46～70μmol · m-2·s-1和17 ～54 μmol·m-2·s-1;单生卵囊藻在淡水培养液中生长最好,月牙藻在盐度为2的半成水培养液中生长最好;在适宜培养条件下,单生卵囊藻细胞蛋白、总糖和总脂肪分别为27.61％、22.00％和3.84％;月牙藻细胞的蛋白、总糖和总脂肪分别为28.06％、21.99％和12.53％;单生卵囊藻的脂肪酸组成中含有丰富的18∶3n3;月牙藻的脂肪酸组成中含有DHA;盐度影响2种微藻的总脂肪含量;单生卵囊藻和月牙藻分别在盐度4和10的半咸水培养液中细胞总脂含量最高.     

6种微藻对氯霉素和硫酸新霉素敏感性研究

目的:探讨3种真眼点藻(点状魏氏藻(Visderia punctata)、波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos polyphem)、魏氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos vischeri))和3种绿藻(栅藻(Scnedesmus sp.)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqulis)、爪哇栅藻(Scenedesmus jaoaensis))对2种抗生素的敏感性.方法:采用藻液细胞计数法和藻细胞固体平板培养法研究了氯霉素和硫酸新霉素对6种微藻生长的影响.结果:液体培养,3种绿藻对氯霉素敏感性均高于硫酸新霉素,10μg·mL-1氯霉素即可明显抑制3种绿藻的生长(P＜0.05),而硫酸新霉素在浓度为200 μg·mL-1时才显示出明显抑制作用:3种真眼点藻对2种抗生素都不敏感.固体培养,除波氏真眼点藻外,其它5种微藻对氯霉素的致死浓度均为50μg·mL-1;波氏真眼点藻、栅藻、斜生栅藻和爪哇栅藻对硫酸新霉素的致死浓度分别为100 μg·mL-1、200μg· mL-1、50μg·mL-1和50μg·mL-1.结论:氯霉素可作为选育6种微藻抗性突变株的筛选剂.     

虾池常见微藻种群温度、盐度和氮、磷含量生态位

就温度、盐度、氮磷含量设计试验,对4种虾池常见微藻种群新月菱形藻、啮蚀隐藻、微绿球藻、蛋白核小球藻的生态位进行研究.结果显示：啮蚀隐藻在温度和盐度资源上的生态位宽度值最大,分别达0.980和0.988,新月菱形藻在氮、磷含量资源上的生态位宽度值最大,达0.990,蛋白核小球藻在各资源的生态位宽度值均最小,平均只有0.926;啮蚀隐藻与蛋白核小球藻在温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值最小,分别为0.809和0.702,啮蚀隐藻与新月菱形藻在氮、磷含量资源上的生态位重叠值最小,只有0.829,蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻在温度、盐度和氮、磷含量资源上的生态位重叠值均最大,分别为0.986、0.974和0.989.表明在养殖水环境调控过程中,啮蚀隐藻适宜与新月菱形藻、微绿球藻或蛋白核小球藻共同培育,而蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻对资源的竞争性明显,不适合同时引入同一池塘进行培育.     

微藻光密度与细胞密度及生物质的关系

以四种常见微藻,小球藻(Chlorella sp.XQ-20044)、栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.SS-200716)、绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.)和螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.CH-164)为实验材料,用梯度稀释法测定对数生长期不同浓度藻液的光密度(OD)、细胞密度和生物质干重(DW),在光自养分批培养模式下对4种微藻进行OD-波长(350—800 nm)扫描,同时测定细胞密度和生物质干重,分析藻液OD与细胞密度、生物质干重的关系。结果表明:在任何波长下,对数生长期的4种微藻细胞密度与OD值、生物质干重与OD值的变化都不成比例,波长不同其拟合曲线偏离直线的程度不同。但是,在435 nm处这种关系最接近直线,可以用直线方程近似描述(R20.98),其它波长处细胞密度-OD、干重-OD的关系都可以用二项式方程很好地描述(R20.99)。因此,光密度法适用于连续和半连续培养,可以用435 nm处测得的OD值计算细胞密度与干重。但是在分批培养模式下,4种微藻DW/OD比值随着培养时间均逐渐上升。小球藻DW/OD540为0.19—0.44 g/L,栅藻DW/OD540为0.36—0.53 g/L,绿球藻DW/OD540为0.48—0.75 g/L,螺旋藻DW/OD560为0.46—0.74 g/L,因此分批培养模式下采用测定藻液OD值反映细胞密度和生物质的方法不适用,只有直接测定细胞密度和生物质才是准确的。研究结果为正确使用分光光度法监测微藻生长提供依据。     

南美白对虾精养塘浮游微藻动态研究

2006年4月30日～2006年8月31日,对舟山市马岙镇的旭旺无公害对虾精养基地水体的浮游微藻群落结构进行调查分析.结果表明:精养塘中共检出常见浮游微藻5门16种,其中蓝藻4种,绿藻5种,硅藻5种,裸藻1种,甲藻1种.主要蓝藻有微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima.)、小席藻(Phorimidium sp.)、螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)等;常见绿藻有小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.)等;常见硅藻有舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)等.养殖早期3门9种,蓝藻门与裸藻门的微藻未检查到,且浮游微藻细胞数量为0.8×10⁷cells·L^-1,香浓多样性指数平均为0.445.养殖后期4门12种,多甲藻未出现了,浮游微藻细胞数量为1.5×10⁷ cells·L^-1,香浓多样性指数平均为0.375.浮游藻类多样性指数总体表现为养殖前期高后期低的特征.     

14种微藻总脂含量和脂肪酸组成研究

比较分析了14种微藻的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成,结果表明：除小球藻、亚心形扁藻、极微小环藻、微绿球藻外,其他微藻的总脂含量均超过其干重的10％。每一纲的微藻脂肪酸组成都有各自特点,绿藻纲中16：0、16：1(n-7)、18：1(n-9)含量较高,但微绿球藻中16：1(n-7)、20：5(n-3)(EPA)含量远高于其他绿藻;金藻纲中含大量14：0、16：0、18：3(n-3)、22：6(n-3)(DHA);硅藻纲中14：0、16：0、16：1(n-7)、EPA含量较高;黄藻纲的异胶藻富含16：0、16：1(n-7)和EPA。     

Fatty acid profiling and molecular characterization of some freshwater microalgae from India with potential for biodiesel production

We determined the fatty acid compositions of six species of freshwater microalgae belonging to the Chlorophyta, which were isolated from freshwater bodies in Assam, India. All six microalgae -Desmodesmus sp. DRLMA7, Desmodesmus elegans DRLMA13, Scenedesmus sp. DRLMA5, Scenedesmus sp. DRLMA9 Chlorella sp. DRLMA3 and Chlorococcum macrostigmatum DRLMA12-showed similar fatty acid profiles 16:0, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 as major components. We also compared fatty acid compositions during the late exponential and stationary growth phases of D. elegans DRLMA13 and Scenedesmus sp. DRLMA9 in BG11 medium. We observed enhanced percentages of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with a concomitant decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acid content upon the prolonged cultivation of both microalgae. Distinct morphological features of microalgal isolates were determined by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. An ornamented cell wall was found in D. elegans DRLMA13, which is characteristic of small spineless species of Desmodesmus. The isolated microalgae were further distinguished through analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) secondary structures and compensatory base changes (CBCs). Analysis of CBCs showed the relatedness of Chlorella sp. DRLMA3 with other Chlorella-like organisms, but it does not belong to the clade comprising Chlorella sensu stricto, which includes Chlorella vulgaris. The CBC count between Scenedesmus sp. DRLMA9 and other species of Scenedesmus provides evidence that this isolate represents a new species.     

Carotenoid content of chlorophycean microalgae: factors determining lutein accumulation in Muriellopsis sp. (Chlorophyta)

Fifteen strains of chlorophycean microalgae have been investigated with regard to their carotenoid profile. Lutein, beta-carotene and violaxanthin were present in virtually all of the strains, lutein, in general, being the most abundant carotenoid, whereas canthaxanthin and astaxanthin were found in some strains only. Chlorella fusca SAG 211-8b, Chlorococcum citriforme SAG 62.80, Muriellopsis sp., Neospongiococcum gelatinosum SAG B 64.80 and Chlorella zofingiensis CCAP 211/14 exhibited high lutein levels, the latter strain containing in addition substantial amounts of astaxanthin. Muriellopsis sp. was further characterized, since besides a high lutein content (up to 35 mg l(-1) culture), it had the highest growth rate (up to 0.17-0.23 h(-1)) and maximal standing cell density (up to 8 x 10(10) cells l(-1) culture). These levels of lutein are in the range of those reported for astaxanthin in Haematococcus and for beta-carotene in Dunaliella, microalgae of recognized interest for the production of these carotenoids. Lutein content of Muriellopsis sp. increased during the exponential phase of growth, with the highest value being recorded in the early stationary phase. Maximum levels of lutein in Muriellopsis sp. cultures were recorded at 20-40 mM NaNO3, 2-100 mM NaCl, 460 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1), pH 6.5 and 28 degrees C, conditions which were, in general, also optimal for cell growth. Growth-limiting conditions, such as pH values of 6 or 9 and a temperature of 33 degrees C, were found to stimulate carotenogenesis in Muriellopsis sp. This strain represents a potential source of lutein, a commercially interesting carotenoid of application in aquaculture and poultry farming, as well as in the prevention of cancer and diseases related to retinal degeneration.     

环境因子对小球藻(Chlorella sp.XQ-20044)光合作用的影响

小球藻(Chlorella sp.XQ-20044)是一株具有应用潜力的产油微藻,本文利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度对其光合作用的影响。研究结果表明:小球藻适宜的光照强度为500~1200μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点约30μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点在600μmol·m-2·s-1附近;光合作用适宜的温度范围为30~42.5℃,最适温度为40℃;适宜的pH值范围7.0~10.0,最适pH值为8.0;适宜盐度范围0.1~0.3 mol/L,最适盐度为0.2 mol/L。从光合作用特性来看,小球藻能适应较强的光照强度、较高的温度、偏碱性和较高的盐度环境,其中可耐受较高盐度的特性,有助于预防敌害生物的污染,对于实现规模培养,特别是利用开放系统进行规模培养较为有利。     

光照强度、温度、pH、盐度对小球藻（Chlorella）光合作用的影响

利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH、盐度对小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-200419）和海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）光合作用的影响。小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-200419）的适宜光照强度范围为100～〉1600μmo·lm-2·s-1,光饱和点在500μmo·lm-2·s-1附近;适宜温度范围为25～42.5℃,最适温度为37.5℃;适宜pH值范围为6.5～9.0,最适pH值为7.0;对盐度的适应范围较广,在0～0.6mol/L范围内,随着盐度的升高,净光合放氧速率有下降趋势。海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）的适宜光照强度范围为400～〉1600μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点在1400μmo·lm-2.s-1附近;适宜温度范围为25～42.5℃,最适温度为37.5℃;适宜pH值范围为5.0～9.0,最适pH值为8.0;对盐度有很好的适应性,在0～0.6mol/L范围内,随着盐度升高,净光合放氧速率明显上升。小球藻和海洋小球藻的净光合放氧速率随光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度变化的规律,表明了两种小球藻的基本生理生态学特性：能适应较强的光照强度、较高的温度、中性偏碱的环境和较高的盐度。研究结果有助于小球藻培养条件的优化。两种小球藻对光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度变化的反应也有所不同：与小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-200419）相比,海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）对光照强度有更好的适应性,对pH值变化有更宽的适应范围,适当提高盐度对其光合作用有明显的促进作用。这表明海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）在快速生长繁殖方面具有更大的潜力,这一研究结果为筛选适合于大量培养的优良藻种提供了依据。     

Feeding in adult females of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Sars,1901), Copepoda-Calanoida,of Lobo Reservoir (Broa), São Carlos,São Paulo,Brazil

The aim of this work was to study the feeding process of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Copepoda-Calanoida) in the Lobo Reservoir (São Carlos, SP, Brazil). Non-ovigerous adult females and the ¹⁴C technique were used to measure filtration and assimilation rates. The diet contained the following phytoplankton species: Chlamydomonas sp., Ankistrodesmus gracilis, Melosira italica, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella zoofingensis.The experiments were carried out using unialgal and mixed cultures during 2-, 4- and 6-h periods. The results of the filtration and assimilation rates were compared.The data obtained by statistical tests showed the highest assimilation rate in Argyrodiaptomus furcatus fed Chlamydomonas sp. in both culture types. However, Chlorella zoofingensis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were the most filtered species in unialgal and mixed cultures, respectively. A higher filtration rate was observed for the 2-h period than for the 4- and 6-h periods.Culture agent was also important. Higher assimilation and filtration rates were obtained during the log phase of Chlamydomonas sp. growth than during the stationary phase.     

海、淡水驯化对5种微藻脂肪酸组成的影响

对5种微藻进行了脂肪酸分析及海淡水驯化影响其脂肪酸组成的研究,结果表明：谈水小球藻和海水小球藻的特征脂肪酸均为16：0、16：2、18：0、18：2和18：3;淡水斜生栅藻的特征脂肪酸为16：0、18：1和18：3;海水三角褐指藻的特征脂肪酸为14：0、16：0、16：1和EPA。淡水藻海水驯化和海水藻淡水驯化后,特征脂肪酸的种类不发生变化,但各种脂肪酸的含量有明显变化,驯化后,几种特征脂肪酸及总脂肪酸占细胞干重的比例在蛋白核小球藻、小球藻－1和三角褐指藻SS02品系中均有不同程度的提高,而在斜生栅藻、小球藻－2和三角褐指藻ZS08、XSO3品系中均有不同程度的下降。     

环境因子对小球藻(Chlorella sp. XQ-20044)光合作用的影响

小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-20044）是一株具有应用潜力的产油微藻,本文利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度对其光合作用的影响。研究结果表明：小球藻适宜的光照强度为500~1200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光补偿点约30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点在600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近;光合作用适宜的温度范围为30~42.5℃,最适温度为40℃;适宜的pH值范围7.0~10.0,最适pH值为8.0;适宜盐度范围0.1~0.3 mol/L,最适盐度为0.2 mol/L。从光合作用特性来看,小球藻能适应较强的光照强度、较高的温度、偏碱性和较高的盐度环境,其中可耐受较高盐度的特性,有助于预防敌害生物的污染,对于实现规模培养,特别是利用开放系统进行规模培养较为有利。     

A laboratory-scale system for mass culture of freshwater microalgae in polyethylene bags

A laboratory-scale system for mass culture of microalgae in 8-, 20- and 40-L polyethylene bags, was designed. Bags are 16.8 cm diameter and 52 cm (8-L bags), 112 cm (20-L) or 224 cm (40-L) length. The system was tested successfully with two freshwater microalgae,Ankistrodesmus falcatus andScenedesmus incrassatulus, cultured in Bold's Basal medium (prepared with either deionized or tap water). The procedure described is simple, reliable and practical, and enables a very cost-effective production of freshwater microalgae to satisfy any laboratory requirements, and when quantities demanded for special applications can not be met by the standard laboratory culture procedures.     

哈尔滨二龙山水库浮游植物及水体污染状况的研究

报道了2000 年1 月、5 月、8 月、10 月四次对哈尔滨市境内的二龙山水库的浮游植物的调查结果。共发现浮游植物46 属55 种, 其中种类最多的是绿藻和硅藻。水库四季的平均浮游藻类数量为438.46 万个/升, 绿藻占46.98%, 硅藻占44.74%, 隐藻占6.76%。优势种是平裂藻、小环藻、直链藻、针杆藻、纤维藻、空星藻、十字藻、蹄形藻、栅藻、隐藻等。对8 月份水库及上游河流的水质进行了监测和分析。根据上述结果对水质进行了评价, 并对二龙山库区的水土保持及可持续性发展进行了探讨。