德国小蠊抗药性机理

德国小蠊(Blattella germanica)是一种重要的室内卫生害虫,化学防治是目前主要的防治手段,但抗药性已逐渐成为制约德国小蠊防治的关键因素。德国小蠊抗药性的产生存在多种机理,本文从行为抗性、表皮穿透性降低、代谢抗性、靶标抗性及微生物降解等方面对德国小蠊抗药性产生机理进行了综述,重点阐述了近年来德国小蠊抗药性机理最新的研究进展。     

害虫抗药性适合度与内分泌调控研究进展

本文就害虫抗药性适合度与内分泌调控研究进展作了概述。害虫抗药性品系与敏感品系之间在形态、生理反应和生物学特性等方面存在差异 ,通常被认为是抗性基因适应性代价的表现 ,并可能由抗性基因引起的抗性害虫体内生理代谢平衡发生变化产生的。目前就抗性代价的形成机制存在 2种假说 :资源限制假说和干扰代谢平衡假说。害虫抗性和敏感品系的生物适合度差异与其体内激素水平及调控能力变化有关。激素对抗药性相关酶系表达调控的可能机制可分为三类 ,即直接调控、间接调控和共同调控     

桔小实蝇抗性品系的微卫星DNA分析

用微卫星标记对桔小实蝇 Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) 敏感品系和3个抗性品系（敌百虫抗性品系、高效氯氰菊酯抗性品系和阿维菌素抗性品系）进行了基因组筛查。结果表明,抗性品系显示出微卫星DNA多态性,不同的抗性品系已经产生了不同的遗传变异。该结果有利于指导控制桔小实蝇抗药性产生以及抗药性的田间监控,同时在抗药性产生的遗传学机制研究方面有一定的意义。     

斜纹夜蛾抗药性及其防治对策的研究进展

斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura是多种作物的重要害虫 ,对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类以及Bt制剂等杀虫剂均产生抗药性。本文对斜纹夜蛾抗药性的形成与发展、抗性机理及其防治对策等方面进行了综述     

褐飞虱抗药性研究现状

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。文章综述国内外关于褐飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括褐飞虱抗性测定方法、抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性遗传、抗性机理及抗性治理等。田间褐飞虱种群对新烟碱类药剂产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对吡虫啉产生高水平到极高水平抗性,对氯噻啉和噻虫嗪分别产生中等水平和低水平的抗药性,对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺仍然处于敏感性阶段。此外,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮(昆虫生长调节剂)产生低水平到中等水平抗性。长期大面积使用化学药剂是褐飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强褐飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

柑橘木虱抗药性研究进展

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama主要危害柑橘等芸香科植物,传播柑橘黄龙病病菌。柑橘树感染黄龙病后,叶片黄化,果实早熟脱落,畸形,最终死亡,给柑橘产业带来了极大的损失。柑橘木虱对各种常见的杀虫剂已产生了不同程度的抗药性。本文从柑橘木虱的抗性测定方法、抗药性现状、交互抗性、抗药性机理和抗性治理等方面进行了综述,为今后柑橘木虱的防治提供一定的参考。     

烟粉虱抗药性的研究进展

烟粉虱是一种世界性的重要害虫,目前已对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯等许多常规杀虫剂产生高水平抗性,在一些地区烟粉虱对昆虫生长调节剂和烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性也是十分普遍.文中综述了世界范围内烟粉虱的抗药性现状、抗药性机理、以及抗药性与生物型的关系,并介绍了美国和以色列较为成功的烟粉虱抗药性治理计划.     

柑橘木虱抗药性研究进展

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama主要危害柑橘等芸香科植物,传播柑橘黄龙病病菌。柑橘树感染黄龙病后,叶片黄化,果实早熟脱落,畸形,最终死亡,给柑橘产业带来了极大的损失。柑橘木虱对各种常见的杀虫剂已产生了不同程度的抗药性。本文从柑橘木虱的抗性测定方法、抗药性现状、交互抗性、抗药性机理和抗性治理等方面进行了综述,为今后柑橘木虱的防治提供一定的参考。     

抗草甘膦转基因作物分子育种策略

杂草生长茂盛给农田经济造成了巨大的损失,而草甘膦的高效除草则有利于防治农业杂草。培育抗草甘膦作物也为农业杂草管治带来了便利。近年来,已从微生物、植物中均挖掘到了草甘膦抗性基因并用于开发抗草甘膦转基因作物,该文根据这些抗性基因作用的不同机制总结了抗草甘膦转基因作物的育种策略及其利弊,并对未来抗草甘膦作物的发展方向进行讨论。     

杀虫双和杀螟丹选育对小菜蛾抗药性的形成及其抗性机制

用杀虫双和杀螟丹在实验室以点滴法处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.四龄幼虫,以连续继代药剂淘汰选育其抗药性。至35代,药剂汰选的小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗药性较选育前正常品系分别提高了51倍和25倍。其抗药性的形成发展均呈S形,可认为已成为抗性品系。以有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯及有机氮等11种杀虫剂测试抗杀虫双小菜蛾品系和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系对常用药剂的敏感度结果表明：对杀虫双、杀螟丹和杀虫环之间有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌艮、马拉硫磷和杀螟松有轻微交互抗性产生;对溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯和灭多威、久效威等药剂更加敏感,呈负交互抗性。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)法测定表明,抗药性产生与特异性酯酶的形成有一定关系。用比色法和酸度法测定,抗性品系的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性降低,羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性无差异。加增效剂Pb和SV₁：于四龄幼虫表皮,对抗杀虫双小菜蛾晶系分别有6.28及1.45倍的增效作用;对抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系分别有4.85及1.39倍的增效作用,可见多功能氧化酶(MFO)为小菜蛾抗杀虫双和抗杀螟丹的重要因子。     

Don’t judge toxic weeds on whether they are native but on their ecological effects

The sharp rise in anthropogenic activities and climate change has caused the extensive degradation of grasslands worldwide, jeopardizing ecosystem function, and threatening human well‐being. Toxic weeds have been constantly spreading in recent decades; indeed, their occurrence is considered to provide an early sign of land degeneration. Policymakers and scientific researchers often focus on the negative effects of toxic weeds, such as how they inhibit forage growth, kill livestock, and cause economic losses. However, toxic weeds can have several potentially positive ecological impacts on grasslands, such as promoting soil and water conservation, improving nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation, and protecting pastures from excessive damage by livestock. We reviewed the literature to detail the adaptive mechanisms underlying toxic weeds and to provide new insight into their roles in degraded grassland ecosystems. The findings highlight that the establishment of toxic weeds may provide a self‐protective strategy of degenerated pastures that do not require special interventions. Consequently, policymakers, managers, and other personnel responsible for managing grasslands need to take appropriate actions to assess the long‐term trade‐offs between the development of animal husbandry and the maintenance of ecological services provided by grasslands.     

Weed genomics: new tools to understand weed biology

In spite of the large yield losses that weeds inflict on crops, we know little about the genomics of economically important weed species. Comparative genomics between plant model species and weeds, map-based approaches, genomic sequencing and functional genomics can play vital roles in understanding and dissecting weedy traits of agronomically important weed species that damage crops. Weed genomics research should increase our understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance and of the basic genetics underlying traits that make weeds a successful group of plants. Here, we propose specific weed candidates as genomic models, including economically important plants that have evolved herbicide resistance on several occasions and weeds with good comparative genomic qualities that can be anchored to the genomics of Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa.     

Uncoupling of longevity and paraquat resistance in mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

To analyze the relationship between resistance to oxidative stress and longevity, we isolated three novel paraquat-resistant mutants, mev-5, mev-6, and mev-7, from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. They all showed the Dyf (defective in dye filling) phenotype, but not always resistance to heat or UV. Life-span extension was observed only in the mev-5 mutant at 26 degrees C. These results indicate that longevity is uncoupled with the phenotype of paraquat resistance.     

Selection of paraquat-resistant variants of tobacco from cell cultures

Summary Paraquat-resistant cell lines and plants were isolated from cell cultures ofNicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin 38. The resistant phenotype was successfully obtained from both callus and plated suspension cultures; however, recovery of phenotypically stable, resistant cell lines was higher among those derived from suspension cultures. The use of X-rays increased the recovery of paraquat-resistant cell lines. Stepwise selection procedures did not increase recovery of the resistant phenotype. Only 15 of 43 plants regenerated from paraquat-resistant cell lines retained the resistant phenotype; however, calli derived from leaves of both resistant and nonresistant plants exhibited either partial or complete resistance. This paper is a contribution from the Botanical Laboratory, N. Ser. 531. This material is based in part upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agreement 5901-0410-9-0347-0.     

稻-鸭农作系统对稻田生物种群的影响

通过田间试验,研究了稻-鸭农作系统对稻田有关生物种群的影响.结果表明：稻鸭共育对稻田相关昆虫、杂草、病原菌等有害生物的发生和危害及天敌数量具有较大影响.与不养鸭相比,稻鸭共育后12 d和42 d, 水稻基部害虫飞虱及叶蝉的数量平均减少64.8%和78.5%;稻鸭共育后15 d和45 d,稻田杂草平均减少67.7%和98.1%;水稻分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数分别降低了40.4%和62.0%.稻鸭共育还增加了稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛的数量,抑制了水稻害虫的危害.     

Drought exposure leads to rapid acquisition and inheritance of herbicide resistance in the weed Alopecurus myosuroides

Globally, herbicide resistance in weeds poses a threat to food security. Resistance evolves rapidly through the co‐option of a suite of physiological mechanisms that evolved to allow plants to survive environmental stress. Consequently, we hypothesize that stress tolerance and herbicide resistance are functionally linked. We address two questions: (i) does exposure to stress in a parental generation promote the evolution of resistance in the offspring? (ii) Is such evolution mediated through non‐genetic mechanisms? We exposed individuals of a grass weed to drought, and tested whether this resulted in herbicide resistance in the first generation. In terms of both survival and dry mass, we find enhanced resistance to herbicide in the offspring of parents that had been exposed to drought. Our results suggest that exposure of weeds to drought can confer herbicide resistance in subsequent generations, and that the mechanism conferring heritability of herbicide resistance is non‐genetic.     

Weed–barley interactions affect plant acceptance by aphids in laboratory and field experiments

Increased botanical diversity can lead to suppression of insect pests. One route by which botanical diversity is increased in crops is through the occurrence of weeds, which increasingly interact with crop plants as organic production expands. However, the mechanisms by which this might affect insect herbivores are poorly understood. This study examined whether volatile chemical interactions between weeds and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), can affect plant acceptance by the bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In laboratory experiments, exposure of barley to volatiles from Chenopodium album L. (Amaranthaceae) and Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) resulted in significantly reduced aphid acceptance compared with unexposed plants. In a series of field experiments in which the occurrence of weeds was manipulated in plots of barley, significantly lower aphid acceptance was recorded on barley plants grown in plots with C. album compared with barley plants in weedless plots. The results indicate that interaction between weeds and barley can affect aphid–plant interactions in the field as well as in the laboratory and provide further evidence that the effects of chemical interactions between visibly undamaged plants can extend to higher trophic levels.     

稻田生态系统多个物种共存对病虫草害的控制

建立多个物种共存的农作模式、利用物种多样性控制有害生物是农业可持续发展的重要途径.本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田多个物种共存对水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理.稻田系统多个物种共存模式如稻田养鱼模式、稻田养鸭模式、稻-萍-鱼或稻-萍-鸭模式等,对水稻纹枯病、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和杂草有显著的控制作用;稻田系统多个物种共存的另一类模式如水稻品种多样性混合种植、稻-茭白间作和稻-湿生作物间作等,可明显降低稻瘟病等病害的发生与流行.稻田多个物种共存模式对病虫草控制的效果和机理研究仍需要从作物、分子生物学和化学生态等方面做进一步的研究探讨.