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1.
铅胁迫对斜纹夜蛾生长发育与生殖的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾幼虫标准人工饲料中添加不同浓度的重金属铅(Pb),研究Pb胁迫对其生长发育与生殖的影响.结果表明:斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段(幼虫、蛹和成虫)的存活率和体质量随着饲料中Pb浓度的增加而下降,引起存活率显著下降的最低Pb胁迫浓度是100 mg·kg-1,引起体质量显著减少的最低Pb胁迫浓度是50 mg·kg-1.在取食Pb浓度为25~ 200 mg·kg-1的人工饲料后,斜纹夜蛾成虫的产卵天数显著减少;产卵力和生育力随着饲料中Pb浓度的增加而显著下降;1000粒卵的平均质量显著低于对照;卵孵化率显著下降.重金属Pb胁迫对斜纹夜蛾生长发育和生殖具有显著的抑制作用.  相似文献   

2.
《环境昆虫学报》2014,(6):884-889
为探索叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate (Wolff)对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)生殖行为的干扰胁迫作用,实验设置了3种处理来观察这种干扰效应,处理Ⅰ:2对斜纹夜蛾成虫,2头叉角厉蝽雌成虫;处理Ⅱ:2对斜纹夜蛾成虫,2头叉角厉蝽雌成虫,2头处于四龄的斜纹夜蛾幼虫;处理Ⅲ:两对斜纹夜蛾成虫,作为对照。将斜纹夜蛾成虫放置在上述3种条件下,饲养至斜纹夜蛾停止产卵为止,对斜纹夜蛾产卵行为跟踪观察。结果表明,当斜纹夜蛾与叉角厉蝽同处狭小的空间时,叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾正常的生殖活动有一定的干扰作用,斜纹夜蛾采取逃离或躲避的措施来摆脱叉角厉蝽的接触。受叉角厉蝽的干扰胁迫,斜纹夜蛾产卵量减少,处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ的平均产卵量均明显少于对照。叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾卵块数量、结构、大小也构成一定的影响。在处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ中,卵块主要以单层卵和双层卵卵块为主,卵块数量低于对照,且卵块体积较小。从斜纹夜蛾卵的空间格局来看,处理Ⅰ中的卵块主要分布于产卵笼的上部;处理Ⅱ中的卵块分散于产卵笼的中上部;对照中斜纹夜蛾的卵块则分布于产卵笼的各个区域。叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾成虫产卵的干扰胁迫作用明显。  相似文献   

3.
[目的]明确飞机草浸提液对斜纹夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。[方法]在实验室内利用不同浓度的飞机草水浸提液处理香蕉叶后喂养斜纹夜蛾幼虫,并观察记录斜纹夜蛾的生长发育情况。[结果]随着飞机草浸提液浓度的升高,斜纹夜蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期逐渐延长,蛹重逐渐降低;母液处理下的幼虫和蛹发育历期最长,分别比对照处理延长了7.92和2.88 d,母液处理下的蛹重最轻,较对照降低了25.4%;飞机草浸提液处理降低了斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的存活率,对高龄幼虫和蛹的存活率影响不显著。随着飞机草浸提液浓度的升高,斜纹夜蛾种群净增值率R0、内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ均逐渐降低,种群平均世代周期T和种群加倍时间t逐渐延长。[结论]飞机草对斜纹夜蛾具有一定的生防潜力,可应用于斜纹夜蛾的生物源农药开发研究。  相似文献   

4.
四种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养指标的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
在室内平均温度28.1℃,平均相对湿度84.0%的条件下研究了蓖麻、豇豆、番木瓜和香蕉等4种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura(Fabricius)生长发育及营养效应的影响。结果表明:不同食料植物对斜纹夜蛾的幼虫发育历期、蛹重及营养效应等均有显著差异。幼虫发育历期以蓖麻组最短(9.93 d),香蕉组的最长(15.84 d);蛹重以蓖麻组最重(377.8 mg),香蕉组最轻(245.6 mg);幼虫存活率蓖麻组最高(98%),香蕉组最低(66.0%);斜纹夜蛾幼虫的相对取食量、近似消化率和相对生长率等以蓖麻组最高(分别为5.46,68.49,0.53),而以香蕉组最低(分别为0.86,16.30,0.26)。斜纹夜蛾嗜食蓖麻等,而不喜食香蕉。  相似文献   

5.
《环境昆虫学报》2014,(5):718-723
将不同浓度Ni2+添入人工饲料中,研究连续3代取食含不同剂量Ni2+饲料的斜纹夜蛾5、6龄幼虫血细胞对凝胶珠包囊反应的影响。将新蜕皮的5龄幼虫记为0 h,每隔24 h注射凝胶珠处理幼虫,直至6龄末,注射24h后解剖虫体,观察包囊情况。结果表明,5mg/kg及以下处理浓度Ni2+的1代胁迫可提高0-120 h幼虫血细胞对凝胶珠的包囊反应,但2-3代的胁迫只增加发育初期0-72 h幼虫血细胞的包囊反应;10-20 mg/kg处理浓度Ni2+的1代胁迫仅增加0-24 h幼虫血细胞的包囊率,但可降低2-3代幼虫血细胞各发育时间的包囊率。此外,40 mg/kg Ni2+胁迫可连续降低3个世代各个发育阶段幼虫的包囊反应。饲料中Ni2+剂量、胁迫世代数以及两者的交互作用均对幼虫包囊率产生了显著影响。  相似文献   

6.
低浓度毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos,CPF)是一种广泛使用的有机磷杀虫剂,多以低浓度形式长期存在于自然环境中.通过在标准人工饲料中添加低浓度毒死蜱,研究其对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius生长发育和食物利用的影响,结果表明:低浓度毒死蜱能刺激昆虫生长,显著增加幼虫和蛹的体重,10 μg/kg处理第3 d幼虫体重和化蛹后重量分别比对照增加86.4%和20%;低浓度毒死蜱也能加快昆虫的生长速度,缩短幼虫发育历期,10μg/kg处理幼虫发育历期低于对照1.1±0.02 d.低浓度毒死蜱对5龄幼虫的食物利用影响不明显,但可显著增加6龄幼虫相对生长率、食物利用率和食物转化率,10μg/kg处理分别比对照增加56%,29%和16%.  相似文献   

7.
为明确大气CO2浓度升高对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda及其本地近缘种斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura生长发育和繁殖的影响。本研究在正常二氧化碳浓度(400 μL/L)和倍增二氧化碳浓度(800 μL/L)下,用寄主植物小麦饲养草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾,研究CO2浓度升高对草地贪夜蛾及斜纹夜蛾发育历期和繁殖力的直接影响(高CO2浓度直接影响试虫)、间接影响(高CO2浓度通过影响小麦间接影响试虫)及综合影响(小麦和试虫同时受高CO2浓度影响)。结果表明,CO2浓度升高对草地贪夜蛾各虫态的发育历期均有较显著影响,完成整个世代的时间显著缩短,其中间接影响组幼虫期较对照组显著延长0.7 d,而蛹期和成虫期寿命分别显著缩短1.5 d和4.9 d;综合影响组幼虫期较对照组显著延长0.8 d,而蛹期和成虫期寿命分别显著缩短1.2 d和5.7 d;直接影响组草地贪夜蛾蛹期显著缩短2.7 d;CO2浓度升高对斜纹夜蛾各虫态发育历期影响不显著,仅直接影响组的各虫态发育历期缩短较为明显。在CO2浓度升高条件下,草地贪夜蛾直接影响组单雌产卵量显著增加1 220.48粒,综合影响组略有减少;而斜纹夜蛾单雌产卵量在高CO2浓度下均呈现下降趋势,其中综合影响显著减少818.20粒。说明CO2浓度升高加快了草地贪夜蛾的种群增长速率,使其完成整个世代的时间显著降低;但对本地近缘种斜纹夜蛾的影响不显著。因此,在未来CO2浓度升高的情况下,入侵种草地贪夜蛾的种群增长速率将大于其本地近缘种斜纹夜蛾。  相似文献   

8.
三种阔叶草坪草对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养利用的作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了探讨斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura对草坪的为害,提供综合治理该虫的理论依据,室内利用白三叶草Trifolium repens、红三叶草T. pratense和马蹄金Dichondra repens 3种阔叶草坪草,分别饲喂斜纹夜蛾幼虫;应用编制实验种群生命表的方法,分析斜纹夜蛾种群生长发育的趋势;同时研究该幼虫对3种草坪草的趋性及营养利用。结果表明:斜纹夜蛾幼虫的趋性表现为白三叶草>红三叶草>马蹄金。该虫在3种草坪草上都能够完成生活史;2种三叶草饲喂的该虫幼虫存活率、化蛹率、成蛾率显著高于马蹄金,幼虫期和蛹期则显著短于马蹄金;3种草坪草饲喂的该虫产卵期和平均产卵量相互之间差异不显著,而马蹄金饲喂的产卵前期和雌成虫寿命则显著短于2种三叶草。3种草坪草饲喂的该虫净生长率(Ro)、世代平均周期(T)、内禀生长率(rm)、周限生长率(λ)、种群加倍时间(DT)及种群增长参数(I)都有差异,其中2种三叶草的各种群增长参数较接近。对5龄幼虫取食3种阔叶草坪草的营养指标测定结果显示:取食马蹄金的相对生长率显著高于取食红三叶草的;取食马蹄金的相对取食量和近似消化率显著高于取食三叶草的;取食马蹄金的食物利用率和食物转化率显著低于取食三叶草的;2种三叶草间无显著差异。综合分析认为,斜纹夜蛾最喜食三叶草,最容易在三叶草草坪上猖獗为害。  相似文献   

9.
斜纹夜蛾NPV对取食不同蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力差异   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
李人柯 《昆虫知识》1999,36(3):164-166
采用生物测定法,比较了斜纹夜蛾NPV对取食芋叶等7科8种蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力反应差异性。结果表明NPV对取食番茄叶的幼虫毒力最高,比取食芋叶的毒力高6.82倍;但再经菜心饲养一代后,NPV的毒力差异消失。  相似文献   

10.
根据浙江大学应用昆虫学研究所收藏的寄生蜂标本和国内外报道,对我国寄生斜纹夜蛾的原寄生蜂和重寄生蜂进行系统整理研究,列出我国斜纹夜蛾寄生蜂40种,其中包括原寄生蜂29种,重寄生蜂11种.同时还以附录的形式列出了我国已报道过但有存疑的寄生蜂7种及国外已有报道但在我国还未采集到标本的寄生蜂61种.  相似文献   

11.
远程耦合系统(远距离人类‑自然耦合系统之间社会经济和环境的相互作用)是可持续发展研究最新的理论与实践工具,可在多层次时空尺度上研究人类与自然可持续发展问题。随着全球化不断增强,偏远保护区与外界(如城市)的联系愈加紧密,形成多种远程耦合系统。目前,针对人与自然耦合关系的研究集中在保护区内,而关于保护区远程耦合系统的模式与机制研究尚处于起步阶段。本文基于先前开展的保护区人类与自然耦合系统和远程耦合系统研究进行分析,从远程耦合系统理论框架、我国保护区主要远程耦合系统类型及自然干扰下保护区远程耦合系统的动态变化3个方面介绍保护区远程耦合系统研究进展。本文旨在系统梳理保护区远程耦合系统的内涵、类型与动态特征,以促进其理论发展,并针对基于远程耦合系统框架上的保护区社会经济与环境可持续发展研究应用提出展望。  相似文献   

12.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Excess nutrients from fertilizer application, pollution discharge, and water regulations outflow through rivers from lands to oceans, seriously impacting coastal ecosystems. A reasonable representation of these processes in land surface models and River Transport Models (RTMs) is very important for understanding human–environment interactions. In this study, the schemes of riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transport and human activities including nitrogen discharge and water regulation, were synchronously incorporated into a land surface model coupled with a RTM. The effects of anthropogenic nitrogen discharge on the DIN transport in rivers were studied based on simulations of the period 1991–2010 throughout the entire world, conducted using the developed model, which had a spatial resolution of about 1° for land processes and 0.5° for river transport, and data on fertilizer application, point source pollution, and water use. Our results showed that rivers in western Europe and eastern China were seriously polluted, on average, at a rate of 5,000–15,000 tons per year. In the Yangtze River Basin, the amount of point source pollution in 2010 was about four times more than that in 1991, while the amount of fertilizer used in 2010 doubled, which resulted in the increased riverine DIN levels. Further comparisons suggested that the riverine DIN in the USA was affected primarily by nitrogen fertilizer use, the changes in DIN flow rate in European rivers was dominated by point source pollution, and rivers in China were seriously polluted by both the two pollution sources. The total anthropogenic impact on the DIN exported to the Pacific Ocean has increased from 10% to 30%, more significantly than other oceans. In general, our results indicated that incorporating the schemes of nitrogen transport and human activities into land surface models could be an effective way to monitor global river water quality and diagnose the performance of the land surface modeling.  相似文献   

13.
Almost all metals present in the environment have been biogeochemically cycled since the formation of the Earth. Human activity has introduced additional processes that have increased the rate of redistribution of metals between environmental compartments, particularly since the industrial revolution. However, over most of the Earth's land surface the primary control on the distribution of metals is the geochemistry of the underlying and local rocks except in all but the worst cases of industrial contamination and some particular geological situations. Fundamental links between chemistry and mineralogy lead to characteristic geochemical signatures for different rock types. As rocks erode and weather to form soils and sediments, chemistry and mineralogy again influence how much metal remains close to the source, how much is translocated greater distances, and how much is transported in solutions that replenish ground and surface water supplies. In addition, direct processes such as the escape of gases and fluids along major fractures in the Earth's crust, and volcanic related activity, locally can provide significant sources of metals to surface environments, including the atmosphere and sea floor. As a result of these processes the Earth's surface is geochemically inhomogeneous. Regional scale processes lead to large areas with enhanced or depressed metal levels that can cause biological effects due to either toxicity or deficiency if the metals are, or are not, transformed to bioavailable chemical species.  相似文献   

14.
    
Many domestic animals have a profound impact on endangered species through complex interactions and spillover effects in and between coupled human and natural systems. A thorough understanding of the driving forces of human decisions regarding how domestic animals are kept is therefore critical to promote the synergy of human livelihood and biodiversity conservation. Working in the Qinling Mountains of China, we conducted a multidisciplinary study using a structural equation model (SEM) to link households' demographic and economic conditions, peoples attitudes and activities with their decisions, and further investigated how such process influences the potential negative impact of free-ranging dogs on wildlife. Among 139 blood and saliva samples collected from dogs that were owned by local villagers but allowed to roam freely, 33.3% were positive for at least one of three viral infections, including canine distemper (28.2%), canine parvovirus (25.6%), and rabies virus prevalence (10.3%). SEM modeling revealed that human activity (β = 0.27, p = .012) has significantly increased dogs' potential negative impacts on wildlife by increasing the number of dogs and their direct contact with wildlife, as well as their larger movement range. Conversely, improvement in demographic and economic conditions (β = −0.22, p = .011) and human attitudes (β = −0.51, p = .013) suppresses the influence of free roaming dogs on wildlife. Meanwhile, livelihoods dependent on natural resources increased the likelihood of owners having dog practice that may negatively impact wildlife (β = 0.54, p < .001), without improving the economic conditions of the residents (β = −0.26, p < .001). Based on the above results, we recommend a program that combines educational and conservation efforts to encourages local residents in more responsible dog ownership and recommend reserve managers provide financial incentives to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts.  相似文献   

15.
    
Ecosystem respiration is a key flux in the terrestrial carbon cycle and is affected substantially by temperature. This work analysed the time series data of nighttime net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEEnight) from 196 FLUXNET2015 sites to re-evaluate the relationships between NEEnight and temperature. A total of 93 sites (48%) were identified to have a unimodal relationship between NEEnight and temperature. Site-specific apparent optimum temperature parameters were then estimated at these sites. We further assessed the impacts of using exponential or unimodal equations on NEEnight predictions. The predicted NEEnight values at high temperatures were substantially higher from the exponential-type equations (mean: ~200%) than from the unimodal equation (mean: ~30%), compared to the observed NEEnight. This study calls for using a unimodal equation to predict NEEnight (often considered as nighttime ecosystem respiration, ERnight), which could substantially improve the accuracy and reduce uncertainty in ER estimates, in particular under the scenario of global warming.  相似文献   

16.
环境中硒的生物地球化学循环和营养调控及分异成因   总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32  
赵少华  宇万太  张璐  沈善敏  马强 《生态学杂志》2005,24(10):1197-1203
硒是环境中重要的生命元素,它在环境中含量水平的高低直接影响着人及动植物的健康安全。结合国内外资料及最新的研究进展,阐述了环境中硒的生物地球球化学循环,包括环境中硒的生物地球化学循环特征,土壤中硒的含量分布、形态及有效性,大气和水环境中硒的形态分布,植物体中的硒及其对硒的吸收关系;讨论了低硒高硒环境中硒营养水平的调节及环境分异的成因,诸如母质类型、气候特征、风化淋失、气体挥发、土壤质地和地力耗竭等方面;并提出了环境中硒研究的前沿及今后关注的热点问题,以促进今后环境中硒的研究。  相似文献   

17.
The earth's future climate state is highly dependent upon changes in terrestrial C storage in response to rising concentrations of atmospheric CO?. Here we show that consistently enhanced rates of net primary production (NPP) are sustained by a C-cascade through the root-microbe-soil system; increases in the flux of C belowground under elevated CO? stimulated microbial activity, accelerated the rate of soil organic matter decomposition and stimulated tree uptake of N bound to this SOM. This process set into motion a positive feedback maintaining greater C gain under elevated CO? as a result of increases in canopy N content and higher photosynthetic N-use efficiency. The ecosystem-level consequence of the enhanced requirement for N and the exchange of plant C for N belowground is the dominance of C storage in tree biomass but the preclusion of a large C sink in the soil.  相似文献   

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采用盆栽试验,研究元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上生长的植物叶片以及凋落叶营养元素含量,并分析养分重吸收效率对土壤类型与物种互作的响应.结果表明: 土壤类型对叶片N、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、N∶P以及凋落叶N、P、Mn、N∶P均有显著影响;燥红土植物叶片与凋落叶N、Mn含量和N∶P显著高于变性土,而燥红土植物叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn和凋落叶P含量显著低于变性土.燥红土植物叶片N含量较变性土高34.8%,而P含量低40.0%;在叶片凋落时,N、P、K表现为重吸收,而其他元素呈富集状态.燥红土凋落叶Ca、Mg、Mn富集系数显著高于变性土.物种仅对叶片N含量有显著影响,物种与土壤交互作用对植物叶片和凋落叶元素含量影响不显著,表明各土壤类型对不同物种元素含量的影响方式较为一致.土壤类型对植物元素含量的影响可进一步作用于干热河谷植物凋落物分解、植物-土壤的养分反馈以及生物地球化学循环.  相似文献   

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Leandra Merz 《Biotropica》2023,55(3):563-567
Biodiversity is declining globally, primarily due to anthropogenic threats. Therefore, effective conservation efforts must integrate human and environmental components. Social-ecological systems research is increasingly being adopted as a means of studying complex relationships between people and the environment. I assess how researchers are employing social-ecological systems approaches or frameworks to the study of tropical ecosystems. I reviewed articles published in Biotropica from 2010 through 2022 searching for research on social-ecological systems. A broad keyword search revealed only 2 articles using a variation of social-ecological systems, human-environment systems, or coupled human and natural systems. This contrasts with a growing number of articles published with these search terms in other conservation-related journals, primarily led by environmental scientists. After reviewing titles for all 1298 research articles published during this period, I selected 12 articles for inclusion in the virtual special issue “Social-Ecological Systems Research in Topical Ecosystems”. These articles cover a broad range of geographical locations, ecosystem types, species, and conservation themes. Social-ecological systems frameworks offer an integrated way to study complex relationships between humans and nature, yet this type of research appears under-utilized by authors in Biotropica. I offer seven guidelines for authors interested in pursuing this research such as developing collaborations between social and environmental scientists.  相似文献   

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