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乙酰化修饰是一种广泛存在于生物体中的可逆性蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,主要发生于蛋白质赖氨酸残基的侧链NH2基团上,最早在组蛋白中发现。乙酰化修饰主要通过修饰组蛋白影响细胞的染色质结构以及激活细胞核内转录因子,从基因组水平来调控细胞的生命活动。随着乙酰化修饰检测技术和生物学研究的发展,发现乙酰化修饰也大量存在于非组蛋白中,并调控蛋白质的功能,进而影响多种生物学过程。其中,乙酰化修饰可以调控非组蛋白的稳定性,使其在细胞中更加稳定和持久地存在,这种调控机制在细胞的生长和分化等过程中具有重要作用,并影响多种疾病的发生发展。该文介绍了乙酰化修饰及其主要的生物学功能,系统总结了乙酰化修饰对人非组蛋白稳定性调控的机制与功能的影响,并介绍了乙酰化修饰调控蛋白质稳定性对疾病发生发展的作用,有助于解析疾病的发生机制,为疾病的治疗提供新的思路和方法。 相似文献
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组蛋白修饰及其生物学效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
组蛋白是染色质的主要成分之一,其氨基端的氨基酸残基可以被共价修饰,进而改变染色质构型,导致转录激活或基因沉默。组蛋白修饰除了简单地调控基因表达,更在于它可以招募蛋白复合体,影响下游蛋白,从而参与细胞分裂、细胞凋亡和记忆形成,甚至影响免疫系统和炎症反应等。不仅如此,最近的研究表明,组蛋白修饰与CTD密码、生物节律、DNA修复之间也存在一定的联系。这些发现证明了组蛋白修饰的重要性。在组蛋白的密码形成与密码破译、修饰级联与招募蛋白质过程中,蛋白复合体的特殊结构域起到的中介作用都是无法替代的。因此,这些特殊结构域将是了解"组蛋白密码"的关键。目前质谱分析等技术的广泛应用,正使得许多新的结构域不断被发现。文章旨在对组蛋白密码的基本内容作一述评,同时对可能的研究热点进行展望。 相似文献
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精子发生是一个高度复杂且受到精密调控的生物学过程,其中蛋白质作为生命活动的最终执行者,其翻译后修饰发挥着重要的调控作用。精子发生过程中存在多种蛋白质翻译后修饰,如磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化等,其异常可引起精子发生障碍,严重的甚至可导致不育。随着蛋白质组学技术的快速发展,基于临床不育样本和模式动物的功能研究,可以系统性解析精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰的动态调节与功能,揭示精子发生的分子调控机制以及男性不育的发病机理。该文就近年来精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰调控机制,以及少精子症、弱精子症和畸形精子症等临床疾病中蛋白质翻译后修饰的研究进展进行了综述。 相似文献
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蛋白质赖氨酸乙酰化是植物中普遍存在的重要蛋白质翻译后修饰过程。过去的研究主要集中在染色体组蛋白的乙酰化修饰及其调控机制。目前,随着定量乙酰化蛋白质组学技术的发展,大量非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰被发现,其在植物中存在的普遍性及其生理功能的重要性也随之凸显。非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰在植物不同组织、器官和细胞器中大量存在,广泛参与植物生长发育的各种代谢过程的调控,并在植物应答和适应逆境胁迫中发挥作用。综述了近年来植物非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰的蛋白质组学研究进展,阐明乙酰化修饰在植物不同组织和亚细胞中的分布特征以及在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应中的作用,并阐述乙酰化修饰与其他蛋白质翻译后修饰的交互作用,最后对未来的研究进行展望和讨论。 相似文献
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《基因组学与应用生物学》2016,(11)
在植物发育过程中,除了遗传调控激活或抑制基因表达来促进植物发育过程中细胞分化外,表观遗传学是另外一个重要的、复杂的调控层面,在该过程中通过DNA特异位点的甲基化,组蛋白的翻译后修饰改变染色质的状态,进而时空性调控植物发育调控因子的表达。分化细胞提供了一个研究组蛋白密码如何影响细胞命运功能强大的系统。本研究重点综述了表观遗传调控中DNA甲基化、组蛋白甲基化及组蛋白乙酰化在植物细胞分化中的调控作用。 相似文献
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The analysis of histone modifications 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The biological function of many proteins is often regulated through posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Frequently different modifications influence each other and lead to an intricate network of interdependent modification patterns that affect protein-protein interactions, enzymatic activities and sub-cellular localizations. One of the best-studied class of proteins that is affected by PTMs and combinations thereof are the histone molecules. Histones are very abundant, small basic proteins that package DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus to form chromatin. The four core-histones are densely modified within their first 20-40 N-terminal amino acids, which are highly evolutionary conserved despite playing no structural role. The modifications are thought to constitute a histone code that is used by the cell to encrypt various chromatin conformations and gene expression states. The analysis of modified histones can be used as a model to dissect complex modification patterns and to investigate their molecular functions. Here we review techniques that have been used to decipher complex histone modification patterns and discuss the implication of these findings for chromatin structure and function. 相似文献
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《Journal of molecular biology》2022,434(8):167424
Various post-translational modifications can naturally occur on proteins, regulating the activity, subcellular localization, interaction, or stability of the proteins. However, it can be challenging to decipher the biological implication or physiological roles of site-specific modifications due to their dynamic and sub-stoichiometric nature. Genetic code expansion method, relying on an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair, enables site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids. Here we focus on the application of genetic code expansion to study site-specific protein post-translational modification in vitro and in vivo. After a brief introduction, we discuss possibilities of incorporating non-canonical amino acids containing post-translational modifications or their mimics into target proteins. This approach is applicable for Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation, Tyr sulfation/nitration/hydroxylation, Lys acetylation/acylation, Lys/His mono-methylation, as well as Arg citrullination. The next section describes the use of a precursor non-canonical amino acid followed by chemical and/or enzymatic reactions to afford the desired modification, such as Cys/Lys acylation, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications, as well as Lys/Gln methylation. We also discuss means for functional regulation of enzymes involving in post-translational modifications through genetically incorporated non-canonical amino acids. Lastly, the limitations and perspectives of genetic code expansion in studying protein post-translational modification are described. 相似文献
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Interpreting the language of histone and DNA modifications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Scott B. Rothbart Brian D. Strahl 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms》2014,1839(8):627-643
A major mechanism regulating the accessibility and function of eukaryotic genomes are the covalent modifications to DNA and histone proteins that dependably package our genetic information inside the nucleus of every cell. Formally postulated over a decade ago, it is becoming increasingly clear that post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histones act singly and in combination to form a language or ‘code’ that is read by specialized proteins to facilitate downstream functions in chromatin. Underappreciated at the time was the level of complexity harbored both within histone PTMs and their combinations, as well as within the proteins that read and interpret the language. In addition to histone PTMs, newly-identified DNA modifications that can recruit specific effector proteins have raised further awareness that histone PTMs operate within a broader language of epigenetic modifications to orchestrate the dynamic functions associated with chromatin. Here, we highlight key recent advances in our understanding of the epigenetic language encompassing histone and DNA modifications and foreshadow challenges that lie ahead as we continue our quest to decipher the fundamental mechanisms of chromatin regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular mechanisms of histone modification function. 相似文献
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Nikolov M Stützer A Mosch K Krasauskas A Soeroes S Stark H Urlaub H Fischle W 《Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP》2011,10(11):M110.005371
DNA and histone modifications direct the functional state of chromatin and thereby the readout of the genome. Candidate approaches and histone peptide affinity purification experiments have identified several proteins that bind to chromatin marks. However, the complement of factors that is recruited by individual and combinations of DNA and histone modifications has not yet been defined. Here, we present a strategy based on recombinant, uniformly modified chromatin templates used in affinity purification experiments in conjunction with SILAC-based quantitative mass spectrometry for this purpose. On the prototypic H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 histone modification marks we compare our method with a histone N-terminal peptide affinity purification approach. Our analysis shows that only some factors associate with both, chromatin and peptide matrices but that a surprisingly large number of proteins differ in their association with these templates. Global analysis of the proteins identified implies specific domains mediating recruitment to the chromatin marks. Our proof-of-principle studies show that chromatin templates with defined modification patterns can be used to decipher how the histone code is read and translated. 相似文献
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Post-translational histone modifications and their biological effects have been described as a ‘histone code’. Independently, Barbieri used the term ‘organic code’ to describe biological codes in addition to the genetic code. He also provided the defining criteria for an organic code, but to date the histone code has not been tested against these criteria. This paper therefore investigates whether the histone code is a bona fide organic code. After introducing the use of the term ‘code’ in biology, the criteria a putative organic code such as the histone code must conform to in order to be recognised as an organic code are described. Our current knowledge of histones and their major post-translational modifications, and the specific protein binding domains that recognise and translate these into specific biological effects, is then reviewed in detail. The histone modification system is then placed in the context of an organic code and it is concluded that it fulfils all the requirements of an organic code. The marks produced on histones by processes such as acetylation and methylation act as organic signs that are translated into unique biological effects, their biological meanings. These translations are accomplished by effector proteins that consist of a binding domain that recognises a specific histone mark and a regulatory domain that mediates the biological effect. Crucially, these domains can be experimentally interchanged between different effector proteins, thus altering the rules that specify the relationships between sign and meaning. The effector proteins therefore fulfil the role of adaptor molecules. 相似文献
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Tudor, MBT and chromo domains gauge the degree of lysine methylation 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
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The study of histone modifications and their interaction with effector modules/proteins has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic regulation, which involves post-translational modification on histones and DNAs or the participation of RNAs, plays an important role in many cellular processes. Histone modifications can function individually but are also capable of functioning combinatorially as a pattern. Recently, much more attention has focused on interpreting combined histone patterns by their downstream effectors. Structure/function-based studies on paired module-mediated histone cross-talk have greatly enhanced our understanding of the plasticity of the "histone code" hypothesis. 相似文献
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Quantification of acetylation at proximal lysine residues using isotopic labeling and tandem mass spectrometry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Smith CM 《Methods (San Diego, Calif.)》2005,36(4):395-403
With the emergence of the histone code as a key determinant in the regulation of gene expression, it has been important to develop tools that can not only identify the types and locations of myriad modifications, but also determine how the levels of these modifications change as a result of various processes in a cell. Mass spectrometry has become a method of choice for the investigation of post-translational modifications in histone proteins. Described in this article is a mass spectrometric method that is useful for direct quantification of levels of acetylation at lysines residues in close proximity to one another, as is the case for the amino terminal tail of histone H4. This method involves fragmentation of peptides into b and y ions that contain one or more sites of modification and isotopic labeling which ensures equivalent ionization and fragmentation. 相似文献