茧蜂滞育的研究进展

滞育现象在多种茧蜂类天敌昆虫中存在, 通过调控茧蜂滞育, 可达到延长产品货架期、延长防控作用时间、提高产品的抗逆性和繁殖力的目标, 对茧蜂的扩繁和应用具有重要意义。本文通过总结1910年以来的2 545篇国内外滞育文献, 统计得出有明确滞育诱导或滞育解除报道的茧蜂有37种, 分属7亚科16属, 其中对滞育特征有详细描述的有23种。茧蜂大多以预蛹进入滞育, 其次为幼虫滞育, 少数为成虫滞育, 其滞育敏感阶段因种不同而异。滞育持续期相对较长, 大多可维持数月, 最长的可达14个月。光周期、温度和寄主是影响茧蜂滞育的主要因子, 湿度、亲代和寄主植物也可在一定程度上影响滞育进程。目前, 茧蜂滞育的研究仅限于生物学观察阶段, 对茧蜂滞育的生理学特征、激素调控和分子调控等尚未有研究报道, 有许多问题有待进一步探讨。     

滞育烟蚜茧蜂的亲代效应评价

【目的】烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead是可持续防控蚜虫的优良内寄生蜂,适宜的低温短光照可诱导其进入滞育,滞育后产品货架期长达120 d,对害虫生防意义重大。为深入探索滞育烟蚜茧蜂的亲代效应,分析滞育机理,提高滞育诱导效率,指导该天敌产品的贮存实践,开展本项研究。【方法】在室内测试了滞育烟蚜茧蜂F1代的羽化率、性比、成蜂寿命、滞育率、寄生力以及F2代的羽化率、性比等生物学指标,综合评价滞育烟蚜茧蜂的亲代效应。【结果】滞育经历对烟蚜茧蜂子代的部分生物学性状具有显著性影响,F1代雌蜂比例显著增加,滞育维持30 d后子代雌蜂比例由0.59上升至0.65;F2代雌蜂比例与CK无差别,维持在0.58左右;F1代滞育率显著升高,可由对照的44.75%提高至74.01%,滞育维持30 d后子代滞育率具升高趋势;F1代寄生力略增加,各处理形成的僵蚜数在117~129头间,但无显著性差异;F1代羽化率、子代成蜂寿命与CK相比无差异。【结论】烟蚜茧蜂具有较显著的滞育亲代效应,亲代滞育经历可显著提高子一代的滞育率,利于子代抵御不良环境胁迫,提高种群存活率。     

近十年全球小型寄生蜂滞育研究的新进展

滞育现象在多种小型寄生蜂中存在。通过滞育调控技术,可实现蜂种的长期贮存、延长防控作用时间、提高产品的抗逆性,对寄生蜂工厂化生产及应用具有重要意义。本文总结了2007年以来国内外小型寄生蜂滞育研究文献,统计出开展滞育研究的寄生蜂37种,分属10科21属。研究内容涉及滞育特征、滞育诱导因素、亲代效应、滞育后发育、滞育的分子机制等。小型寄生蜂滞育时间较长,一般为数月,最多可达4年;光周期和温度是诱导滞育的主要因子,亲代效应对于部分寄生蜂的滞育亦有重要影响;滞育对于寄生蜂成虫寿命、生殖能力等有显著影响,这种影响既有正面的也有负面的;滞育期间寄生蜂体内代谢途径和蛋白质表达量有明显变化,运用蛋白质组学技术已发现大量滞育关联蛋白,但具体蛋白质和基因的功能分析以及滞育的激素调控等问题尚待进一步研究。     

烟蚜茧蜂滞育诱导的温光周期反应

烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead是可持续防控蚜虫的优良内寄生蜂,在害虫生防中具有重要作用,研究其滞育对探索发育调控机制、延长产品货架期、提高防治效果意义重大。本文采用梯度变温法和光周期反应曲线法,系统研究了温度和光周期对烟蚜茧蜂滞育诱导的影响,研究结果表明:烟蚜茧蜂以老熟幼虫滞育,滞育类型属冬滞育型。低温、短光照是诱导烟蚜茧蜂滞育的主要环境因子,二者相互配合能诱导更多个体滞育。短光照(L∶D=8∶16)条件下,温度低于12℃可诱导烟蚜茧蜂进入滞育,8℃时滞育率可达54.35%。长光照(L∶D=14∶10)下,高温不能诱导烟蚜茧蜂滞育,低温下的滞育率较低,仅为1.79%。低温(10℃)下,短光照(8 h)可诱导50.70%的高滞育率,光照为14 h和6 h其滞育率均显著下降。25℃时,不同光照下滞育率均为0,光周期作用不显著。综合而言,温度和光周期均能显著影响烟蚜茧蜂的滞育,温度较光周期的滞育诱导效能更显著,二者互作配合能极显著的诱导烟蚜茧蜂进入滞育态。     

山东省蚜茧蜂科初记及一新种描述

本是作对山东省中南部地区蚜茧蜂种类调查的结果．共鉴定出12属25种．其中新种1种。山东省新记录种17种．72％的种类为农作物．林果上蚜虫的寄生蜂;有些种类发生量大,对蚜虫抑制作用显．如乌兹别克蚜茧蜂、烟蚜茧蜂、菜蚜茧蜂等．调查记录了获得的蚜茧蜂种类,寄主及分布,并对新种作了描记．     

可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对高温下不同龄期黑豆蚜的寄生及其适合度表现

研究寄生蜂对寄主不同龄期的寄生策略通常采用适温下（≈25℃）培养的寄主进行试验。 为探究蚜茧蜂对高温下生长的寄主蚜虫的寄生反应及其适合度表现,在30℃条件下饲养寄主孤雌胎生无翅黑豆蚜Aphis fabae Scopli,获得不同龄期若蚜和刚羽化的成蚜,分别提供给可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus ambiguous Haliday寄生,观察蚜茧蜂的寄生率以及后代性比、体型大小和发育时间等适合度相关特性。结果表明： 可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对1至4龄若蚜及成蚜均寄生,但偏向寄生较早龄期的若蚜,对成蚜的寄生率为28.0％,显著低于对1龄（400％）和2龄（42.8%）寄主若蚜的寄生率。后代雌蜂比例和体型随寄主龄期（体型）增大而减小,而发育历期则呈现“中间低,两头高”的格局。后代性比、体型大小及发育历期等适合度表现与此前适温（≈25℃）下得到的结果截然相反。因此推测,寄主黑豆蚜体型或龄期可能不是或不全部是可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂评价寄主质量的依据,其他与寄主蚜虫内共生菌动态相关的线索（如行为的,化学的等）可能才是其评价寄主质量的依据。     

山东省蚜茧蜂科初记及—新种描述

本文是作者对山东省中南部地区蚜茧蜂种类调查的结果.共鉴定出12属25种,其中新种1种,山东省新记录种17种,72%的种类为农作物,林果上蚜虫的寄生蜂;有些种类发生量大,对蚜虫抑制作用显著,如乌兹别克蚜茧蜂、烟蚜茧蜂、菜蚜茧蜂等.调查记录了获得的蚜茧蜂种类、寄主及分布,并对新种作了描记.     

温度和光周期对管侧沟茧蜂滞育诱导及滞育茧的低温冷藏

【目的】为明确诱导管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer 滞育的主要因子,在田间和室内研究了不同温度和光周期下管侧沟茧蜂的滞育率和滞育茧的最佳冷藏温度。【方法】田间实验分别从8月31日到9月25日每隔5 d在室外罩笼内释放管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫,待寄生蜂结茧后统计子代蜂的滞育率。室内实验共设5个不同温度（16℃, 18℃, 20℃, 22℃和24℃）和7个不同光周期（6L:18D, 8L:16D, 10L:14D, 12L:12D, 14L:10D, 16L:8D和18L:6D）,分别统计寄生蜂在各个处理条件下的滞育率。【结果】在河北中部地区秋季自然条件下,8月底当日平均气温为24.4℃,日平均光照时间为12 h 51 min 时,少数蛹（5.08%）开始进入滞育;9月25日,当日平均气温为17.2℃,日平均光照时间为11 h 36 min以下时,几乎所有蛹个体进入滞育,滞育率达到99.70%。在室内人工控制条件下,当温度为22℃以上,无论光周期如何变化,管侧沟茧蜂不能进入滞育,所结茧全部为非滞育茧。温度为22℃以下存在光周期反应,在温度16℃, 18℃和20℃,光周期10L:14D时形成滞育茧数量最多,滞育率分别为100%, 89.75% 和 29.58%。可见温度和光周期二者共同影响管侧沟茧蜂的滞育。滞育茧在0℃左右条件下冷藏 240 d 和5℃左右环境条件下冷藏180 d, 成虫的羽化率和寄生能力与发育茧差异不显著(P>0.05);0℃条件下冷藏300 d,滞育茧仍有79%可以正常羽化。【结论】该寄生蜂在秋季进入滞育主要是低温条件和短光照反应相互作用的结果,滞育茧在0℃和5℃温度下至少可以保存240 d。这些结果对管侧沟茧蜂的大规模繁殖和滞育茧的保存具有重要参考价值。     

斑痣悬茧蜂的寄主辨别能力及其影响因素

为评价斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael)的寄主辨别能力及其影响因素, 采用双选试验（斜纹夜蛾2龄寄主幼虫, 健康∶被寄生=5∶5）, 观察了寄生经历（无寄生经历、 有1次寄生经历、 有1次过寄生经历）和寄主被首次寄生后的间隔时间（1 - 7 d）对斑痣悬茧蜂在健康寄主和被寄生寄主之间的选择; 为探究斑痣悬茧蜂是否能够辨别寄主斑块质量, 观察了斑痣悬茧蜂连续3次访问不同质量寄主斑块（被寄生寄主∶健康寄主分别为 2∶8, 5∶5和 8∶2）时的产卵刺扎次数。对选择频次进行的分析表明, 寄主被首次寄生后的间隔时间和寄生蜂的寄生经历均对过寄生发生有显著影响(P<0.05), 过寄生概率随寄主首次被寄生后的间隔时间延长而降低; 有寄生经历的寄生蜂发生过寄生的概率低于无寄生经历的寄生蜂。用Cox比例风险模型对寄主辨别时间进行的分析表明, 发生过寄生的风险随寄主被初次寄生后间隔时间的延长而减小, 也因寄生蜂具有过寄生经历而减小。斑痣悬茧蜂在连续3次访问不同质量寄主斑块中, 产卵刺扎次数随寄主斑块的质量提高而显著增多。据此推论, 斑痣悬茧蜂不仅能够辨别被寄生寄主, 而且能够辨别含有被寄生寄主的寄主斑块。     

斑痣悬茧蜂寄主搜索中的学习行为

利用风洞技术研究了斑痣悬茧蜂不同阶段的经历对其寄主甜菜夜蛾搜索行为的影响.结果表明:寄生蜂幼期发育到羽化早期所经历的植物对其成虫搜索行为具有一定的影响,在供试的大豆、棉花和白菜等3种植物中,只有大豆-寄主幼虫复合体对无经验寄生蜂的行为反应具有显著影响.寄生蜂1次产卵经历对后续搜索行为的影响取决于饲养寄主幼虫的植物种类,只有在大豆和白菜上的产卵经历对后续搜索行为产生显著影响,即明显偏好经历过的植物;对于在不同植物上经历2次产卵的寄生蜂,后续搜索行为反应取决于植物种类及其顺序,若2次产卵经历发生在大豆与白菜之间,无论顺序先后,后续行为反应均偏好大豆-寄主幼虫复合体;但若2次产卵经历发生在大豆与棉花之间,只有当第2次为大豆时,后续行为反应显著偏好大豆-寄主幼虫复合体;若2次寄生经历发生在棉花与白菜之间,只有当第2次经历为白菜时,后续行为反应显著偏好白菜-寄主幼虫复合体.根据研究结果推断,斑痣悬茧蜂幼期发育、成虫早期羽化的经历、成虫产卵经历对后续搜索行为具有显著影响,而且这种影响与寄主幼虫的食料植物有关.     

寄生蜂寄主选择行为研究进展

寄生蜂是膜翅目昆虫中的重要类群,在自然界种类多,数量大。据文献报道全世界膜翅目昆虫大约有10万种”’,其中许多种类与农林害虫长期保持一定的制约关系,在害虫防治中占有重要地位。由于大量使用化学农药导致害虫的抗药性增加,利用天敌昆虫来防治害虫越来越显示出其重要性和优越性。但是,直到近20年来,寄生蜂的寄生行为才受到重视,并给予了广泛的、深入的研究”－‘’严格地讲,寄生蜂应该称为拟寄生蜂,它与通常所说的寄生昆虫像虱子、臭虫等有明显不同,主要区别在于：1．寄生仅仅发生在未成熟阶段,而成虫阶段营自由生活;2．寄…     

Adaptive value of host discrimination in parasitoids: when host defences are very costly

Host acceptance decision in parasitic wasps strongly depends on the parasitism status of the encountered host. In solitary species, a host only allows the development of a single parasitic larva and then, any oviposition in an already parasitised host leads to larval competition and loss of offspring. Females of many parasitoid species are able to discriminate between parasitised hosts and healthy ones. However, the host discrimination process may require more time than oviposition, exposing the wasp to high risks when the host has efficient defences. Consequently, depending on the degree of success of the host defence, the cost of host inspection for discrimination can outweigh the benefit of superparasitism avoidance. In the present paper, a theoretical approach was developed for determining how host defences may affect optimal host acceptance behaviour in parasitoids. The present model compares the lifetime reproductive success over the strategy used, discrimination and no-discrimination: a discriminating wasp sets a relatively greater value in its current oviposition, while a non-discriminating female sets a greater value in its own survival and future reproduction. The model predicts that depending on physiological state variables and environmental state variables, the optimal policy is not discriminating. Our results suggest that the low discriminating ability observed in some parasitic wasps could probably be an evolutionary response to host defences pressure.     

Contrasting patterns of fig wasp communities along Mt. Wilhelm,Papua New Guinea

The fig (Moraceae) and pollinating fig wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism is best known as a model system for the study of coevolution in plant–pollinator interactions and its central role in shaping vertebrate communities in tropical forests. Figs also host myriad antagonistic parasitic fig wasps which impose costs on both partners threatening mutualism stability. Spatiotemporal variation in parasitic wasp abundance is a key factor in mitigating these effects. Because fig wasps are temperature sensitive and likely vary in their ability to traverse environmental gradients, we expect community assemblages and abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps to respond to changes along an elevational gradient. In the present study, we compare the fig wasp communities and abundance of three fig species growing along the slopes of the Mount Wilhelm altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea. We quantified wasps from over 100 male fig trees and calculated seed set for 55 female trees along each of the species’ distribution on the transect. Our results show that the abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps follow a mid-elevation peak, consistent with fig species richness found in the same transect. The patterns, however, are different according to the host's species distribution. Seed set remained relatively constant along the gradient for all species with some decrease along higher elevations, potentially affecting connectivity along the gradient. As suggested for insects in general, temperature and habitat diversity appear to play a fundamental role in the species richness and abundance of fig wasps.     

Cascading effects of host size and host plant species on parasitoid resource allocation

1. The bottom‐up factors that determine parasitoid host use are an important area of research in insect ecology. Host size is likely to be a primary cue for foraging parasitoids due to its potential influence on offspring development time, the risk of multiparasitism, and host immunocompetence. Host size is mediated in part by host‐plant traits that influence herbivore growth and potentially affect a herbivore's quality as a host for parasitoids. 2. Here, we tested how caterpillar host size and host plant species influence adult fly parasitoid size and whether host size influences wasp parasitoid sex allocation. We measured the hind tibia lengths and determined the sex of wasp and fly parasitoids reared from 11 common host species of polyphagous caterpillars (Limacodidae) that were in turn reared on foliage of seven different host plant species. 3. We also tested how host caterpillar species, host caterpillar size, and host and parasitoid phenology affect how the parasitoid community partitions host resources. We found evidence that parasitoids primarily partition their shared hosts based on size, but not by host species or phenology. One index of specialisation (d′) supports our observation that these parasitoids are quite generalised within the Limacodidae. In general, wasps were reared from caterpillars collected in early instars, while flies were reared from caterpillars collected in late instars. Furthermore, for at least one species of solitary wasp, host size influenced sex allocation of offspring by ovipositing females. 4. Host‐plant quality indirectly affected the size attained by a tachinid fly parasitoid through its direct effects on the size and performance of the caterpillar host. The host plants that resulted in the highest caterpillar host performance in the absence of enemies also yielded the largest parasitoid flies, which suggests that host plant quality can cascade up to influence the third trophic level.     

Diapause incidence of progeny in relation to parental geographic origin,host plant and rearing density in the cabbage beetle,Colaphellus bowringi

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is widely distributed in China, undergoes an imaginal diapause in the soil. In this study, we investigated the influences of parental geographic origin, host plant, and rearing density on the diapause incidence of progeny in this beetle. In studies conducted at 25 °C and L12:D12 photoperiod, the proportions of adults entering diapause were significantly different among latitudes from which the parents had been collected. The incidence of diapause increased with increasing latitude. Reciprocal cross tests between post‐diapause adults from different latitudes showed that there were significant differences in diapause incidence between pure‐bred and hybrid adults, suggesting that diapause incidence among progeny was determined by both the female and male, although the female appeared to have a stronger effect than the male. These results revealed that parental origin has an important influence on progeny diapause. Parental host plant species not only affected diapause incidence of the current generation, but also affected the incidence of diapause in the progeny produced by the non‐diapause parents; yet, the parental host plant had no influence on the incidence of diapause in the progeny produced by the post‐diapause parents. Rearing density of the parental generation had no significant effect on the incidence of diapause in the progeny.     

A comparative approach to understanding factors limiting abundance patterns and distributions in a fig tree–fig wasp mutualism

Numerous factors affect distribution and abundance. Due to their intimate host association, pollinating fig wasps are expected to occupy the entire distribution of their host fig. An understanding of the physiology of fig wasp species and the factors affecting adult survival are important for understanding and explaining wasp abundance and distribution patterns. We examine distribution and abundance patterns of a fig tree–fig wasp system in which the non-pollinator ( Ceratosolen galili ) has been reported to be rarer than the pollinator ( Ceratosolen arabicus ) in drier areas due to lower desiccation tolerance. Both species are closely related and utilise the same oviposition sites on Ficus sycomorus. We used ecological niche modelling to determine whether C. galili covers the range of F. sycomorus and whether it is consistently rarer than C. arabicus. We examined emergence times, critical thermal limits, desiccation and starvation tolerances of the wasps. The suggested rarity of C. galili relates to lower abundance in certain months and at certain localities but a similar number of occurrence records within the distributional range (except in arid regions, e.g. Namibia). In contrast to C. galili , C. arabicus has a wider thermal range, lives longer under hydrating and dehydrating conditions and is a nocturnal flier. The synergistic effect of physiological tolerances and flight time differences exacerbate the less favourable conditions available to C. galili during flight and location of receptive figs. These factors enable C. arabicus to survive for longer than C. galili , meaning that they are more likely to disperse to trees that are flowering further away in space and time. Combining correlative and mechanistic approaches has aided us in understanding the ecological niches of these species.     

小蜂滞育的研究进展

滞育现象在多种小蜂类天敌昆虫中存在,通过研究小蜂滞育技术,可实现蜂种的长期贮存、延长防控作用时间、提高产品的抗逆性,对小蜂工厂化生产及应用具有重要意义。本文在分析国内外小蜂总科昆虫滞育文献的基础上,总结了已开展滞育研究的69种小蜂类昆虫的滞育虫态、滞育持续期、主要诱导因子以及亲代效应等,分属小蜂科、赤眼蜂科、姬小蜂科、跳小蜂科、金小蜂科、蚜小蜂科、旋小蜂、长尾小蜂科、广肩小蜂、四节小蜂科10科。小蜂多以幼虫或预蛹滞育,其滞育敏感阶段因种不同而异。滞育持续期相对较长,大多可维持数月。一种寄生麦红吸浆虫的金小蜂Macroglenes penetrans在2.5℃的土壤中,其滞育持续期可达16个月。低温、短日照和寄主是影响多数小蜂滞育的主要因子;但也有少数小蜂进行夏滞育,如普金姬小蜂Chrysocharis pubicornis、Aphelinus flavus、车轴草广肩小蜂Bruchophagus platypterus等。另外,亲代也可对小蜂滞育产生一定影响。目前,对小蜂滞育后发育生物学评价的研究报道较少,尚待进一步探索研究。     

The function of host discrimination and superparasitization in parasitoids

Summary Host discrimination, i.e. the ability to distinguish unparasitized hosts from parasitized ones, and to reject the latter for egg laying is present in many parasitic wasp species. This property is classically considered as an example of contest competition, and is supposed to have a number of functions. However, different species do not react to each other's marks and lay eggs in hosts parasitized by the other species. Apparently the marks used for recognition are specific.Multiparasitization is the best strategy when hosts are scarce and the egg supplies of the parasitoids are not limited. Interspecific host discrimination is not an ESS.Superparasitization within one species would have selective advantage if the number of unparasitized hosts is small and the wasp has a reasonable chance to lay her egg in a host that is not parasitized by herself, and if the chance for her offspring to survive the competitive battle with the first parasitoid larva is not too small. This is shown to be the case.However, marks are not individual and wasps cannot distinguish hosts parasitized by themselves from those parasitized by others. The hypothesis is tested that the egg laying strategy (i.e. the decision to superparasitize) of wasps is dependent on the number of conspecifics that is searching simultaneously for hosts, since this determines the chance that a parasitized host encountered by a wasp is parasitized by herself.It is shown that host discrimination cannot be regarded as a case of contest competition. Other aspects of superparasitization, related to interference and population regulation, sex allocation and encapsulation are briefly discussed.     

SEX-RATIO MANIPULATION IN RESPONSE TO HOST SIZE BY THE PARASITOID WASP SPALANGIA CAMERONI: A LABORATORY STUDY

The prediction of Charnov et al.'s (1981) host-size model that there should be a negative relationship between host size and wasp sex ratio (proportion sons) was supported for Spalangia cameroni, a solitary parasitoid wasp. The relationship was shown to be a result of offspring sex manipulation by females in response to host size rather than a result of differential mortality of the sexes. A major assumption of the host-size model is that host size has a greater effect on the ultimate reproductive success of emerging female wasps than of males. This assumption was not supported. Host size had a positive effect on the size of both male and female S. cameroni. However, neither host size nor wasp size affected longevity, production of offspring by females, or ability of males to compete for mates. Host size may differentially affect the reproductive success of female and male wasps through effects on other aspects of reproductive success. Tests of the assumptions of offspring sex-ratio manipulation hypotheses are scarce but critical, not only for parasitoid wasps, but also for other organisms.