腔孢纲一新属--类腊肠茎点霉属

近年甘肃省河西走廊一带胡萝卜上发生一种叶斑病,严重时造成减产20%~30%.其病原物为丝分孢子真菌(半知菌)腔孢纲Coelomycetes中一未描述的真菌.该菌具有分生孢子器,但其形态与相似属茎点霉属Phoma、鞘茎点霉属Coleophoma和拟腊肠茎点霉属Allantophomopsis不同,遂建立类腊肠茎点霉属Allantophomoides(新属);其模式种为胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉Allantophomoides carotae(新种).研究的标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP).     

腔孢纲—新属——类腊肠茎点霉属

近年甘肃省河西走廊一带胡萝卜上发生一种叶斑病,严重时造成减产20%-30%。其病原物为丝分孢子真菌(半知菌)腔孢纲Coelomycetes中一未描述的真菌。该菌具有分生孢子器,但其形态与相似属茎点霉属Phoma、鞘茎点霉属Coleophoma和拟腊肠茎点霉属Allantophomopsis不同,遂建立类腊肠茎点霉Allantophomoides(新属);其模式种为胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉Allantophomoides carotae(新种)。研究的标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

中国一新记录属——异茎点霉属

<正> 大豆胞囊线虫病(Heterodera glycines)是世界大豆主要产区的重要病害之一。异茎点霉属(Paraphoma)中的唯一种Paraphoma radicina在国外报道可定殖于大豆胞囊线虫的胞囊上。我国以前未发现此属真菌。1994年从辽宁省辽中县冷子堡乡一块大豆田里通过淘洗过筛法分离到了一个胞囊线虫群体,在其中的有病胞囊上分离出根异茎点霉(Paraphoma radicina),该菌是我国首次报道的新记录属种,现简报如下:     

库拉索芦荟内生真菌菌群的多样性研究

【目的】了解不同生境下库拉索芦荟内生真菌的菌群组成及其动态变化规律。【方法】分别于春、秋两季对云南、四川、广东以及陕西四地的多年生库拉索芦荟采样,进行内生真菌的分离、鉴定及多样性分析。【结果】所得1 442株内生真菌可归于29个属,其中未发现有性世代及不产孢的占96.88%,子囊菌占0.83%,担子菌占0.07%,接合菌占2.22%。内生菌群以链格孢属Alternaria(35.63%)、镰刀菌属Fusarium(12.69%)及拟茎点霉属Phomopsis(11.65%)为优势种群。【结论】云南与四川的样本菌群组成相似性最高(Cs=0.88),广东与云南的差异性最大(Cs=0.73)。在根部,以链格孢属Alternaria、镰刀菌属Fusarium及丝核菌Rhizoctonia属为优势种群;叶中则以链格孢属Alternaria、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis及茎点霉属Phoma为优势种群。此外,不同季节间内生真菌的组成也存在一定差异,春季以丝孢纲类居多(IF=31.42%),秋季则以腔孢纲类居多(IF=31.01%)。     

中国种子植物内生真菌资源及菌植协同进化

综述了中国种子植物内生真菌资源研究概况,比较了裸子植物和被子植物内生真菌种类,它们都具有肉座菌目(Hypocreales),粪壳菌目(Sordariales),散囊菌目(Eurotiales),毛霉目(Mucorales)及不产孢类(Myceliasterilia)内生真菌。裸子植物内生真菌涉及52个属,既包括高等的子囊菌和担子菌,也包括低等的卵菌(Oomycetes)和接合菌(Zygomycetes)类。被子植物涉及60个属,主要为高等的子囊菌(Ascomycetes)和担子菌(Basidiomycetes),低等的卵菌和接合菌报道很少。双子叶植物涉及40个属,单子叶植物内生真菌涉及30个属,两类被子植物所报道的内生真菌只有11个属相同。裸子植物与双子叶植物内生真菌相似程度较高,都具有炭角菌目(Xylariales)、格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales)、柔膜菌目(Helotiales)和白粉菌目(Erysiphales),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)、地霉属(Geotrichum)等内真菌,共20个属相同。各类种子植物具有自己独特的一些内生真菌。还对植物与其内生真菌的协同进化关系进行了分析。     

菌物系统(原名真菌学报)

第一期 怀念姜广正教授 厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖.厖厖厖厖?..厖( 1) 研究论文 单主菌属一新种 厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖.?...呉抖? 沈亚恒 ( 2) 分离自江西的一个青霉属新种 厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖...厖..孔华忠 梁宗琦 ( 4) 中国尾孢菌属及其近似属的研究XIII. 厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖..厖......?徐 莉 郭英兰 ( 6) 腔孢纲一新属——类腊肠茎点霉属 厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖.?..?....魏生龙 张天宇 ( 9) 侧孢座腔菌属一新种 厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖厖?厖..孙剑秋 周东坡 平文祥 ( 12) 栝楼上星盾炱属一新种 …     

小桐子内生真菌及其抗真菌活性研究

从药用植物小桐子的根和茎中分离到内生真菌57株,经鉴定,它们分属于15个不同的分类单元。其中拟盘多毛孢为优势属,其次为拟茎点霉属和茎点霉属。用杨桃炭疽菌,香蕉疫霉和镰刀菌作指示菌对这些内生真菌的抗真菌活性进行检测,结果表明,有2株菌对杨桃炭疽菌具有抑菌活性。     

单叶蔓荆根际土壤真菌多样性

对江西鄱阳湖区5个不同地区单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia)的根际土壤真菌种类和多样性进行了研究。从100份单叶蔓荆植物根际土壤样品中分离获得128株真菌,隶属于无性型菌和接合菌,共15个属,其中青霉属(Penicillium)为单叶蔓荆根际土壤真菌的优势属,占总菌株数的14.06%,其次为单端孢属(Trichothecium),占总菌株数的11.72%,葡萄孢属(Botrytis)、卷头霉属(Helicocephalum)、茎点霉属(Phoma)、根霉属(Rhizopus)占总菌株数的7.81%,可见单叶蔓荆根际真菌具有较丰富的多样性。研究还发现不同地区单叶蔓荆根际土壤真菌的种群组成和结构存在一定的差异,各属真菌在不同地区的单叶蔓荆根际土壤中所占的优势度也不同。     

云南红豆杉(Taxus Yunnanensis)皮下真菌类群初步研究

分离纯化与云南红豆杉（Taxus Yunnanensis)内共生的皮下真菌,获得了52株内生真菌,对52株菌进行了分类研究。结果是：无孢类各属是优势菌群（共29株）,其次是木霉属（5株）和茎点霉属（4株）,首次报道了红豆杉属植物皮下真菌的类群和区系特点。     

云南会泽铅锌矿废弃矿渣堆常见植物内生真菌多样性

从云南会泽铅锌矿废弃矿渣堆上的常见植物硬毛南芥(Arabis hirsuta)、毛萼香茶菜(Rabbosia eriocalyx)和倒挂刺(Rosa longicuspis)等6种植物的690个组织块中共分离得到内生真菌495株,内生真菌的分离频率在0.42—0.93之间,平均为0.72,所有植物茎内生真菌的分离频率都明显高于叶(P<0.05)。经形态学鉴定,内生真菌分属于茎点霉属(Phoma)、交链孢属(Alternaria)和派伦霉属(Peyronellaea)等20个分类单元,其中茎点霉属和派伦霉属为该废弃矿渣堆上常见植物的优势内生真菌属。6种植物内生真菌的多样性指数在1.05—2.29之间,与其它非重金属污染环境植物内生真菌的多样性指数相似,说明在重金属污染地区仍然存在多种重金属耐受的内生真菌种类。6种植物内生真菌的相似性系数(0.455—0.833)表明,会泽铅锌矿区植物内生真菌的宿主专一性较小。     

Is N2O3 the main nitrosating intermediate in aerated nitric oxide (NO) solutions in vivo? If so,where, when,and which one?

The widespread opinion that N(2)O(3) as a product of NO oxidation is the only nitros(yl)ating agent under aerobic conditions is based on experiments in homogeneous buffered water solutions. In vivo NO is oxidized in heterogeneous media and this opinion is not correct. The equilibrium in the system being dependent on temperature and DeltaG((sol)) for NO, NO(2), isomers of both N(2)O(3), and N(2)O(4). For polar solvents including water, DeltaG((sol)) for N(2)O(3) is high enough, and a stationary concentration of N(2)O(3) in the mixture with other oxides is sufficient to guarantee the hydrolysis of N(2)O(3) to nitrite. In heterogeneous media, the mixture contains solvates NO(2(sol)), N(2)O(3(sol)), and N(2)O(4(sol)) at stationary nonequilibrium concentrations. As far as DeltaG((sol)) is decreased in heterogeneous mixtures with low polar solvents and/or at increased temperatures, the equilibrium in such a system shifts to NO(2). Although NO(2) is a reactive free radical, it almost does not react with water. In contrast, the reaction with most functional protein groups efficiently proceeds by a radical type with the formation of nitrite and new radicals (X) further stabilized in various forms. Therefore, the ratio of the nitrosylated and nitrated products yields depends on actual concentrations of all NO(x).     

Type 1 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is a late substrate of caspases during apoptosis

Apoptosis is characterized by the proteolytic cleavage of hundreds of proteins. One of them, the type 1 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3) R-1), a multimeric receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that is critical to calcium homeostasis, was reported to be cleaved during staurosporine (STS) induced-apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Because the reported cleavage site separates the IP(3) binding site from the channel moiety, its cleavage would shut down a critical signaling pathway that is common to several cellular processes. Here we show that IP(3) R-1 is not cleaved in 293 cells treated with STS, TNFα, Trail, or ultra-violet (UV) irradiation. Further, it is not cleaved in Hela or Jurkat cells induced to undergo apoptosis with Trail, TNFα, or UV. In accordance with previous reports, we demonstrate that it is cleaved in a Jurkat cell line treated with STS. However its cleavage occurs only after poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which cleavage is a hallmark of apoptosis, and p23, a poor caspase-7 substrate, are completely cleaved, suggesting that IP(3) R-1 is a relatively late substrate of caspases. Nevertheless, the receptor is fully accessible to proteolysis in cellulo by ectopically overexpressed caspase-7 or by the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease. Finally, using recombinant caspase-3 and microsomal fractions enriched in IP(3) R-1, we show that the receptor is a poor caspase-3 substrate. Consequently, we conclude that IP(3) R-1 is not a key death substrate.     

Evidence for chloroplast control of external Ca2+-induced cytosolic Ca2+ transients and stomatal closure

The role of guard cell chloroplasts in stomatal function is controversial. It is usually assumed that stomatal closure is preceded by a transient increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in the guard cells. Here, we provide the evidence that chloroplasts play a critical role in the generation of extracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](ext))-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) transients and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. CAS (Ca(2+) sensing receptor) is a plant-specific putative Ca(2+)-binding protein that was originally proposed to be a plasma membrane-localized external Ca(2+) sensor. In the present study, we characterized the intracellular localization of CAS in Arabidopsis with a combination of techniques, including (i) in vivo localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused gene expression, (ii) subcellular fractionation and fractional analysis of CAS with Western blots, and (iii) database analysis of thylakoid membrane proteomes. Each technique produced consistent results. CAS was localized mainly to chloroplasts. It is an integral thylakoid membrane protein, and the N-terminus acidic Ca(2+)-binding region is likely exposed to the stromal side of the membrane. The phenotype of T-DNA insertion CAS knockout mutants and cDNA mutant-complemented plants revealed that CAS is essential for stomatal closure induced by external Ca(2+). In contrast, overexpression of CAS promoted stomatal closure in the absence of externally applied Ca(2+). Furthermore, using the transgenic aequorin system, we showed that [Ca(2+)](ext)-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) transients were significantly reduced in CAS knockout mutants. Our results suggest that thylakoid membrane-localized CAS is essential for [Ca(2+)](ext)-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) transients and stomatal closure.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Regulation of murine airway surface liquid volume by CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl- conductances

Two Cl(-) conductances have been described in the apical membrane of both human and murine proximal airway epithelia that are thought to play predominant roles in airway hydration: (1) CFTR, which is cAMP regulated and (2) the Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) conductance (CaCC) whose molecular identity is uncertain. In addition to second messenger regulation, cross talk between these two channels may also exist and, whereas CFTR is absent or defective in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, CaCC is preserved, and may even be up-regulated. Increased CaCC activity in CF airways is controversial. Hence, we have investigated the effects of CFTR on CaCC activity and have also assessed the relative contributions of these two conductances to airway surface liquid (ASL) height (volume) in murine tracheal epithelia. We find that CaCC is up-regulated in intact murine CF tracheal epithelia, which leads to an increase in UTP-mediated Cl(-)/volume secretion. This up-regulation is dependent on cell polarity and is lost in nonpolarized epithelia. We find no role for an increased electrical driving force in CaCC up-regulation but do find an increased Ca(2+) signal in response to mucosal nucleotides that may contribute to the increased Cl(-)/volume secretion seen in intact epithelia. CFTR plays a critical role in maintaining ASL height under basal conditions and accordingly, ASL height is reduced in CF epithelia. In contrast, CaCC does not appear to significantly affect basal ASL height, but does appear to be important in regulating ASL height in response to released agonists (e.g., mucosal nucleotides). We conclude that both CaCC and the Ca(2+) signal are increased in CF airway epithelia, and that they contribute to acute but not basal regulation of ASL height.     

Characterization and mapping of a new male sterility mutant of anther advanced dehiscence （t） in rice

Anther dehiscence is very important for pollen maturation and release.The mutants of anther dehiscence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) arefew,and related research remains poor.A male sterility mutant of anther dehiscence in advance,add(t),has been found in Minghui 63 and its sterility is not sensitive to thermo-photo.To learn the character of sterilization and the function of the add(t) gene,the morphological and cytological studies on the anther and pollen,the ability of the pistil being fertilized,inheritance of the mutant,and mapping of add(t)gene have been conducted.The anther size is normal but the color is white in the mutant against the natural yellow in the wild-type.The pollen is malformed,unstained,and small in the KI-I2 solution.The anther dehiscence is in advance at the bicellular pollen stage.A crossing test indicated that the grain setting ratio of the add(t) is significantly lower than that of the CMS line 2085A.The ability of the pistil being fertilized is most probably decreased by the add(t) gene.The male sterility is controlled by a single recessive gene of add(t).This gene is mapped between the markers of R02004 (InDel) and RM300 (SSR) on chromosome 2,and the genetic distance from the add(t) gene to these markers is 0.78 cM and 4.66 cM,respectively.     

Cooperation of p40(phox) with p47(phox) for Nox2-based NADPH oxidase activation during Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis: mechanism for acquisition of p40(phox) phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) binding

During activation of the phagocyte (Nox2-based) NADPH oxidase, the cytoplasmic Phox complex (p47(phox)-p67(phox)-p40(phox)) translocates and associates with the membrane-spanning flavocytochrome b(558). It is unclear where (in cytoplasm or on membranes), when (before or after assembly), and how p40(phox) acquires its PI(3)P-binding capabilities. We demonstrated that in addition to conformational changes induced by H(2)O(2) in the cytoplasm, p40(phox) acquires PI(3)P-binding through direct or indirect membrane targeting. We also found that p40(phox) is essential when p47(phox) is partially phosphorylated during FcγR-mediated oxidase activation; however, p40(phox) is less critical when p47(phox) is adequately phosphorylated, using phosphorylation-mimicking mutants in HEK293(Nox2/FcγRIIa) and RAW264.7(p40/p47KD) cells. Moreover, PI binding to p47(phox) is less important when the autoinhibitory PX-PB1 domain interaction in p40(phox) is disrupted or when p40(phox) is targeted to membranes. Furthermore, we suggest that high affinity PI(3)P binding of the p40(phox) PX domain is critical during its accumulation on phagosomes, even when masked by the PB1 domain in the resting state. Thus, in addition to mechanisms for directly acquiring PI(3)P binding in the cytoplasm by H(2)O(2), p40(phox) can acquire PI(3)P binding on targeted membranes in a p47(phox)-dependent manner and functions both as a "carrier" of the cytoplasmic Phox complex to phagosomes and an "adaptor" of oxidase assembly on phagosomes in cooperation with p47(phox), using positive feedback mechanisms.     

基于SDR模型的抚仙湖流域生态安全空间分异特征研究

抚仙湖流域作为我国重要的战略水资源储备区,生态安全地位重要。本研究以该流域为研究对象,采用"状态-隐患-响应"模型,探索性空间分析法,基于格网尺度分析其1987-2020年生态安全空间分异特征。结果表明：（1）抚仙湖流域生态安全空间差异性明显,生态安全状况以中度安全（Ⅳ级）与高安全（Ⅴ级）状态为主,主要分布于流域四周,生态不安全（Ⅰ级）、较不安全（Ⅱ级）、临界安全（Ⅲ级）成片地集中于流域南北岸及东岸中部的人口农业密集区。（2）研究区生态安全空间集聚效应明显,全局空间自相关系数较高,且逐期上升,集聚效应增强,并以高高（HH）,低低（LL）集聚为主,HH区域集中于流域西北,东南,西岸中部片区,LL区域分布于流域北岸人口密集区及南岸的农业地带。（3）研究区生态安全在不同土地利用类型、坡度、人口密度上空间分异规律明显,生态不安全（Ⅰ级）在建设用地分布居多,生态较不安全（Ⅱ级）和生态临界安全（Ⅲ级）以耕地分布为主,生态中度安全（Ⅳ）和高安全（Ⅴ级）主要分布在林地。生态安全分别与坡度、人口密度存在明显的分异特征,坡度增加,生态安全水平高,人口密度变大,生态安全质量越低。