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1.
In tropical Australian freshwaters, uranium (U) is of potential ecotoxicological concern, largely as a consequence of mining activities. Although the toxicity of uranium to Australian freshwater biota is comprehensive, by world standards, few data are available on the effects of physicochemical variables, such as hardness, alkalinity, pH and organic matter, on uranium speciation and bioavailability. This study determined the individual effects of water hardness (6.6, 165 and 330 mg l-1 as CaCO3) and alkalinity (4.0 and 102 mg l-1 as CaCO3), at a constant pH (6.0), on the toxicity (96 h population growth) of uranium to Hydra viridissima (green hydra). A 50-fold increase in hardness (Ca and Mg concentration) resulted in a 92% (two-fold) decrease in the toxicity of uranium to H. viridissima [i.e . an increase in the EC50 value and 95% confidence interval from 114 (107-121) to 219 (192-246) µg l-1]. Conversely, at a constant hardness (165 mg l-1 as CaCO3), the toxicity of uranium to H. viridissima was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by a 25-fold increase in alkalinity (carbonate concentration) [i.e. EC50 values of 177 (166-188) and 171 (150-192) µg l-1 at 4.0 and 102 mg l-1 as CaCO3, respectively]. A knowledge of the relationship between water chemistry variables, including hardness and alkalinity, and uranium toxicity is useful for predicting the potential ecological detriment in aquatic systems, and can be used to relax national water quality guidelines on a site-specific basis. 相似文献
2.
Olesja Bondarenko Pattanathu K. S. M. Rahman Thahira J. Rahman Anne Kahru Angela Ivask 《Microbial ecology》2010,59(3):588-600
In this study, the mixture of mono- and di-rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS10-129 was characterized for its toxicity and modulatory effects on Cd availability to different bacteria. Gram-negative
naturally bioluminescent Vibrio fischeri and recombinant bioluminescent Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis were used as model organisms. Rhamnolipids reduced the bioluminescence of these bacteria in less than a second of exposure
even in relatively low concentrations (30-min EC50 45–167 mg l−1). Toxicity of Cd to Gram-negative bacteria (30-min EC50 values 0.16 mg l−1 for E. coli, 0.96 mg l−1 for P. fluorescens, and 4.4 mg l−1 for V. fischeri) was remarkably (up to 10-fold) reduced in the presence of 50 mg l−1 rhamnolipids. Interestingly, the toxicity of Cd to Gram-positive B. subtilis (30-min EC50 value 0.49 mg l−1) was not affected by rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipids had an effect on desorption of Cd from soil: 40 mg l−1 rhamnolipids increased the water-extracted fraction of Cd twice compared with untreated control. However, this additionally
desorbed fraction of Cd remained bound with rhamnolipids and was not available to bacteria. Hence, in carefully chosen concentrations
(still effectively complexing heavy metals but not yet toxic to soil bacteria), rhamnolipids could be applied in remediation
of polluted areas. 相似文献
3.
Hardness does not affect the physiological responses of wild and domestic strains of diploid and triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to short‐term exposure to pH 9.5
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This study examined the effects of water hardness on the physiological responses associated with high pH exposure in multiple strains of diploid and triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. To accomplish this, three wild strains and one domesticated strain of diploid and triploid O. mykiss were abruptly transferred from control soft water (City of Vancouver dechlorinated tap water; pH 6·7; [CaCO3] < 17·9 mg l?1) to control soft water (handling control), high pH soft water (pH 9·5; [CaCO3] < 17·9 mg l?1), or high pH hard water (pH 9·5; [CaCO3] = 320 mg l?1) followed by sampling at 24 h for physiological measurements. There was a significant effect of ploidy on loss of equilibrium (LOE) over the 24 h exposure, with only triploid O. mykiss losing equilibrium at high pH in both soft and hard water. Furthermore, exposure to pH 9·5 resulted in significant decreases in plasma sodium and chloride, and increases in plasma and brain ammonia with no differences between soft and hard water. There was no significant effect of strain on LOE, but there were significant differences between strains in brain ammonia and plasma cortisol. Overall, there were no clear protective effects of hardness on high pH exposure in these strains of O. mykiss. 相似文献
4.
Sarka Vesela Vlastimil Ondruska Kamil Kuca Jiri Patocka 《Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry》2013,28(4):427-432
Reactivators of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase (oximes) are substances used as a human antidotal therapy for organophosphate poisoning. The objective of our study was to examine if juveniles of freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia magna could be employed as test animals in early screen toxicity tests of those substances as a first step for further experiments with daphnids intoxicated by organophosphates. For this purpose, seven different oximes were investigated. It was found that toxicity of all tested oximes increased with time. Mono-quaternary oximes were approximately ten fold (EC50, 14.9 mg.l? 1) more toxic in 24 hour tests and five fold (EC50 was 79.46 mg.l? 1) more toxic in 48 hour tests than bis-quaternary oximes. Tests with daphnids were shown to be easy to carry out at low cost and provided valuable results which could be used as a starting point for further research. 相似文献
5.
The toxicity of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was determined under standardized conditions (ISO, 1982) in neonates and juveniles of Daphnia magna. Neonates (6 to 24 h old) were more sensitive than juveniles (48 to 72 h old). The 24- and 48-h EC50s (immobilization) in neonates were 0.113 and 0.031 µg l–1, respectively. The toxicity of deltamethrin was highly toxic. The 96-h EC50 was in the ppt (µg l–1) range. Toxicity tests with Daphnia may be used to detect toxic residues in water and sediment in areas treated with deltamethrin and other highly toxic pyrethroid pesticides. 相似文献
6.
Xiaojun Xu Jingli Cheng Yong Zhou Chulong Zhang Xiaoming Ou Weike Su Jinhao Zhao Guonian Zhu 《化学与生物多样性》2013,10(4):600-611
Twenty new trichodermin derivatives, 2a – 5 , containing alkoxy, acyloxy, and Br groups in 4‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐ and 16‐positions were synthesized and characterized. The antifungal activities of the new compounds against rice false smut (Ustilaginoidea virens), rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani), and rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea) were evaluated. The results of bioassays indicated that the antifungal activities were particularly susceptible to changes at 4‐, 8‐, and 16‐positions, but low to changes at 9‐ and 10‐positions. Most of these target compounds exhibited good antifungal activities at the concentration of 50 mg l?1. Compound 4 (9‐formyltrichodermin; EC50 0.80 mg l?1) with an CHO group at 9‐position displayed nearly the same level of antifungal activity against Ustilaginoidea virens as the commercial fungicide prochloraz (EC50 0.82 mg l?1), while compound 3f ((8R)‐8‐{[(E)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐enoyl]oxy}trichodermin; EC50 3.58 and 0.74 mg l?1) with a cinnamyloxy group at C(8) exhibited much higher antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani and Magnaporthe grisea than the commercial fungicides prochloraz (EC50 0.96 mg l?1) and propiconazole (EC50 5.92 mg l?1), respectively. These data reveal that compounds 3f and 4 possess high antifungal activities and may serve as lead compounds for the development of fungicides in the future. 相似文献
7.
《Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability》2013,25(4):224-228
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine by static bioassay whether water hardness affects the toxicity of Zn and Cu to a fish, Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859. The acute toxicity of selected heavy metals to G. holbrooki was determined in soft, hard and very hard water (25, 125 and 350 mg L?1 as CaCO3). Results showed that water hardness had a significant effect on Cu and on Zn toxicity on fish. Toxicity of Cu and of Zn increased with decreasing water hardness. The 96 hours LC50 values for G. holbrooki were higher in the hard and very hard water compared with soft water. Water hardness had a much smaller effect upon the acute toxicity of Cu than that of Zn. It was observed that the 96 hours LC50 for Cu at the soft, hard and very hard water was found to be 0.017, 0.17 and 0.65 mg L?1, respectively, while the 96 hours LC50 for Zn at the soft, hard and very hard water was found to be 0.46, 48.1 and 121.6 mg L?1, respectively. 相似文献
8.
Patrick H. Davies William C. Gorman Clarence A. Carlson Stephen F. Brinkman 《Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability》2013,25(2):67-77
AbstractWater quality characteristics affecting toxicity of metals to aquatic life include pH, inorganic and organic ligands (negatively charged ions and molecules), and water hardness. Ligands control the ability of natural waters to bind metals which could adversely affect aquatic life. Bioavailability of metals in natural waters is primarily controlled by alkalinity. Hardness does not affect metal complexation but can reduce acute toxicity through antagonistic mechanisms. In most natural waters, concentrations of alkalinity and hardness are similar, but they may be very different in some waters.Most toxicity studies have not distinguished between reduced toxicity resulting from effects of hardness and that resulting from complexation of metals by ligands. A series of acute and long-term experiments were conducted to assess these relationships while exposing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to cadmium (Cd) in waters of low alkalinity (30 mg L?1) and hardnesses of 400, 200, and 50 mg L?1 adjusted with magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). These tests did not show a strong antagonistic influence of Mg hardness on Cd toxicity. At Mg hardnesses of 50, 200, and 400 mg L?1, 96-h LC50s were 3.02, 6.12, and 5.70 μg Cd L?1, differing by a factor of only 1.8. Similarly, chronic values derived from 100-day experiments in waters with the same range of hardness were 1.47, 3.57, and 3.64 μg L?1, respectively. With an eight-fold difference in Mg hardness, chronic values differed by a factor of only 2.5. Antagonistic properties of hardness are primarily controlled by Ca with Mg playing a minor role. The long-term role of Ca in reducing metal toxicity will require further investigation. 相似文献
9.
Filamentous algae in eutrophic carp ponds in South Bohemia (Central Europe) were studied from 1988 to 1990. High biomass (490 g DW m-2) was attained by Cladophora fracta (O. F. Müll. ex Vahl) Kütz. after two months of growth. This marked growth depleted inorganic carbon in the water, but did not decrease the concentration of tissue nutrients. Laboratory measurements of final pH indicate that all the filamentous algae studied, except for Tribonema, are very efficient HCO3
- users. An extremely high pH of 11.6 and oxygen concentration of 32 mg l-1 were measured in the algal mats. High pH resulted in CaCO3 precipitation, visible as white incrustations on algal filaments. The amount of precipitated CaCO3 reached 134 kg ha-1. After reaching peak biomass, 90% of the Cladophora decomposed over the next 95 days.The highest net photosynthetic rate in C. fracta was measured between pH range 8.5–10.0 and oxygen concentrations of 7–12 mg l-1. Optimum temperature for photosynthesis was between 17–22°C. 相似文献
10.
Two chronic toxicity experiments were conducted with Daphnia magna. In a semi-static experiment with cohorts, the no effect level for bromide in respect of the intrinsic rate of natural increase (derived from age-specific survival and fecundity) was 10 mg l–1. A second test was started with small populations in an intermittent-flow system. These populations had a stable age distribution, were composed of cohorts of different ages, and showed an almost perfect logistic growth. Model calculations showed that bromide reduced the upper numerical limit (carrying capacity). It also increased the time-lag required to attain the maximum reproduction rate. For the first parameter, a no effect level of 14 mg l–1 was calculated. For the latter a threshold could not be detected. The EC50 and EC10 were 27 and 18 mg l–1, respectively. Additional experiments showed that individual growth of D. magna in time could also be described by a logistic equation. The age structure of the populations changed when food became limiting. This was parallelled by a reduction of the mean brood size. In conclusion it is stated that the results of the toxicity studies with populations support Halbach's view (1984), that population dynamics can be used like a magnifying glass to detect small sublethal ecotoxicological effects of environmental pollutants. 相似文献
11.
Chlorinated phenols have been intensively investigated from an eco-toxicological point of view, however almost nothing is known about toxicity of tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) to higher terrestrial plants. This article applied the willow tree acute toxicity test to study the toxicity of 2,3,5,6-TeCP to willows Salix viminalis (S. viminalis) at neutral and acidic conditions (roughly pH 7 and 4) with inhibition of transpiration as toxic endpoint. At neutral pH the EC50 was >10 mg L?1 while the EC50 at acidic conditions was 0.32 ± 0.17 mg L?1, clearly indicating that toxicity is exerted by the non-ionic chemical fraction. Standard tests running at neutral pH are therefore not capturing the full toxicity of weak acids and bases. 相似文献
12.
Megumi Okazaki Hiroaki Setoguchi Harumi Aoki Shoichi Suga 《Journal of plant research》1986,99(3):281-287
Soft X-ray microradiography was applied to observation of the cystoliths, calcified bodies of higher plants, in the leaves
ofMorus bombycis, Humulus scandens, Ficus elastica, F. retusa (Moraceae),Boehmeria platanifolia, Pilea viridissima (Urticaceae) andMomordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae). It was proved that this technique is useful for examination of the shape, size, distribution and number
of cystoliths in fresh leaves. The microradiographs revealed large cigar-shaped cystoliths in the leaf ofP. viridissima, and neighbor-cystoliths in somewhat restricted areas of the leaves ofM. bombycis andH. scandens, and two to seven radially arranged cystoliths in the leaf ofM. charantia. The number of cystoliths per unit area of leaf (nos./cm2) was estimated to be from 1,090 to 3,900 by means of the microradiographs, varying from species to species. The CaCO3 content of the leaf calculated from the volume and number of cystoliths was approximately 0.4 mg/cm2 in all species exceptF. retusa. InF. retusa, it was about 1.06 mg/cm2, the highest value among all species tested. Hand-sections of the leaves showed that the lithocysts were localized in the
upper and/or lower epidermis, and they were associated with many photosynthetic cells in all species, suggesting some relationship
between CaCO3 deposition in cystoliths and photosynthesis.
This paper is dedicated to Professor Kurazo Furuya, Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, on the occasion of his
retirement (1986). 相似文献
13.
Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluents on freshwater mollusks in the upper Clinch River,Virginia, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk distributions in proximity to waste-water treatment plants (WTP's) in the upper Clinch River and to test the tolerance of two mollusk species to monochloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic effluent. River reaches up to 3.7 km downstream of WTP's were devoid of freshwater mussels (Unionidae), and tolerance to effluents varied among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the asian clam Corbicula fluminea. Residential communities with septic systems had no measurable impact on mollusk assemblages downstream.Laboratory bioassays with glochidia of Villosa iris yielded the following results: 24 h EC50 and LC50 values of 0.042 mg l–1 and 0.084 mg l–1 monochloramine, respectively; and 24 h EC50 and LC50 of 0.237 mg l–1 and 0.284 mg l–1 unionized ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these toxicants. The snail Pleurocera unciale unciale was moderately sensitive, with 96 h LC50 values of 0.252 mg l–1 monochloramine and 0.742 mg l–1 unionized ammonia. Monitoring of monochloramine and unionized ammonia concentrations 0.1 km below WTP outfalls indicated that monochloramine was the toxicant likely inhibiting mollusk recovery below these plants.The Unit is jointly supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, The Wildlife Management Institute and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 相似文献
14.
Ana Luisa Caetano Catarina R. Marques Ana Gavina Fernando Carvalho Fernando Gon?alves Eduardo Ferreira da Silva Ruth Pereira 《PloS one》2014,9(10)
In order to regulate the management of contaminated land, many countries have been deriving soil screening values (SSV). However, the ecotoxicological data available for uranium is still insufficient and incapable to generate SSVs for European soils. In this sense, and so as to make up for this shortcoming, a battery of ecotoxicological assays focusing on soil functions and organisms, and a wide range of endpoints was carried out, using a natural soil artificially spiked with uranium. In terrestrial ecotoxicology, it is widely recognized that soils have different properties that can influence the bioavailability and the toxicity of chemicals. In this context, SSVs derived for artificial soils or for other types of natural soils, may lead to unfeasible environmental risk assessment. Hence, the use of natural regional representative soils is of great importance in the derivation of SSVs. A Portuguese natural reference soil PTRS1, from a granitic region, was thereby applied as test substrate. This study allowed the determination of NOEC, LOEC, EC20 and EC50 values for uranium. Dehydrogenase and urease enzymes displayed the lowest values (34.9 and <134.5 mg U Kg, respectively). Eisenia andrei and Enchytraeus crypticus revealed to be more sensitive to uranium than Folsomia candida. EC50 values of 631.00, 518.65 and 851.64 mg U Kg were recorded for the three species, respectively. Concerning plants, only Lactuca sativa was affected by U at concentrations up to 1000 mg U kg1. The outcomes of the study may in part be constrained by physical and chemical characteristics of soils, hence contributing to the discrepancy between the toxicity data generated in this study and that available in the literature. Following the assessment factor method, a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) value of 15.5 mg kg−1dw was obtained for U. This PNEC value is proposed as a SSV for soils similar to the PTRS1. 相似文献
15.
Embryogenic callus was induced from the hypocotyl region of seedlings germinated from immature embryos of orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) on Murashige & Tucker (1969) medium containing 50 g l-1 sucrose, 5.0 mg l-1 benzyladenine, 2.5 mg l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 600 mg l-1 malt extract. Isolated protoplasts divided to produce callus on Murashige & Tucker (1969) medium containing 50 g l-1 sucrose, 0.01 mg l-1 gibberellin A4+7 and 600 mg l-1 malt extract. Callus developed to plantlets via somatic embryogenesis on Murashige & Tucker (1969) medium with 50 g l-1 lactose but no plant growth regulators. These plantlets flowered in vitro on half strength Murashige & Tucker (1969) medium containing 50 g l-1 sucrose after 2 months culture.Abbreviations BA
benzyladenine
- 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- FDA
fluorescein diacetate
- FM
full strength MT medium
- FMG
full strength MT medium +1 mg l-1 GA3
- GA3
gibberellin A3
- GA4+7
gibberellin A4+7
- HM
half strength MT medium
- HMG
half strength MT medium +1 mg l-1 GA3
- MT
Murashige & Tucker (1969) 相似文献
16.
Pseudomonas sp. LS13-1 was isolated as a producer of lactobionic acid from whey and when grown with 207 g whey l-1 (150 g lactose l-1 equivalent) and three intermittent additions of 69 g whey l-1 (50 g lactose l-1 equivalent) in a fed-batch culture at pH 5.5 in a 2-l jar fermenter, it produced 175 g lactobionic acid l-1 after 180 h. In a lactose medium it produced 240 lactobionic acid l-1 from a total of 300 g lactose l-1 after 155 h. With the addition of 20 CaCO3 l-1 instead of pH control, 290 g lactobionic acid l-1 was produced in the lactose medium after 155 h with a yield of higher than 90% (mon mol-1). 相似文献
17.
Byung-Ho Hwang Kyung-Yub Hwang Eui-So Choi Dae-Ki Choi Jin-Young Jung 《Biotechnology letters》2000,22(16):1287-1290
When the alkalinity/NH4
+ratio increased from 4.1 to 9.4, the ammonium removal rate increased from 45 to 90 mg NOx-N l–1 h–1. An increase in alkalinity/NH4
+ratio was a major reason for higher pH and free ammonia (FA) concentration in the reactor. The high concentration of FA showed a selective inhibition for Nitrobacter, which caused enhanced nitrite build-up in a biofilm reactor. 相似文献
18.
B.-S. Lee T. Maurer H. R. Kalbitzer E. Holler 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1999,52(3):415-420
β-Poly(l-malate) (PMLA) production in Physarum polycephalum has been followed by using d-[1-13C]glucose and Ca13CO3. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of PMLA showed that the 13C label from [1-13C]glucose was incorporated in the presence of CaCO3 into positions C-3 (-CH2-) and C-4 (-CO-) of the l-malate repeating unit of PMLA. The 13C label from Ca13CO3 was incorporated into position C-4 and indicated that not only the endogenous CO2 but also the exogenous CO2 from CaCO3 served significantly as a carbon source for PMLA production. In the absence of CaCO3, the 13C labeling pattern of PMLA from d-[1-13C]glucose was almost indistinguishable from that for the natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum of the polymer. These results indicated that l-malate used for PMLA production is synthesized either via carboxylation of pyruvate and reduction of oxaloacetate in the
presence of CaCO3 or via the oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the absence of CaCO3. Avidin strongly inhibited the formation of l-malate via carboxylation; the 13C labeling pattern of PMLA in the presence of CaCO3 was almost identical with that for the natural abundance spectrum when avidin was added, indicating that l-malate utilized for PMLA production was supplied under this condition by the oxidative TCA cycle.
Received: 16 March 1999 / Received revision: 5 May 1999 / Accepted: 7 May 1999 相似文献
19.
F. Lahnsteiner 《Journal of fish biology》2009,75(7):1542-1559
The effect of electrolyte and non‐electrolyte solutions on the survival and on the morphology of zebrafish Danio rerio embryos was investigated. Embryos in different ontogenetic stages were incubated in electrolyte (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2) and non‐electrolyte solutions [sucrose and polyvinylalcohol (PVA)] of different concentrations for 5 – 15 min. The embryos were hatched to the long‐pec stage and the effective concentrations which caused a 50% decrease in embryo development (EC50) were determined. The morphometric changes, which were caused by the test solutions, were measured. Ion channel blockers were used to see if active ion transport played a role for embryo survival. Finally, dechorionated embryos were exposed to the test solutions to get indications about the importance of chorion and perivitelline space. For 12 hours post fertilization (hpf) embryos and a 15 min exposure period, EC50 was highest for MgCl2 (1·60 mol l?1), followed by sucrose (0·73 mol l?1), NaCl (0·49 mol l?1), KCl (0·44 mol l?1), CaCl2 (0·43 mol l?1) and PVA [0·0005 mol l?1 (2·2%)]. EC50 were lower for early embryonic stages than for advanced stages for all solutions with exception of MgCl2 and sucrose. At the EC50, MgCl2 and CaCl2 solutions did not induce morphometric changes. NaCl and sucrose solutions induced reversible morphometric changes, which were compensated within 10 min. Only the EC50 of KCl and PVA solutions induced permanent morphometric changes, which could not be compensated. Incubation of embryos in electrolyte and non‐electrolyte solutions together with ouabain (blocker of Na+– K+ ATPase), HgCl3 (dose‐dependent inhibition of aquaporine channels), verapamil (inhibition of calcium and magnesium uptake) and amiloride (inhibition of sodium uptake) significantly decreased the per cent of embryos developing to the long‐pec stage in comparison to the same solutions without blockers. Ouabain and HgCl3 also induced morphometric changes. For dechorionated embryos the survival rates in water and in the different test solutions were similar to untreated embryos. 相似文献
20.
A protoplast-to-plant regeneration system has been established for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and its wild relative, I. lacunosa L. Viable protoplasts, isolated from preplasmolyzed stems and petioles of in vitro-grown plants, were cultured on liquid MS (Murashige & Skoog 1962) medium that supported cell division and colony formation. Embryogenic calli of sweet potato were induced on agar-solidified MS medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 50 mg l-1 casamino acids, 0.2–0.5 mg l-1 2,4-d, 1.0 mg l-1 kinetin and 1.0 mg l-1 ABA. On average, 3 plants were regenerated from a single sweet potato callus subcultured on semi-solid MS medium containing 3% (w/v) sucrose, 800 mg l-1 glutamine, 2.0 mg l-1 BA or 1.0 mg l-1 kinetin and 1.0 mg l-1 GA3. Embryogenic calli of I. lacunosa L. were initiated on semi-solid MS medium containing 0.2–0.5 mg l-1 IAA and 1.0–2.0 mg l-1 BA. An average of 5 plants was regenerated from a single sweet potato callus subcultured on semi-solid MS medium containing 0.5 or 1.0 mg l-1 GA3.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- BA
benzyladenine
- 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- GA3
gibberellic acid
- IAA
indole acetic acid
- MES
2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulfonic acid
- NAA
-naphthaleneacetic acid 相似文献