microRNA转基因小鼠在心脏发育研究中的应用

microRNA（miRNA）参与调控胚胎心脏的发育,在心脏形态发生、心肌细胞生长及分化过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。通过转基因技术可以实现特异miRNA在心肌组织的过表达与敲除,据此建立的心肌特异性miRNA转基因小鼠模型可以在整体水平揭示miRNA心脏方面的功能。近年,以miRNA为研究对象的心肌特异性转基因小鼠模型数量不断增加。     

MicroRNA与细胞分化及发育

microRNA（miRNA）能调控基因表达是近年来在动植物体内发现的一种新的调控基因表达的方式.在动物体内,通过基因敲除方法所进行的研究表明了miRNA参与了胚胎早期发育、神经发育、肌肉发育和淋巴细胞发育等动物发育的各个方面.这些研究提示,miRNA是动物发育过程中的重要调控因子,而且与很多人类的疾病相关.本文介绍了近期miRNA在细胞分化及发育中的研究进展.     

MicroRNA与动物发育

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类约22nt大小的内源性非编码RNA,它们通过剪切靶基因的转录产物或者抑制转录产物的翻译从而起到转录后调控靶基因表达的作用。在动物体内,通过基因敲除等方法所进行的大量研究表明了miRNA参与了胚胎早期发育、脑及神经发育、心脏发育、肌肉及骨骼发育等动物发育的各个方面。miRNA是动物发生发育过程中重要的调控因子。主要介绍了近年来miRNA在动物生长发育过程中的研究进展。     

乳腺发育及泌乳相关miRNA研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种重要的转录后调控的非编码RNA, 参与调控哺乳动物乳腺发育和泌乳。文章总结了乳腺发育和泌乳过程中miRNA表达的时空特异性, 综述了个别miRNA对乳腺发育和泌乳的调节作用, 旨在为乳腺miRNA的研究提供指导, 为利用miRNA促进乳腺健康发育和调控高质高效产乳提供理论基础和研究思路。     

MicroRNA与心血管疾病关系的研究

MircroRNA(miRNA)是长度约为22个核苷酸的内源性非编码微小RNA,广泛存在于真核生物中。不同物种之间,miRNA序列高度保守。miRNA调控基因转录后水平的表达,因而在多种生物学过程以及许多疾病的发生发展中起着重要作用。近年来的大量研究证实,miRNA广泛参与心脏发育和心血管疾病的发生发展,其中包括心肌肥厚、心肌纤维化、心肌坏死、心律失常、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、高血压等。本文结合国内外关于miRNA在心血管疾病方面的研究做一概述。     

睾丸发育和精子生成相关miRNA研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类长约22nt的非编码小RNA, 广泛存在于各种生物中, 调节生物体生长、发育和凋亡等过程。研究表明, miRNA在人和动物睾丸发育及精子生成等过程也起着重要的调控作用。但miRNA在不同种属的睾丸组织及其不同发育时间段均存在特异性表达。此外, miRNA在动物精子生成过程中也存在时空特异性。文章综述了睾丸发育和精子生成过程中miRNA的差异性表达、表达调控以及一些miRNA对精子生成的调节作用, 旨在为睾丸miRNA的进一步研究提供参考, 为利用miRNA调控和促进种公畜精液品质提供研究思路。     

哺乳动物早期发育相关microRNAs的研究进展

本文简要总结了近年来哺乳动物早期发育相关microRNA(miRNA)的研究进展。miRNA是真核生物中一类长度约为18～25 nt的内源性非编码单链小RNA分子,其调控基因表达是近年来在动植物体内发现的一种新的生物学调节机制。通过荧光定量PCR检测、miRNA的过表达、抑制或基因敲除实验以及生物信息学分析等发现,miRNA在哺乳动物植入前胚胎前的发育过程中有重要作用,参与胚胎细胞的增殖、分化、基因印记以及重编程甲基化等,与动物生殖或发育异常相关,是表观遗传学的研究热点之一。     

绒山羊70d胚胎皮肤小分子RNA文库构建及miRNA鉴定

目的:miRNA是一类21~23个核苷酸的单链小分子RNA,最近发现miRNA对哺乳动物毛囊的发育和维持具有重要作用。为了研究miRNA在绒山羊次级毛囊发育中的作用,可以为人工调节绒毛生长和提高羊绒产量提供新的线索。方法:该文构建了绒山羊70 d胎儿胚胎体测部皮肤小RNA文库,库容量为2.5×107。随机挑选192个克隆提取质粒进行序列分析,序列经GenBank Blastn和mirBase搜索比对。结果:结果显示有32个序列和绒山羊及其它动物的miRNA高度同源,可以确定是山羊的miRNA。这些miRNA代表19个不同的miRNA序列,其中9个已注册,其余10个代表新的绒山羊miRNA。在克隆的miRNA中,miR-199a*和miR-424的拷贝数最高,分别达到6个和3个,表明它他们在绒山羊次级毛囊发育期间的皮肤中非常活跃,可能有重要的生物学功能。结论:从绒山羊70d胚胎皮肤中鉴定了19个miRNA,这些miRNA可能参与绒山羊次级毛囊发育的调控。     

绒山羊70d胚胎与新生羊羔体侧部皮肤miRNA的比较分析

目的:最近发现miRNA对哺乳动物毛囊的发育和维持具有重要作用,研究miRNA在绒山羊次级毛囊发育中的作用,可以为人工调节绒毛生长和提高羊绒产量提供新的线索。方法:应用Exiqon miRNA8.1表达谱芯片对70d胎儿皮肤和出生2w羊羔体侧部皮肤组织差异表达的miRNA基因进行筛查,找出绒山羊皮肤发育不同阶段差异表达的miRNA。结果:绒山羊70d胎儿皮肤中相对于出生2w羊羔体侧部皮肤上调的miRNA 4个。绒山羊70d胎儿皮肤中相对于出生2w羊羔体侧部皮肤下调的miRNA 64个。结论:绒山羊70d胚胎皮肤中上调的miRNA远远少于出生后羊羔皮肤上调miRNAs,说明miRNA在皮肤毛囊不同发育阶段中发挥重要作用。     

生物信息学预测植物miRNAs的方法

MicroRNA又称miRNA,是一类广泛存在于动植物体内、大小为21~25nt左右的内源性非编码单链小分子RNA。在植物体中,miRNA主要负责调控转录后基因的表达,在机体发育、生长和应答胁迫方面发挥着重要的调节作用。近年来,miRNA已成为分子生物学领域的研究热点。本文介绍了几种发现和研究miRNA的方法,重点阐述了生物信息学预测miRNA方法的流程和策略,并对各过程中采用的方法及信息学软件的优劣性进行比较和分析,为预测miRNA提供新的思路。     

Feedback networks between microRNAs and epigenetic modifications in urological tumors

Epigenetic modifications and microRNAs are known to play key roles in human cancer. For urological tumors, changes in epigenetic modifications and aberrant microRNA profiles have been reported. However, the mechanisms of epigenetic and microRNA regulation are not entirely separable. Increasingly, recent research in these fields overlaps. There seems to be a complicated feedback interrelationship between epigenetic and microRNA regulation that must be highly controlled. Disruptions of this feedback network can have serious consequences for various biological processes and can result in cellular transformation. Investigation of the network between microRNAs and epigenetics could lead to a better understanding of the processes involved in development and progression of urological tumors. This understanding could provide new approaches for the development of novel individualized therapies, which are adjusted to the molecular pattern of a tumor. In this review, we present an overview of microRNA-epigenetic circuits acting in urological tumors.     

MicroRNAs in a hypertrophic heart: from foetal life to adulthood

The heart is the first organ to form and undergoes adaptive remodelling with age. Ventricular hypertrophy is one such adaptation, which allows the heart to cope with an increase in cardiac demand. This adaptation is necessary as part of natural growth from foetal life to adulthood. It may also occur in response to resistance in blood flow due to various insults on the heart and vessels that accumulate with age. The heart can only compensate to this increase in workload to a certain extent without losing its functional architecture, ultimately resulting in heart failure. Many genes have been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy, however none have been shown conclusively to be responsible for pathological cardiac hypertrophy. MicroRNAs offer an alternative mechanism for cellular regulation by altering gene expression. Since 1993 when the function of a non‐coding DNA sequence was first discovered in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, many microRNAs have been implicated in having a central role in numerous physiological and pathological cellular processes. The level of control these antisense oligonucleotides offer can often be exploited to manipulate the expression of target genes. Moreover, altered levels of microRNAs can serve as diagnostic biomarkers, with the prospect of diagnosing a disease process as early as during foetal life. Therefore, it is vital to ascertain and investigate the function of microRNAs that are involved in heart development and subsequent ventricular remodelling. Here we present an overview of the complicated network of microRNAs and their target genes that have previously been implicated in cardiogenesis and hypertrophy. It is interesting to note that microRNAs in both of these growth processes can be of possible remedial value to counter a similar disease pathophysiology.     

microRNA识别和鉴定方法

microRNA是一类长约22nt的内源非编码小分子RNA,在线虫、果蝇、家鼠、人体及拟南芥等生物中普遍存在,并对其生长发育起着重要的调控作用。目前通过实验和计算机的方法在植物和动物中发现了越来越多的microRNA。通过对识别和鉴定新microRNA的主要方法策略的总结可以为microRNA今后的研究和发展提供一些思路和启发。     

肌肉特异表达microRNA的功能研究

MicroRNA作为非编码小RNA分子在转录和后转录水平调控基因表达过程中扮演重要角色,已成为当前分子生物学的研究热点之一。近期已有研究证实,一些在肌肉细胞中特异表达microRNA包括miR-1、miR-206和miR-133可能对肌肉生长和发育很关键。众所周知,肌肉不仅是机体重要结构组织和运动器官,而且还是水产畜牧产品的重要蛋白源。聚焦这些肌肉特异myomiRs在肌肉生长和发育中的功能机理研究,不仅有助于揭示某些疾病的分子机制和解决医学上基因治疗难题;同时也为畜牧水产养殖提供科学应用理论依据。综述我们概括了miR-1, miR-206和miR-133最新研究进展,这将有助于深入了解其作用于肌肉生长和发育的功能和分子机制。       

Expression patterns of microRNAs in different organs and developmental stages of a superhybrid rice LYP9 and its parental lines

Heterosis is an important phenomenon, and the molecular mechanisms underlying heterosis are still enigmatic. microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in many aspects of plant development. A set of miRNAs was selected to investigate the roles of miRNAs in heterosis displayed in a superhybrid rice. We analysed the expression patterns of miRNAs in different organs and developmental stages of the superhybrid rice and its parental lines. All possible modes of miRNA action were observed, including additive, high‐ and low‐parent value, above high‐ and below low‐parent value. Different organs and developmental stages exhibited different modes of miRNA expression. Overall, the non‐additive mode is the predominant expression pattern of miRNAs observed in this superhybrid. Many heterotic QTL intervals harbour miRNAs, whose expression patterns reveal their specific roles in different organs and developmental stages. miRNAs regulate the expression levels of target genes that have important functions in plant development. The predominant non‐additive mode of miRNA expression pattern in the hybrid suggests that miRNAs play critical roles in hybrid development, in particular, those miRNAs located in the heterotic QTL intervals may have important roles in heterosis. Our research sheds new light on understanding of the molecular mechanisms of heterosis.     

MicroRNAs 33, 122, and 208: a potential novel targets in the treatment of obesity,diabetes, and heart-related diseases

Despite decades of research, obesity and diabetes remain major health problems in the USA and worldwide. Among the many complications associated with diabetes is an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction and heart failure. Recently, microRNAs have emerged as important players in heart disease and energy regulation. However, little work has investigated the role of microRNAs in cardiac energy regulation. Both human and animal studies have reported a significant increase in circulating free fatty acids and triacylglycerol, increased cardiac reliance on fatty acid oxidation, and subsequent decrease in glucose oxidation which all contributes to insulin resistance and lipotoxicity seen in obesity and diabetes. Importantly, MED13 was initially identified as a negative regulator of lipid accumulation in Drosophilia. Various metabolic genes were downregulated in MED13 transgenic heart, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein. Moreover, miR-33 and miR-122 have recently revealed as key regulators of lipid metabolism. In this review, we will focus on the role of microRNAs in regulation of cardiac and total body energy metabolism. We will also discuss the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that target microRNAs for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.     

MicroRNA在肿瘤发生发展和诊断中作用的研究进展

microRNA是一类由内源基因编码的长度约为18-25个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA分子,可以与靶基因mRNA的3'非编码区结合,通过降解靶m RNA或(和)抑制靶m RNA转录后翻译调节靶蛋白的生成,从而发挥其生物学作用。目前,在人体基因组内发现的microRNA已经超过2500多个,可能调节着人类1/3的基因,在维持正常干细胞功能、调控细胞增殖分化及恶性肿瘤发生过程中均起重要作用。既往的研究表明microRNA与基因之间相互调控的失衡导致肿瘤的发生。从分子水平上研究microRNA与肿瘤发生的关系,检测microRNA与肿瘤相关基因表达情况的改变,分析肿瘤组织和血清中microRNA表达量与肿瘤分型的关系,将有利于肿瘤的病因学研究,早期发现和肿瘤治疗及预后判断。本文主要就microRNA在肿瘤发生发展和诊断中作用的研究进展进行了综述。     

Diet and cancer prevention: Dietary compounds,dietary MicroRNAs,and dietary exosomes

Cancer is one of main health public problems worldwide. Several factors are involved in beginning and development of cancer. Genetic and internal/external environmental factors can be as important agents that effect on emerging and development of several cancers. Diet and nutrition may be as one of important factors in prevention or treatment of various cancers. A large number studies indicated that suitable dietary patterns may help to cancer prevention or could inhibit development of tumor in cancer patients. Moreover, a large numbers studies indicated that a variety of dietary compounds such as curcumin, green tea, folat, selenium, and soy isoflavones show a wide range anti‐cancer properties. It has been showed that these compounds via targeting a sequence of cellular and molecular pathways could be used as suitable options for cancer chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Recently, dietary microRNAs and exosomes have been emerged as attractive players in cancer prevention and cancer therapy. These molecules could change behavior of cancer cells via targeting various cellular and molecular pathways involved in cancer pathogenesis. Hence, the utilization of dietary compounds which are associated with powerful molecules such as microRNAs and exosomes and put them in dietary patterns could contribute to prevention or treatment of various cancers. Here, we summarized various studies that assessed effect of dietary patterns on cancer prevention shortly. Moreover, we highlighted the utilization of dietary compounds, dietary microRNAs, and dietary exosomes and their cellular and molecular pathways in cancer chemoprevention.