第二极体数目与受精结局及胚胎发育潜能的相关性

目的 探讨第二极体数目与卵母细胞受精结局和胚胎发育潜能之间的关系.方法 根据受精后5 h内卵母细胞极体数目的 不同分为1个极体组（1PB组）、2个极体组（2PB组）、3个极体组（3PB组）和4个以上极体组（≥4PB组）.分别统计各组的正常/异常受精率（2PN率,1PN和3PN率）、优质胚胎率（优胚率）、移植胚胎所占比例以及相应着床率.采用χ2检验对数据进行统计学处理.结果 ① 2PB组的2PN率显著高于其它组,而异常受精率显著低于其它组;随着第二极体数目的 增加,异常受精比例逐渐增加;② 2PB组和3PB组的胚胎着床率显著高于1PB组,以2PB组为最;③ 2PB组和3PB组用于移植的胚胎比例无显著差异.结论① 短时受精后显示有两个极体的卵母细胞其受精结局和发育潜能优于其它极体数目的 胚胎;② 随着第二极体数目的 增加,异常受精比例逐渐增加,可能与卵母细胞减数分裂或基因调控异常有关;③ 1PB组的总受精率高达48.9 %.因此,短时受精后对于仅显示一个极体的卵母细胞需要延长观察时间,谨慎确定受精与否,以防止过度早补救ICSI;④ 1PB组的着床率显著低于2PB组,也不建议首选用于移植.     

罗氏沼虾四倍体诱导的研究

对罗氏沼虾卵子极体排出时间和第一次卵裂时间进行了观察,并在此基础上,采用热休克和细胞松弛素 B(C,B)两种诱导方法成功诱导出了罗氏沼虾四倍体。石蜡切片显示,当罗氏沼虾卵子完全成熟时,第一极体已经 排出。第二极体排出的时间约在受精后55min。经过雌性原核和雄性原核的联会,第一次卵裂的时间约在受精后 210-230min。设计了多种处理条件,其中热休克诱导罗氏沼虾四倍体的最好条件是:受精后210min,用40℃水温处 理胚胎1．5min,在这种条件下,最高可以得到35．86％的四倍体率;而C．B诱导罗氏沼虾四倍体的最好条件是:受精 后230min,用1．0mg/L的C．B处理胚胎10min,此时最高四倍体诱导率达33．78％。     

移植胚胎数目对高龄不孕患者IVF—ET结局的影响

目的：探讨移植胚胎数目对高龄不孕患者IVF—ET结局的影响。方法：根据移植胚胎个数将年龄超过35岁的不孕患者338个周期分为单胚胎移植组（I组）,2个胚胎移植组（Ⅱ组）,3个胚胎移植组（Ⅲ组）。分析患者IVF治疗情况并按年龄分层比较三组患者的IVF-ET结局。结果：高龄不孕患者行IVF,随年龄增加,获卵数、优质胚胎率和临床妊娠率降低,流产率呈增高趋势。Ⅰ组的妊娠率9．43％,显著低于Ⅱ组（24．24％）和Ⅲ组（31．37％）（P〈0．05）。对于40岁以下的患者,移植3个胚胎的妊娠率与移植2个胚胎差无异,但显著高于移植1个胚胎（P〈0．05）。增加40岁以上患者移植胚胎的数目,妊娠率未出现有统计学意义的升高。三组的胚胎种植率分别为9．43％,12．12％和12．2％,无统计学差异。Ⅲ组中多胎率12．5％（6／48）,其中35-36岁年龄段多胎率16．67％（5／30）。结论：高龄不孕患者可移植的胚胎数目随年龄增加和获卵数目降低而降低。其中较年轻者（35-36岁年龄段）,移植3个胚胎,对妊娠率提高无明显效果,但多胎发生显著增加。     

不同取卵时间对兔ICSI胚胎体外发育的影响

目的探讨不同取卵时间对兔ICSI胚胎体外发育的影响。方法采用Piezo操作系统对实验兔进行辅助体外受精。结果hCG注射后14、16、18h取卵,ICSI后的受精率分别为82.2％、75.9％和0.0％,对受精卵进行体外发育培养,桑椹胚的发育率分别为72.9％、70.0％、0.0％,囊胚的发育率分别为62.2％、53.3％、0.0％。14h和16h之间受精率、桑椹胚率、囊胚率差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但是14h采卵比16h要好;18h和14h、16h之间差异显著（P〈0.05）。结论不同取卵时间影响实验兔的ICSI体外受精率及胚胎的体外发育率,hCG注射后14h取卵最有利于兔ICSI胚胎的发育。     

斜带石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)受精细胞学的组织切片观察

人工诱导雌核发育二倍化的关键是掌握极体排出和卵裂的时机,掌握该规律最直接的方式即进行受精细胞学的研究。以鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)为父本,斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)为母本,通过人工授精获得受精卵,收集受精后不同时刻的卵子,经Smith′s液固定、石蜡包埋、切片、苏木精-伊红染色和显微组织观察。结果表明:受精后第30~60 s精子入卵;第3 min精子星光出现;第5 min卵子排出第二极体;第7~15 min雌雄原核相互靠近,并最终融合;第15 min以后合子核开始分裂。鞍带石斑鱼精子进入斜带石斑鱼卵子的时间与多数硬骨鱼类比较没有显著差别;但是,第二极体排出及第一次卵裂的时间较早。研究展示了斜带石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交的受精细胞学的基本发育过程,并为后续的人工诱导石斑鱼雌核发育研究提供了理论依据。     

泥鳅精子和卵子结构及受精过程的细胞学观察

研究旨在探讨泥鳅精子受精时限及为其人工繁殖提供基础资料。采用光镜、电镜技术对泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）精子、卵子和不同时间段的受精卵进行了观察。结果显示:泥鳅精子头部无顶体,主要为核占据,核凹窝较浅,中段具不对称的袖套,尾部轴丝为9+2结构,无侧鳍。卵子动物极卵膜仅有一受精孔,受精孔为深凹陷、短孔道型。在20-21℃水温条件下,授精后3s,精子开始穿过精孔管或已经进入卵子;授精后5-8s,形成精子星光;授精后70s,卵子处于第二次减数分裂后期;授精后6-8min,第二极体形成,等待排出;授精后20-25min,雌雄原核融合;授精后25-30min,受精卵进入第一次有丝分裂中期;授精后40-45min,第一次有丝分裂结束,二细胞形成。研究表明:成熟卵子精孔管内口径（2.2860.364）m,而精子头部直径与其接近,单精受精;入水后150s内可受精。     

多原核受精与HCG日雌孕激素、获卵数、授精密度、受精率、妊娠率的关系

回顾性分析体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的686个周期,比较多原核受精组(348例)和非多原核受精组(338例)两组的一般资料、HCG日雌孕激素、获卵数、授精密度及活力、受精率、卵裂率、妊娠率.结果显示两组HCG日雌孕激素、获卵数、成熟卵率、受精率、卵裂率、妊娠率之间有显著差异(P0.05),授精密度、受精活力之间无差异.表明HCG日雌孕激素较高,获卵数多及未成熟和过熟卵子比例高,预示着发生多原核受精的可能性大,而多原核受精的发生可能有较好的临床结局.     

银鲫雌核发育的细胞学观察

在受精卵内,精子核呈凝缩状态,不形成雄性原核,没有看到两性原核融合。在刚产出的成熟卵子中没有看到极体,直到受精后10分钟(在水温19°—21℃)才有唯一的一个极体排出。在同一尾银鲫产出的同批卵子中,绝大多数具有成熟分裂中期的卵核,并在精子入卵后继续进行发育(雌核发育),接着排出唯一的一个极体;授精7分钟的少数卵子具有三极纺锤体状的核。根据现在的观察,双凤水库的银鲫是以雌核发育方式繁殖的种群。       

中国对虾卵子活化及卵裂的激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究(英文)

有报导,与其它动物不同,对虾的卵子一接触海水、不经过受精,就可以被活化。但是,只有受精卵才能卵裂发育。而且,各种对虾卵子内皮质棒及皮层颗粒的形态结构、活化过程各有不同。本文就中国对虾卵子的活化及卵裂过程进行了激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（ＬＳＣＭ）研究。该技术可以清晰地显示细胞的立体图像。采集中国对虾,人工诱导产卵,未受精卵取自产卵虾体内,受精卵分期分批取样,固定。供试样品经ＰＢＳ漂洗,ＡＯ、ＦＩＴＣ和ＰＩ染色,ＬＳＣＭ观察、图像处理。刚产出的、未活化卵子形态不规则,皮层内富含皮质棒和皮层颗粒（Ｆｉｇ１）。不论受精与否,产入海水的卵子都能被激活并恢复减数分裂。活化后的卵子释放出皮层囊泡内的皮质棒（Ｆｉｇｓ２＆３）。释放出的皮质棒转变为均质的胶质层（Ｆｉｇｓ４＆５）。随后,皮层颗粒释放并在卵子表面转化为均质化的孵化膜。卵子开始举起,与孵化膜之间形成卵周隙。卵周隙内具有絮状物质（Ｆｉｇｓ６,７＆８）。卵子产出后笫８～１０ｍｉｎ,经过减数分裂,第一极体排放,并随着孵化膜的举起而被推向卵外（Ｆｉｇ５）。笫２０ｍｉｎ,第二极体排放,并由卵子表面到达孵化膜的内缘（Ｆｉｇ６）。在２０℃水温条件下,受精卵产入海水中６０     

异源四倍体鲫鲤的受精细胞学

异源四倍体鲫鲤的成熟卵子处于第二次减数分裂中期,精子通过受精孔进入卵内.精子入卵以后,受精孔立即被受精塞堵住.受精后8 min,受精卵出现明显的精子星光,同时进入第二次减数分裂后期,即将排出第二极体;13 min时,精子头部开始膨胀,趋向核化;18 min时,雌雄原核均已形成,并向胚盘中央靠近;23 min时,雌、雄原核开始接触;33 min时,雌、雄原核完全融合成为一个合子核;38 min时,受精卵开始第一次卵裂,53 min后分裂形成两个子核.该研究证明异源四倍体鲫鲤和大多数二倍体鱼一样,具有正常的受精细胞学程序,受精方式为单精受精.     

The effects of spermatozoal irradiation with X-rays on chromosome abnormalities and on development of mouse zygotes after delayed fertilization

The chromosome complements of zygotes derived from oocytes aged post ovulation and fertilized in vivo with X-ray-irradiated sperm were studied. Ovulation was induced by an injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at pro-estrus and fertilization was achieved by artificial insemination at 13 h and 24 h after LHRH in order to obtain embryos from unaged and aged (12 h post-ovulation) oocytes respectively. Post-ovulatory aging prior to fertilization did not significantly affect the percentage of zygotes with irradiation-induced chromosome abnormalities. However, post-ovulatory aging had a negative effect on the morphology of male as well as female pronuclear chromosomes of the first cleavage metaphase. When fertilized with control spermatozoa this effect was apparent in both the male and the female pronucleus. When unaged oocytes were fertilized with X-irradiated spermatozoa chromosome morphology was also adversely affected in both pronuclei. In zygotes from aged oocytes, there was an extra negative effect of X-rays on the male pronuclear chromosomes only. After fertilization with X-irradiated sperm 27% of zygotes from aged oocytes were arrested at interphase compared to 7% from unaged oocytes. We suggest that post-ovulatory aging and X-rays affect the male and female pronuclear chromatin structure after fertilization. These chromatin alterations could interact with DNA lesions induced in the spermatozoa prior to fertilization, such that development to first cleavage can be blocked.     

A maternal store of macroH2A is removed from pronuclei prior to onset of somatic macroH2A expression in preimplantation embryos

MacroH2A histones are variants of canonical histone H2A that are conserved among vertebrates. Previous studies have implicated macroH2As in epigenetic gene-silencing events including X chromosome inactivation. Here we show that macroH2A is present in developing and mature mouse oocytes. MacroH2A is localized to chromatin of germinal vesicles (GV) in both late growth stage (lg-GV) and fully grown (fg-GV) stage oocytes. In addition, macroH2A is associated with the chromosomes of mature oocytes, and abundant macroH2A is present in the first polar body. However, maternal macroH2A is lost from zygotes generated by normal fertilization by the late 2 pronuclei (2PN) stage. Normal embryos at 2-, 4-, and 8-cell stages lack macroH2A except in residual polar bodies. MacroH2A protein expression reappears in embryos after the 8-cell stage and persists in morulae and blastocysts, where nuclear macroH2A is present in both the trophectodermal and inner cell mass cells. We followed the loss of macroH2A from pronuclei in parthenogenetic embryos generated by oocyte activation. Abundant macroH2A is present upon the metaphase II plate and persists through parthenogenetic anaphase, but macroH2A is progressively lost during pronuclear decondensation prior to synkaryogamy. Examination of embryos generated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) revealed that macroH2A is associated exclusively with female pronuclei prior to loss in late pronucleus stage embryos. These results outline a surprising finding that a maternal store of macroH2A is removed from the maternal genome prior to synkaryogamy, resulting in embryos that execute three to four mitotic divisions in the absence of macroH2A prior to the onset of embryonic macroH2A expression.     

In vitro development of polyspermic porcine oocytes: Relationship between early fragmentation and excessive number of penetrating spermatozoa

Embryo development during in vitro culture of polyspermic porcine oocytes was investigated in the present study. After in vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured oocytes, putative zygotes were centrifuged to visualize pronuclei. Two pronuclear (2PN) and poly-pronuclear (PPN) zygotes were selected and cultured in vitro. Their development to the blastocyst stage and total cell numbers, dead cell rates and ploidy at the blastocyst stage and morphology of resultant embryos after first cleavage were compared. A cleavage rate of PPN embryos was lower than that of 2PN (61.3% and 82.2%, respectively), however, the ability of cleaved embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage did not differ between the PPN and the 2PN groups (22.4% and 32.9%, respectively). Also there was no difference in total cell numbers and rates of dead cells between PPN and 2PN blastocysts. The majority of blastocysts in 2PN group were found to be diploid. In contrast, blastocysts in PPN group showed heterogeneous status in their ploidy including polyploidy and mixoploidy, whereas a remarkable proportion (31.3%) of them was found to be diploid. After the first cleavage (at 36 h after IVF), there was no difference in the number of nuclei/embryo between the two groups, nevertheless embryos in PPN group had significantly higher numbers of blastomeres than that of embryos in 2PN group, mainly due to an increased frequency of anuclear blastomeres. The present results indicate that correction of embryo ploidy in polyspermic embryos can occur during IVC. Nevertheless the frequency of partial fragmentation in polyspermic embryos is increased.     

Increased mortality during early embryonic development after in-vitro fertilization of rat oocytes

Immature female rats (60-65 g) were injected with 4 i.u. PMSG on Day -2, and allocated to 3 groups. For Groups I and II, unmated donors were killed 67-69 h after PMSG injection, shortly after the expected time of ovulation. Oocytes were recovered from the oviducts and transferred immediately into the oviduct of mated recipients (Group I) whose ipsilateral ovary had been exposed by peeling back the bursa, preventing endogenous oocytes from entering the oviduct, or were fertilized in vitro (Group II) and were transferred 16-18 h later. Rats in Group III were allowed to mate and half were killed 6 h after mating. The fertilized oocytes were then incubated for 10-12 h until transfer. The remaining rats in Group III were killed 16-18 h after mating and fertilized oocytes were collected and transferred immediately. Recipient rats were killed on Days 2, 5, 8 and 20. Zygotes resulting from in-vitro fertilization (Group II) were as able as those fertilized in donors (Group III) or recipients (Group I) to develop to the 2-cell stage, but underwent significantly greater embryonic loss beyond this stage of development. There was a slower rate of development of such oocytes to the blastocyst stage (Day 5) and a lower mean weight of implantation sites (Day 8). Transfer of zygotes after in-vitro fertilization resulted in a loss of 35% of the embryos at the time of implantation. These results suggest that in-vitro fertilization of rat oocytes leads to defects in the embryos causing a delay in early embryo development and a large number of implantation losses.     

In vitro maturation and fertilization of follicular oocytes in cattle

This work aims towards developing research concerning the improvement of animal reproduction, embryo development and genetic engineering. In our laboratory, an attempt has been made to standardize in vitro conditions able to optimally support bovine oocyte maturation and fertilization in order to yield viable embryos. Ovaries from cows and heifers, obtained from local slaughter-house, were used for recovery of oocytes from antral follicles. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were statically cultured for 24h at 39 degrees C in medium TCM 199 supplemented with fetal calf serum inactivated, hormones, glucose and granulosa cells under a 5% CO2 and 95% humidity atmosphere. A first group of oocytes was used for fixing and staining procedure for evidence of in vitro maturation. After culture 69.4% (77/111) of oocytes reached full maturation showing cumulus expansion, first polar body extrusion and the 2nd metaphase plate. A 2nd group was used for in vitro fertilization. In vitro semen capacitation was obtained with swim-up system (8.9) with separation of high motility fraction in Talp Hepes medium. Oocytes and spermatozoa were coincubated for 18-20h in Talp medium at 39 degrees C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. At the end of culture stereoscope and microscope observations were made for evidence of fertilization. After IVF 67.4% (58/86) resulted fertilized. Most of them showed two pronuclei and residual sperm tail. In few cases oocytes with 1 pronucleus and the swollen sperm head or with syngamy or polyspermic were found. In these experiments high percentages of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized oocytes have been obtained. These bovine zygotes can be considered an essential step to develop new technologies in cattle breeding.     

Heterologous fertilization to characterize spermatozoa of the genus Bos

Advances in assisted reproductive techniques, specifically, development of protocols for production of in vitro matured, fertilized and cultured domestic bovine embryos, offer opportunities to apply these techniques to nondomestic bovidae in species preservation. Domestic bovine oocytes were inseminated with nondomestic bovine spermatozoa. Effects of heparin concentration, sperm concentration and their interaction on total and normal in vitro fertilization rates and on subsequent embryo development were evaluated. In different replications, semen from 3 Bos bison, 2 Bos gaurus, 1 Bos grunniens, and 1 Bos javanicus bulls was used. Treatment of spermatozoa included 2 heparin levels (2 and 8 micrograms/mL) and 3 sperm concentrations (1, 3 and 5 x 10(6)/mL). The B. grunniens bull exhibited excessive polyspermy in all treatments; therefore, 1 replicate was completed using 2 levels of heparin (0 and 1 microgram/mL) and 2 sperm concentrations (1 and 2 x 10(6)/mL). After 18 to 22 h, cumulus cells were removed from presumptive zygotes, and a portion thereof was compressed between a slide and coverslip and fixed in acetic acid:ethanol solution. Light microscopy was used to visualize pronuclei and the second polar body as a determinant of fertilization. Remaining presumptive zygotes were placed into embryo culture medium, and blastocyst development was assessed on Days 7 and 8 (fertilization = Day 0). Percentages of total and normal fertilization and of blastocyst formation were analyzed by a logistic regression model, isolating effects due to bull, heparin and sperm concentration, and to their interaction. Work presented here suggests that, just as in Bos taurus, the nondomestic bulls in the Bos species seem to have individual heparin and sperm concentration requirements for successful IVF. We conclude that each bull, domestic or nondomestic, needs to be evaluated individually. Preliminary sperm characterization using domestic cattle oocytes would result in a greater potential for generating purebred embryos of the desired species should scarce female gametes become available.     

In vitro techniques of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo culture resulting in the birth of a calf

Oocyte cumulus complexes were aspirated from 3 to 5 mm follicles of cows prestimulated with 2.000 IU PMSG 24 h before slaughter. Oocytes matured in culture were fertilized in vitro by heparinized freshly ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa. The cultivation procedure for fertilized eggs was the same as that used for cultivation of oocytes. From 163 matured oocytes, 109 cleaved to the 2-cell stage 24 h after fertilization and after 6 days of cultivation, 18 developed to the late morula and 18 to the blastocyst stages. Eleven blastocyts and 1 late morula were transferred surgically to the uteri of 7 recipient heifers. Two heifers became pregnant: one delivered a bull-calf at term, while the other pregnancy resulted in abortion at the 3rd month. The examination of some embryos by transmission electron microscopy showed an almost normal morphology for most cells. The degenerated cells contained mostly electron-dense residual bodies of unknown origin.     

Development of rat oocytes following intracytoplasmic injection of sperm heads isolated from testicular and epididymal spermatozoa

The possibility of obtaining normal development of rat oocytes following intracytoplasmic injection of rat sperm heads, obtained by sonicating spermatozoa from testes and epididymides, was evaluated. Irrespective of the source of spermatozoa, sperm heads were successfully injected into approximately 45% of oocytes used; after 9-12h of culture, approximately 55% of injected oocytes still had normal morphology. Of the oocytes injected with testicular sperm heads 45% were activated, with a female pronucleus and a second polar body, but significantly more oocytes (approximately 68%) injected with caput and cauda epididymal sperm heads were activated. Male pronuclear formation was observed in 67-84% of the activated oocytes, with no difference in the proportions among the different sources of sperm heads. When zygotes showing two pronuclei and a second polar body at 10h after injection were cultured in conditions that support development of 1-cell embryos produced in vivo, no embryos derived from testicular sperm heads developed to blastocysts after 120 h of culture. Development of embryos derived from cauda sperm heads was significantly higher at all points of assessment, while embryos from caput sperm showed an intermediate degree of development, compared with embryos from testicular spermatozoa. However, similar proportions (2-4%) of 1-cell embryos derived from all three groups of sperm heads developed into normal offspring after transfer to foster mothers; of the limited number of offspring tested, all were fertile. These results demonstrate that sperm heads from all sources tested are similar in their ability to contribute to full development of normal, fertile offspring.