分枝杆菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶PknK的功能研究

【目的】丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶K(Serine/Threonine protein kinases K)是分枝杆菌类似真核样的蛋白激酶,预测在分枝杆菌的生长和新陈代谢等生理过程中起着重要的作用,解析PknK的生物功能及作用机制,将为结核病的防治提供一定的理论基础。【方法】通过基因敲除等遗传方法获得结核分枝杆菌疫苗株BCG的pknK敲除菌株△pknK、回补菌株pMV361-pknK/△pknK和过表达菌株pMV261-pknK/BCG;对获得的菌株进行生长曲线测定和抗药性分析;通过pulldown-MS方法及生物信息学方法鉴定了PknK相互作用蛋白。【结果】监测各种分枝杆菌△pknK、pMV361-pknK/△pknK和pMV261-pknK/BCG生长,确定PknK负调控BCG生长;抗药性分析显示PknK降低BCG的耐药性;pulldown-MS方法显示PknK与丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶PknA和双组分系统中的反应调节因子MtrA、TrcR、MoxR等蛋白相互作用。【结论】研究发现PknK调控分枝杆菌的生长和耐药性,我们的研究为深入研究PknK在结核分枝杆菌中的功能奠定了基础。     

一个小麦丝氨酸—苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因的克隆和分析

用mRNA差异显示技术在含有抗白粉病基因Pm2 1的小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)_簇毛麦 (Haynaldiavillosa)6VS/ 6AL易位系 92R137中分离与抗白粉病相关的基因 ,获得一个命名为TaPK1的全长cDNA克隆。序列分析表明 ,它与大豆 (Glycinemax (L .)Merr.)蛋白激酶基因GmPK6高度同源。经推测 ,TaPK1编码 416个氨基酸的多肽 ,属丝氨酸_苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族 ,并具酪氨酸激酶特性。TaPK1是从小麦中分离的新基因。     

一个小麦丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因的克隆和分析

用mRNA差异显示技术在含有抗白粉病基因Pm21的小麦(Tri ticum aestivum L.) -簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa) 6VS /6AL易位系92R137中分离与抗白粉病相关的基因,获得一个命名为TaPK1的全长cDNA克隆.序列分析表明,它与大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)蛋白激酶基因GmPK6高度同源.经推测,TaPK1 编码416个氨基酸的多肽,属丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,并具酪氨酸激酶特性.TaPK1是从小麦中分离的新基因.     

链霉菌真核型丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶的研究进展

简要回顾了丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶在链霉菌中的发现过程,详细介绍了链霉菌中几个研究较为深入的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶的功能,同时对天蓝色链霉菌Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)和除虫霉菌Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680中的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶的跨膜种类和蛋白结构域特点作了初步的生物信息学分析.     

克隆、表达及纯化核糖体蛋白S6用于体外激酶活性检测

目的:构建40S核糖体蛋白S6的原核表达载体,表达并纯化S6蛋白,将其作为底物用于S6激酶(S6K)的体外活性测定。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从人胚肾细胞HEK293中获取S6 cDNA,将扩增产物克隆至大肠杆菌表达载体中,进行酶切及测序鉴定;IPTG诱导GST-S6融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达,用谷胱甘肽亲和层析纯化GST-S6,免疫沉淀法检测该蛋白是否可作为底物用于S6K的体外激酶活性测定。结果:酶切及测序鉴定表明构建了S6原核表达载体,并表达及纯化出GST-S6融合蛋白,相对分子质量为55×103。该蛋白可用于S6K的体外激酶活性测定,特异性强。结论:S6蛋白的克隆、表达与纯化成功,可用于S6K的体外激酶活性测定,为研究S6K的功能奠定了基础。     

EGCG经AKT1-Mdm-2-p53途径抑制卵巢癌HO-8910细胞的增殖

目的：初步探讨EGCG对卵巢癌HO-8910细胞增殖的抑制作用及其机制。方法：通过绘制细胞生长曲线、平皿克隆和软琼脂集落形成实验观察EGCG对HO-8910细胞增殖的抑制作用;Westem—blotting检测AKT1、Mdm-2与p53蛋白的表达。结果：（1）细胞生长曲线、平皿克隆和软琼脂集落形成实验结果显示,EGCG可有效抑制HO-8910细胞的增殖（n=3,P〈0．05）。（2）Western—blotting检测结果显示,EGCG处理后AKT1与Mdm-2蛋白表达均降低,而p53蛋白表达升高（P〈0．05）。结论：EGCG通过抑制HO-8910细胞中AKT1与Mdm-2蛋白表达,促使p53蛋白表达而发挥其对细胞增殖的抑制作用。     

EGCG经AKT1-Mdm-2-p53途径抑制卵巢癌HO-891O细胞的增殖

初步探讨EGCG对卵巢癌HO-8910细胞增殖的抑制作用及其机制.方法:通过绘制细胞生长曲线、平皿克隆和软琼脂集落形成实验观察EGCG对HO-8910细胞增殖的抑制作用;Western-blotting检测AKT1、Mdm-2与p53蛋白的表达.结果:(1)细胞生长曲线、平皿克隆和软琼脂集落形成实验结果显示,EGCG可有效抑制HO-8910细胞的增殖(n=3,P＜0.05).(2)Westemblotting检测结果显示,EGCG处理后AKT1与Mdm-2蛋白表达均降低,而p53蛋白表达升高(P＜0.05).结论:EGCG通过抑制HO-8910细胞中AKT1与Mdm-2蛋白表达,促使p53蛋白表达而发挥其对细胞增殖的抑制作用.     

NEAT1通过PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2信号通路抑制骨质疏松

为探讨NEAT1在骨质疏松症中的作用以及可能的病理机制,本研究通过建立卵巢去势和鼠尾悬挂2种骨质疏松的小鼠模型,将C57BL/6分为假手术组(Sham组)、OVX组和TS组;经过PCR测定小鼠NEAT1的表达;Elisa法检测小鼠E2、ALP和TRACP水平;Western blotting检测细胞凋亡因子PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2的蛋白水平。结果显示,建模4周后,3组小鼠体重没有显著变化;与Sham组相比,OVX组和TS组小鼠的骨密度值显著降低,骨生化指标ALP和TRACR水平明显升高;OVX组小鼠的E2水平与Sham组相比明显降低;与Sham组相比,OVX组和TS组小鼠的NEAT1表达显著下调;与Sham组相比,OVX组和TS组小鼠p-AKT和Bcl-2蛋白水平明显降低。本研究结果表明,NEAT1可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2细胞凋亡途径诱导骨质疏松。     

JSRV-Env诱导转染TC-1、TC-1-Hyal2细胞后对AKT和ERK表达的影响

为了探索JSRV与其受体相互作用后靶细胞的致瘤机制,本研究应用JSRV Env真核表达质粒分别诱导转染小鼠肺上皮细胞(TC-1)和稳定表达绵羊Hyal-2的小鼠肺上皮细胞(TC-1-Hyal2),而后检测细胞信号转导通路上AKT(丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶)和ERK(细胞外信号调节激酶)在mRNA及蛋白水平上的表达变化,并分析绵羊Hyal-2在JSRV Env诱导TC-1细胞转化过程中的作用。首先体外培养TC-1和TC-1-Hyal2两种细胞,并分别设立pEGFP-C1-env转染组、pEGFP-C1转染组及未转染质粒组。通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法检测两关键酶在不同水平上的表达变化。qPCR结果显示:与未转染质粒细胞组比较,转染pEGFP-C1-env的两细胞组中AKT和ERK1/2mRNA表达均显著升高(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示:与未转染质粒细胞组比较,转染pEGFP-C1-env两细胞组中p-Akt(S473)蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.05);且p-Akt(T308)和p-Erk1/2蛋白在转染pEGFP-C1-env的TC-1细胞组中表达量也均呈显著升高变化趋势(P0.05),而这两种蛋白在相同处理的TC-1-Hyal2细胞组中表达量均呈极显著升高(P0.01)。此外,转染pEGFP-C1空载体的各细胞组与未转染质粒细胞组相比较AKT和ERK mRNA和蛋白含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。JSRV Env在诱导上述细胞系转化过程中,Ras-Raf-MAPK和PI3K-Akt两条细胞信号转导通路被激活;实验检测得知,转染pEGFP-C1-env的两细胞组中AKT、ERK表达量均升高;相比之下,在TC-1-Hyal2细胞组中其表达量升高更显著。研究结果推测绵羊Hyal-2在JSRV Env诱导TC-1细胞转化过程中起促进作用。     

丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶31(STK31)基因在小鼠脊髓损伤后的差异表达

目的:研究丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶31(STK31)基因与脊髓损伤修复的潜在关联。方法:以半定量RT-PCR方法检测STK31在小鼠脊髓损伤后的差异表达。结果:STK31在脊髓、肾脏、胃、心脏、大脑、脾、胸腺、肺等器官中均有表达且在脊髓中表达明显;在脊髓损伤后4 h及1 d,STK31表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:STK31基因与脊髓损伤及修复有着潜在的关联。     

Expression and Characterization of the Streptomyces coelicolor Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase PkaD

We identified and characterized the gene encoding a new eukaryotic-type protein kinase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M145. PkaD, consisting of 598 amino acid residues, contained the catalytic domain of eukaryotic protein kinases in the N-terminal region. A hydrophobicity plot indicated the presence of a putative transmembrane spanning sequence downstream of the catalytic domain, suggesting that PkaD is a transmembrane protein kinase. The recombinant PkaD was found to be phosphorylated at the threonine and tyrosine residues. In S. coelicolor A3(2), pkaD was transcribed as a monocistronic mRNA, and it was expressed constitutively throughout the life cycle. Disruption of chromosomal pkaD resulted in a significant loss of actinorhodin production. This result implies the involvement of pkaD in the regulation of secondary metabolism.     

Genome-Wide Analysis and Experimentation of Plant Serine/ Threonine/Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in cell growth, development and oncogenesis. No classical protein tyrosine kinase has hitherto been cloned from plants. Does protein tyrosine kinase exist in plants? To address this, we have performed a genomic survey of protein tyrosine kinase motifs in plants using the delineated tyrosine phosphorylation motifs from the animal system. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes 57 different protein kinases that have tyrosine kinase motifs. Animal non-receptor tyrosine kinases, SRC, ABL, LYN, FES, SEK, KIN and RAS have structural relationship with putative plant tyrosine kinases. In an extended analysis, animal receptor and non-receptor kinases, Raf and Ras kinases, mixed lineage kinases and plant serine/threonine/tyrosine (STY) protein kinases, form a well-supported group sharing a common origin within the superfamily of STY kinases. We report that plants lack bona fide tyrosine kinases, which raise an intriguing possibility that tyrosine phosphorylation is carried out by dual-specificity STY protein kinases in plants. The distribution pattern of STY protein kinase families on Arabidopsis chromosomes indicates that this gene family is partly a consequence of duplication and reshuffling of the Arabidopsis genome and of the generation of tandem repeats. Genome-wide analysis is supported by the functional expression and characterization of At2g24360 and phosphoproteomics of Arabidopsis. Evidence for tyrosine phosphorylated proteins is provided by alkaline hydrolysis, anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting, phosphoamino acid analysis and peptide mass fingerprinting. These results report the first comprehensive survey of genome-wide and tyrosine phosphoproteome analysis of plant STY protein kinases.     

Modulation of Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Activity in Chloramphenicol-Resistant Mutants of Streptomyces avermitilis

A mutation to chloramphenicol resistance (Cml^r) stimulates production of macrolide avermectin in Streptomyces avermitilis; production starts in the early stationary phase. By labeling in vivo, the Cml^r mutation was shown to stimulate phosphorylation of Ser and Thr in several proteins in the same growth phase. Autophosphorylation of active protein kinases (PK) was analyzed in gel after one- or two-dimensional PAGE for the original S. avermitilis strain ATCC 31272, its Cml^r mutant, and a Cml^s revertant. An increase in in vivo phosphorylation was associated with an increase in autophosphorylation of Ser/Thr-PK 41K, 45K, 52K, 62K, and 85K and complete suppression of autophosphorylation of PK 66K. Comparison of the PK molecular weights and pI with the parameters deduced for putative PK encoded by S. avermitilis genes identified the 41K, 45K, 52K, 62K, and 85K proteins as pkn 24, pkn 32, pkn 13, pkn12, and pkn5, respectively. Prenylamine lactate, a modulator of calmodulin-dependent processes, substantially reduced the avermectin production, impaired the Cml resistance, and selectively inhibited Ca²⁺-dependent PK 85K in the Cml^r mutant. It was assumed that PK 85K is involved in regulating the avermectin production.     

Development and comparison of nonradioactive in vitro kinase assays for NIMA-related kinase 2

NIMA (never in mitosis arrest)-related kinase 2 (Nek2) is a serine/threonine kinase required for centrosome splitting and bipolar spindle formation during mitosis. Currently, two in vitro kinase assays are commercially available: (i) a radioactive assay from Upstate Biotechnology and (ii) a nonradioactive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay from Invitrogen. However, due to several limitations such as radioactive waste management and lower sensitivity, a need for more robust nonradioactive assays would be ideal. Accordingly, we have developed four quantitative and sensitive nonradioactive Nek2 in vitro kinase assays: (i) a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA) using peptides identified from a physiologically relevant protein substrate, (ii) DELFIA using Nek2 itself, (iii) a homogeneous time-resolved FRET assay termed LANCE, and (iv) A method of detecting phosphorylated products by HPLC. The DELFIA and LANCE assays are robust in that they generated more than 10-fold and 20-fold increases in signal-to-noise ratios, respectively, and are amenable to robotic high-throughput screening platforms. Validation of all four assays was confirmed by identifying a panel of small molecule ATP competitive inhibitors from an internal corporate library. The most potent compounds consistently demonstrated less than 100 nM activity regardless of the assay format and therefore were complementary. In summary, the Nek2 in vitro time-resolved FRET kinase assays reported are sensitive, quantitative, reproducible and amenable to high-throughput screening with improved waste management over radioactive assays.     

一个新的鼠STE20家族激酶的克隆和鉴定

从鼠肝cDNA文库克隆了一个新的STE20类蛋白激酶,Mess1.其cDNA长1.7 kb,编码了一个497个氨基酸残基的多肽,与人MST2具有95%的氨基酸相同.Mess1蛋白氨基末端激酶催化区的序列与STE20同源,其羧基末端包含了一簇丝氨酸/苏氨酸和谷氨酸丰富的序列,被认为具有介导与SH2功能区结合的作用.MESS1可能通过与含有SH2功能区的蛋白质相互作用参与细胞内信号转导.     

Latent Periodicity of Serine/Threonine and Tyrosine Protein Kinases and Other Protein Families

A method of noise decomposition has been developed. This method allows for the identification of a latent periodicity with symbol insertions and deletions that is specific for all or most amino acid sequences belonging to the same protein family or protein domain. The latent periodicity has been identified in catalytic domains of 85% of serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases. Similar results have been obtained for 22 other protein families. The possible role of latent periodicity in protein families is discussed.__________Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 420–436.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Laskin, Kudryashov, Skryabin, Korotkov.