Japanese cancer screening programs during the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in participation between 2017-2020

BackgroundThe impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on cancer screening participation is a global concern. A national database of screening performance is available in Japan for population-based cancer screening, estimated to cover approximately half of all cancer screenings.MethodsUtilizing the fiscal year (FY) 2017–2020 national database, the number of participants in screenings for gastric cancer (upper gastrointestinal [UGI] series or endoscopy), colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood test), lung cancer (chest X-ray), breast cancer (mammography), and cervical cancer (Pap smear) were identified. The percent change in the number of participants was calculated.ResultsCompared with the pre-pandemic period (FY 2017–2019), in percentage terms FY 2020 recorded the largest decline in gastric cancer UGI series (2.82 million to 1.91 million, percent change was −32.2 %), followed by screening for breast cancer (3.10 million to 2.57 million, percent change was −17.2 %), lung cancer (7.92 million to 6.59 million, percent change was −16.7 %), colorectal cancer (8.42 million to 7.30 million, percent change was −13.4 %), cervical cancer (4.26 million to 3.77 million, percent change was −11.6 %), and gastric cancer via endoscopy (1.02 million to 0.93 million, percent change was −9.0 %).ConclusionThe number of participants in population-based screenings in Japan decreased by approximately 10–30 % during the pandemic. The impact of these declines on cancer detection or mortality should be carefully monitored.     

Whole-population trends in pathology-confirmed cancer incidence in Northern Ireland,Scotland and Wales during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A retrospective observational study

IntroductionThe COVID-19 epidemic interrupted normal cancer diagnosis procedures. Population-based cancer registries report incidence at least 18 months after it happens. Our goal was to make more timely estimates by using pathologically confirmed cancers (PDC) as a proxy for incidence. We compared the 2020 and 2021 PDC with the 2019 pre-pandemic baseline in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (NI).MethodsNumbers of female breast (ICD-10 C50), lung (C33–34), colorectal (C18–20), gynaecological (C51–58), prostate (C61), head and neck (C00-C14, C30–32), upper gastro-intestinal (C15–16), urological (C64–68), malignant melanoma (C43), and non-melanoma skin (NMSC) (C44) cancers were counted. Multiple pairwise comparisons generated incidence rate ratios (IRR).ResultsData were accessible within 5 months of the pathological diagnosis date. Between 2019 and 2020, the number of pathologically confirmed malignancies (excluding NMSC) decreased by 7315 (14.1 %). Scotland experienced early monthly declines of up to 64 % (colorectal cancers, April 2020 versus April 2019). Wales experienced the greatest overall change in 2020, but Northern Ireland experienced the quickest recovery. The pandemic's effects varied by cancer type, with no significant change in lung cancer diagnoses in Wales in 2020 (IRR 0.97 (95 % CI 0.90–1.05)), followed by an increase in 2021 (IRR 1.11 (1.03–1.20).ConclusionPDC are useful in reporting cancer incidence quicker than cancer registrations. Temporal and geographical differences between participating countries mirrored differences in responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating face validity and the potential for quick cancer diagnosis assessment. To verify their sensitivity and specificity against the gold standard of cancer registrations, however, additional research is required.     

Survival among clinical stage I–III rectal cancer patients treated with different preoperative treatments: A population-based comparison

BackgroundRadical resection is regarded as the cornerstone of rectal cancer treatment. Preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are often administered. This population-based study compares the survival in clinical stage I–III rectal cancer patients who received either preoperative radiotherapy, preoperative chemoradiotherapy or no preoperative therapy. As secondary research questions, the association of type of radical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy on survival is also investigated.MethodsPatients diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2011 with stage I–III rectal adenocarcinoma were retrieved from the Belgian Cancer Registry database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to evaluate the association of preoperative treatment, type of radical resection and use of adjuvant chemotherapy with survival, adjusting for the baseline characteristics age, gender, WHO performance status and clinical stage.ResultsA total of 5173 rectal cancer patients were identified. Preoperative treatment was as follows: none in 1354 (26.2%), radiotherapy in 797 (15.4%) and chemoradiotherapy in 3022 (58.4%) patients. The patient group who did not receive preoperative therapy or radiotherapy followed by radical resection had a lower observed survival compared to the patient group receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The patient groups who underwent abdominoperineal excision and those receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had a worse observed survival compared to the patient group treated with sphincter-sparing surgery and no adjuvant therapy respectively. These effects were age-dependent. Multivariable analysis demonstrated similar findings for the observed survival conditional on surviving the first year since surgery.ConclusionIn this population-based study among clinical stage I–III rectal cancer patients treated with radical resection, a superior observed survival was noticed in the patient group receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy compared to the patients groups receiving no or preoperative radiotherapy only, adjusting for case mix, type of radical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. Additionally, higher adjusted observed survival was also detected for the patient groups with sphincter-sparing surgery or no adjuvant chemotherapy.     

直肠癌切除术患者永久性与临时性造口术后生活质量变化及其与排便症状的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探讨直肠癌切除术患者永久性与临时性造口术后生活质量变化,并分析其生活质量与排便症状的相关性。方法：纳入我院2017年4月～2020年4月收治的直肠癌切除术患者110例,所有纳入者均行造口术。根据造口方式,分成永久性造口组（简称永久组,n=41）、临时性造口组（简称临时组,n=69）。记录两组造口并发症发生率,分别在患者术后1、3、6个月,采用简明生活质量量表（SF-36）评估其生活质量,采用排便症状量表评估患者排便症状的变化。经Pearson线性相关分析患者生活质量评分与排便症状评分的相关性。结果：临时组造口并发症发生率（8.90%）与永久组（12.20%）比较无差异（P＞0.05）。两组术后3、6个月SF-36各维度评分均高于术后1个月,术后6个月各评分高于术后3个月,且临时组术后3个月SF-36各维度评分高于永久组（P＜0.05）,但两组术后6个月各评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）。两组术后3、6个月大便症状各评分均低于术后1个月,术后6个月的排便急迫感、排便费力、里急后重评分及总分低于术后3个月,且临时组术后3个月的排便急迫感、排便费力、里急后重评分及总分低于永久组（P＜0.05）,但两组术后6个月排便症状各评分比较未见差异（P＞0.05）。Pearson线性相关分析显示,排便症状总分与机体疼痛、躯体功能、躯体角色受限、情感角色受限、心理健康、社会功能、总体健康评分呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：直肠癌切除术患者临时性造口能够进一步促进术后3个月生活质量、排便功能的改善,在术后6个月,永久性造口患者的生活质量、排便功能基本达到临时性造口患者的状态,且排便功能与生活质量具有相关性。     

直肠癌患者术后血清C反应蛋白、白蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白的表达及对吻合口瘘的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨直肠癌患者术后血清C反应蛋白、白蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白的表达及对吻合口瘘的预测价值。方法：选择2017年4月至2019年4月于我院进行直肠癌手术患者102例患者进行研究,其中42例发生术后吻合口瘘,设为试验组,剩余60例未发生吻合口瘘作为对照组。分析患者术后血清C反应蛋白、白蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白水平变化情况,采用受试者工作特征曲线分析血清C反应蛋白、白蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白对术后发生吻合口瘘的预测价值。结果：试验组术后血清C反应蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白水平显著高于对照组,白蛋白水平显著低于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;行预防性造口组术后血清C反应蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白水平显著低于未预防性造口组,白蛋白水平显著高于未预防性造口组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;血清C反应蛋白预测术后吻合口瘘的临界值为39.69 mg/L,灵敏度为71.47%,特异度为83.14%,AUC为0. 824,血清白蛋白预测术后吻合口瘘的临界值为29.76 g/L,灵敏度为61.20%,特异度为79.40%,AUC为0. 746,血清单核细胞趋化蛋白预测术后吻合口瘘的临界值为200.09 pg/mＬ,灵敏度为61.18%,特异度为80.45%,AUC为0. 605,联合检测较单独检测具有更高的灵敏度和特异度,分别为77.56%、86.38%。结论：术后血清C反应蛋白、白蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白水平对直肠癌患者术后吻合口瘘具有较好的预测价值。     

Impact of cancer surgery slowdowns on patient survival during the COVID-19 pandemic: a microsimulation modelling study

Background:With the declaration of the global pandemic, surgical slowdowns were instituted to conserve health care resources for anticipated surges in patients with COVID-19. The long-term implications on survival of these slowdowns for patients with cancer in Canada is unknown.Methods:We constructed a microsimulation model based on real-world population data on cancer care from Ontario, Canada, from 2019 and 2020. Our model estimated wait times for cancer surgery over a 6-month period during the pandemic by simulating a slowdown in operating room capacity (60% operating room resources in month 1, 70% in month 2, 85% in months 3–6), as compared with simulated prepandemic conditions with 100% resources. We used incremental differences in simulated wait times to model survival using per-day hazard ratios for risk of death. Primary outcomes included life-years lost per patient and per cancer population. We conducted scenario analyses to evaluate alternative, hypothetical scenarios of different levels of surgical slowdowns on risk of death.Results:The simulated model population comprised 22 799 patients waiting for cancer surgery before the pandemic and 20 177 patients during the pandemic. Mean wait time to surgery prepandemic was 25 days and during the pandemic was 32 days. Excess wait time led to 0.01–0.07 life-years lost per patient across cancer sites, translating to 843 (95% credible interval 646–950) life-years lost among patients with cancer in Ontario.Interpretation:Pandemic-related slowdowns of cancer surgeries were projected to result in decreased long-term survival for many patients with cancer. Measures to preserve surgical resources and health care capacity for affected patients are critical to mitigate unintended consequences.

Declaration of the global COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of several clinical and policy-related measures to mitigate risk to vulnerable populations and conserve health care resources. Literature from early waves of the pandemic characterized patients with cancer as a vulnerable population.^1,2 Moreover, cancer surgery can be highly resource intensive, which could strain the health care system’s ability to respond to the pandemic. Accordingly, in March 2020, the Ontario government recommended reducing the number of cancer surgeries, along with other elective surgeries performed in the province. These measures were aimed at reducing both patient morbidity and use of health care resources, primarily by decreasing routine postoperative admissions to wards and intensive care units, in anticipation of a potential surge of patients with COVID-19.³Although necessary, this initial strategy resulted in a backlog of cancer surgeries, and some patients faced longer wait times to surgical treatment.⁴ Given clear evidence showing that longer surgical wait times can increase cancer-related risk of death, there is concern for the unintended consequences of the surgical slowdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic.^5–8 International data have projected the negative impact on long-term survival associated with potential delays to cancer diagnosis or surgery across various cancer types.^9–11 Recognizing the global differences in level of infection, response to the COVID-19 pandemic and cancer survival rates, country-specific data are required to understand local consequences and better guide future responses to times of resource constraint. As such, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the long-term implications of pandemic–related cancer surgery slowdowns on cancer survival in Ontario, Canada.     

经腹腔镜实施结直肠癌根治术对高龄患者胃肠功能的影响

目的:探讨结直肠癌高龄患者经腹腔镜实施结直肠癌根治术对胃肠功能产生的影响。方法:选取92例接受结直肠癌根治手术的结直肠癌患者,将其随机数字表法随机分为试验组和对照组两组,其中对照组患者均采用开腹手术进行治疗,而试验组患者则采取腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治手术。观察比较两组患者的术中情况和术后的胃肠功能。结果:两组患者之间的淋巴结清扫数目和标本切除长度均无明显差异(均P0.05),试验组患者的术中出血量以及手术时间均低于对照组患者(t=10.394,P0.05;t=6.983,P0.05)。胃泌素和胃动素水平和患者术后的肛门排气时间以及腹胀持续时间呈显著的负相关关系;试验组患者的术后肛门排气时间和腹胀持续时间均低于对照组患者,并且其胃泌素和胃动素含量均明显高于对照组患者(均P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治手术较开腹手术具有创伤小的优势,并且对于高龄结直肠癌患者术后的胃肠功能具有较好的恢复效果。     

Hospital surgical volume and colorectal cancer survival in Norway: A nationwide cohort study

BackgroundStudies of hospital surgical volume and colorectal cancer survival are inconclusive. We investigated whether surgical volume was associated with survival of patients operated for colorectal cancer in Norway.MethodsUsing Cancer Registry of Norway data, we compared excess mortality from colorectal cancer by hospital surgical volume among 26,989 colon and 9779 rectal cancer patients diagnosed 2009–2020 and followed-up to 31.12.2021. Hospitals were divided into terciles according to their three-year average annual surgical volume; colon: low (< 22), middle (22–73), high (> 73); rectal: low (< 17), middle (17–38), high (> 38). We estimated excess hazard ratios (EHR) with flexible parametric models adjusted for age, year, stage, surgical urgency and surgery location (within/outside patient’s residential health trust).ResultsLow-volume hospitals had the highest proportion of late-stage or acutely operated colon cancer patients. Colon cancer patients operated at low- versus high-volume hospitals had significantly increased crude excess mortality (EHR = 1.30; 95 % CI = 1.14–1.48) but no difference after adjustment for age, year, and stage (EHR = 0.97; 0.85–1.11). High-volume hospitals had the highest proportion of late-stage rectal cancer patients and patients operated outside their residential area. Rectal cancer patients operated at low- versus high-volume hospitals did not have significantly different excess mortality before (EHR = 0.84; 0.64–1.10) or after (EHR = 1.03; 0.79–1.35) adjustment for age, year, stage, surgical urgency and surgery location. After accounting for case-mix, hospital surgical volume was not associated with excess mortality from colon (P = 0.40) or rectal cancer (P = 0.22).ConclusionLow hospital surgical volume was not associated with poorer colorectal cancer survival.     

The specialty of colon and rectal surgery: its impact on patient care and role in academic medicine

The specialty of colon and rectal surgery, a specialty of general surgery, has evolved from the field of proctology. Clinical care has demonstrated decreased number of patients requiring intestinal stomas, improved quality of life in patients with benign anorectal disorders, and more favorable results in patients afflicted with primary and recurrent colorectal cancer. Basic science investigations have spawned from clinical questions such as the molecular biology of colorectal cancer, use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and polyp regression, and novel cytokine antagonists in inflammatory bowel disease. Medical students are exposed to surgeons with expertise in anorectal anatomy and physiology, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the importance of screening for detection of colorectal cancer, and novel therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Surgical residents benefit by having a colorectal surgeon on the faculty by repetitive exposure to anorectal surgery, low pelvic anastomoses, stoma creation and closure, and surgery involving the small intestine. Senior colorectal surgeons will develop critical pathways for the healthcare delivery of patients afflicted with colorectal disease. The specialty of colorectal surgery will continue to translate into improved patient care and positively impact in academic medicine by providing expertise into student and resident training and generate highly sophisticated clinical and basic science investigations.     

Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundWe examined the number of lung cancers diagnosed, the quality of care and the socio-economic and clinical characteristics among patients with lung cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years.MethodsWe included all patients ≥ 18 years old diagnosed with lung cancer from 01 January 2018 to 31 August 2021 as registered in the Danish Lung Cancer Registry. Using a generalised linear model, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the associations between the pandemic and socioeconomic and clinical factors, and indicators of quality.ResultsWe included 18,113 patients with lung cancer (82.0% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)), which was similar to the preceding years, although a decline in NSCLC cases occurred during the first lockdown period in 2020. No difference in distribution of income or educational level was observed. No difference was observed in the quality of treatment – as measured by curative intent, proportion of patients resected or who died within 90 days of diagnosis.ConclusionUsing nationwide population-based data, our study reassuringly shows no adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis, socio-economic characteristics nor quality of treatment of lung cancer, as compared to the preceding years.     

术前新辅助放化疗联合全直肠系膜切除术治疗局部进展期直肠癌的疗效观察

目的:探讨应用术前新辅助放化疗和全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗局部进展期直肠癌的临床疗效。方法:选择2014年1月到2016年12月我院收治的80例中低位局部进展期直肠癌患者,按照随机数字表法分为实验组(n=40)和对照组(n=40)。实验组患者给予术前新辅助放化疗联合TME治疗,对照组患者仅给予TME治疗,两组患者均于术后给予辅助化疗4个疗程。比较两组患者治疗后的病理完全缓解率、病理降期情况、根治性切除率以及不良反应发生情况。结果:实验组患者的完全缓解率为22.50%(9/40),高于对照组的5.00%(2/40),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组的降期率为91.89%(34/37),高于对照组的74.29%(26/35),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者的根治性切除率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗期间,两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:术前新辅助放化疗联合TME治疗局部进展期直肠癌安全有效,病理降期情况良好,完全缓解率较高。     

Colonoscopy screening and surveillance disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has increased barriers to accessing preventive healthcare. This study identifies populations disproportionately underrepresented in screening and surveillance colonoscopies during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsIn this single-center cohort study, colonoscopy procedures were reviewed during 6-month intervals before the pandemic (July 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019) and during the pandemic (July 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020 and January 1, 2021 - June 30, 2021). 7095 patients were categorized based on procedure indication, demographics, Charlson Comorbidity Index and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). Statistics performed using VassarStats.Results2387 (2019) colonoscopies pre-pandemic and 2585 (2020) and 2123 (2021) during the pandemic were identified. There was a decrease in colonoscopies performed during months when COVID-19 cases peaked. The total number of average CRC risk patients presenting for first colonoscopy declined during the pandemic: 232 (10 %) pre-pandemic to 190 (7 %) in 2020, 145 (7 %) in 2021 (p < 0.001). Fewer of these patients presented from highly vulnerable communities, SVI > 0.8, during the pandemic, 39 in 2019 vs 16 in 2020 and 22 in 2021. Of all screening and surveillance patients, fewer presented from communities with SVI > 0.8 during the pandemic, 106 in 2019 versus 67 in 2020 and 77 in 2021.ConclusionIt is important to address the decline in CRC preventive care during this pandemic among average CRC risk first-time screeners and vulnerable community patients. An emphasis on addressing social determinants of health and establishing patients in gastroenterology clinics is imperative to promote future health in these populations.     

Incidence of gynaecological cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study in the Netherlands

ObjectiveTo study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdown on the number of diagnoses of gynaecological malignancies in the Netherlands.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR) on women of 18 years and older diagnosed with invasive endometrial, ovarian, cervical or vulvar cancer in the period 2017–2021. Analyses were stratified for age, socioeconomical status (SES) and region.ResultsThe incidence rate of gynaecological cancer was 67/100.000 (n = 4832) before (2017–2019) and 68/100.000 (n = 4833) during (2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. Comparing the number of diagnoses of the two periods for the four types of cancer separately showed no significant difference. During the first wave of COVID-19 (March-June 2020), a clear decrease in number of gynaecological cancer diagnoses was visible (20–34 %). Subsequently, large increases in number of diagnoses were visible (11–29 %). No significant differences in incidence were found between different age groups, SES and regions. In 2021 an increase of 5.9 % in number of diagnoses was seen.ConclusionIn the Netherlands, a clear drop in number of diagnoses was visible for all four types of gynaecological cancers during the first wave, with a subsequent increase in number of diagnoses in the second part of 2020 and in 2021. No differences between SES groups were found. This illustrates good organisation of and access to health care in the Netherlands.     

Validity of initial cancer diagnoses in the Diagnosis Procedure Combination data in Japan

BackgroundIn Japan, the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) data have been used as a nationwide administrative hospital discharge database for clinical studies. However, few studies have evaluated the validity of recorded diagnoses of cancer in the database.MethodsWe compared the DPC data with hospital-based cancer registries in Osaka Prefecture, Japan to assess the validity of the recorded cancer diagnoses in the DPC data. Fifteen types of cancer were included in the analysis. Cancer stage with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification was assessed for eight cancer types with >400 patients. We evaluated concordance and positive predictive value of cancer diagnosis, and concordance of cancer stage between the DPC data and the hospital-based cancer registry.ResultsIn total, we identified 29,180 eligible patients. The five types of cancer with the highest number of patients were as follows: 6,765 (23.2 %) colorectal, 6,476 (22.2 %) stomach, 4,862 (16.7 %) breast, 4,445 (15.2 %) lung, and 2,257 (7.7 %) liver. Concordance of diagnosis ranged from 63.9 %–99.5 %, and twelve of the fifteen types of cancers had concordance of over 90 %. Positive predictive values of diagnosis ranged from 86.8 %–100 %. Regarding cancer stage, the overall degree of concordance was 67.2 % in all patients and the concordance was over 70 % in four types of cancers.ConclusionsThe DPC data had high validity of cancer diagnosis. However, the potential impact of the misclassifications and low concordance in cancer stage among specific type of cancers in the DPC data should be considered.     

直肠癌组织中PTEN和Notch1的表达及其与临床病理参数的关系

目的:探究直肠癌组织中PTEN和Notch1的表达及其与临床病理参数的关系。方法:收集2014年1月~2015年4月,我院肿瘤外科确诊48例直肠癌病理组织标本与20例直肠癌患者癌旁正常组织标本为研究对象,应用免疫组化链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连结法(S-P法)分析PTEN和Notch1蛋白在直肠癌病理组织和正常组织中的表达情况。结果:PTEN和Notch1主要表达于直肠癌组织细胞质中,呈现棕黄色;Notch1在直肠癌病理组织中表达率显著高于正常组织(P0.05);PTEN在正常组织表达率显著高于在直肠癌组织(P0.05);Notch1在淋巴转移、中底分化及分期为C期患者病理组织中表达率较高(P0.05);PTEN在无淋巴转移、中底分化程度及A+B期患者病理组织表达率较高(P0.05);相关性分析显示,Notch1和PTEN在直肠癌病理组织中表达呈现负相关关系(r=-0.534,P=0.000)。结论:Notch1和PTEN表达失调在直肠癌的发生、发展和淋巴结转移中有重要作用;PTEN表达可能对直肠癌的发生、发展具有抑制作用,Notch1表达可能对直肠癌的发生、发展具有促进作用。     

预警症状对结直肠癌的诊断效能研究

目的:明确预警症状(腹部包块、便秘、排便习惯改变、腹泻、肛周异物感、长期腹痛、便血或肛门出血)对结直肠癌的诊断效能。方法:收集我院2016年1月至2016年12月的结肠镜检查数据,计算各个预警症状的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比和阴性似然比。结果:预警症状总的诊断敏感度和特异度分别是6.63%和94.33%。所有的预警症状诊断敏感度最高的是便血,敏感度为19.28%,最低的是腹泻,敏感度为2.41%。相对而言,便血和长期腹痛的准确度较高,分别达到了19.28%和11.45%。除了长期腹痛之外,其他所有的预警症状的诊断特异度都达到了90%以上。结论:超过一半的结直肠癌患者没有出现预警症状,用预警症状来诊断结直肠癌具有较低的敏感度和较高的特异度,需要更多的研究来证明预警症状的临床意义。     

Sialyltransferase ST6GAL-1 mediates resistance to chemoradiation in rectal cancer

Locally advanced rectal cancer is typically treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Most patients do not display a complete response to chemoradiotherapy, but resistance mechanisms are poorly understood. ST6GAL-1 is a sialyltransferase that adds the negatively charged sugar, sialic acid (Sia), to cell surface proteins in the Golgi, altering their function. We therefore hypothesized that ST6GAL-1 could mediate resistance to chemoradiation in rectal cancer by inhibiting apoptosis. Patient-derived xenograft and organoid models of rectal cancer and rectal cancer cell lines were assessed for ST6GAL-1 protein with and without chemoradiation treatment. ST6GAL-1 mRNA was assessed in untreated human rectal adenocarcinoma by PCR assays. Samples were further assessed by Western blotting, Caspase-Glo apoptosis assays, and colony formation assays. The presence of functional ST6GAL-1 was assessed via flow cytometry using the Sambucus nigra lectin, which specifically binds cell surface α2,6-linked Sia, and via lectin precipitation. In patient-derived xenograft models of rectal cancer, we found that ST6GAL-1 protein was increased after chemoradiation in a subset of samples. Rectal cancer cell lines demonstrated increased ST6GAL-1 protein and cell surface Sia after chemoradiation. ST6GAL-1 was also increased in rectal cancer organoids after treatment. ST6GAL-1 knockdown in rectal cancer cell lines resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased survival after treatment. We concluded that ST6GAL-1 promotes resistance to chemoradiotherapy by inhibiting apoptosis in rectal cancer cell lines. More research will be needed to further elucidate the importance and mechanism of ST6GAL-1-mediated resistance.     

腹腔镜下完整系膜切除术治疗结肠癌的临床效果

目的:探讨腹腔镜下完整系膜切除术治疗结肠癌中的临床效果及安全性。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年5月在本院经纤维结肠镜及活组织病理检查确诊为结肠癌的患者作为研究对象,并按照手术方式不同分为开腹手术组及腹腔镜手术组两组,每组各选取93例。开腹手术组采用开腹完整结肠系膜结肠癌根治术进行治疗,腹腔镜手术组采用腹腔镜下完整结肠系膜切除结肠癌根治术进行治疗,比较两组的手术指标、术后并发症和手术质量。结果:与开腹手术组比较,腹腔镜手术组手术时间延长,术中出血量减少,术后排气时间缩短,术后引流量减少,引流管拔管时间缩短,住院时间缩短(P0.05)。腹腔镜手术组术后并发症总发生率(20.43%)显著低于开腹手术组(35.48%)(P0.05);切口相关感染发生率(1.08%)明显低于开腹手术组(6.45%),但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);总感染发生率(11.83%)低于开腹手术组(30.11%)(P0.05)。腹腔镜手术组与开腹手术组均达到完整系膜切除标准,肿瘤组织、系膜等均整块完整切除且系膜未发现损伤,切除标本质量分级达到C级及以上,切除肠管均距离恶性肿瘤上缘10 cm、下缘15 cm,且对切除肠管上切缘及下切缘的病理组织学检查结果均未发现恶性肿瘤细胞。腹腔镜手术组与开腹手术组在清扫淋巴结数量、肿瘤TNM病理分期方面比较均未发现具有统计学差异(P0.05)。腹腔镜手术组肿瘤大小明显小于开腹手术组(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下完整系膜切除术治疗结肠癌的手术创伤小,可降低术后并发症发生率,但手术时间还有待优化,应用指征还有待进一步拓宽。     

保肛术与腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术对低位直肠癌疗效及生活质量的比较研究

目的:比较保肛术与腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术(Miles术)对低位直肠癌患者的疗效及生活质量。方法:选取我院于2016年1月至2017年7月期间收治的低位直肠癌患者50例,按照乱数表法分为观察组与对照组,两组均为25例。观察组给予保肛术治疗,对照组给予Miles术治疗。对比两组患者围手术期情况以及术后并发症发生率,采用自制评分量表评价并对比两组患者术后的生活质量,随访1年,比较两组患者的复发率和1年生存率。结果:与对照组比较,观察组术中出血量、术后恢复正常排便时间、术后排气时间以及住院时间均降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,观察组生活质量优良率明显升高(P0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组盆腔复发率、吻合口复发率低于对照组,而1年生存率高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:与Miles术比较,保肛术治疗低位直肠癌患者的临床疗效更好,患者术后恢复快、术后并发症发生率低,可明显改善患者的生活质量以及预后,值得临床推广应用。     

比较CSPO和ISR治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛效果

摘要 目的：比较适形切除保肛术（CSPO）和经内外括约肌间切除术（ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛效果。方法：选择2020年6月至2022年3月选择在本院诊治的超低位直肠癌患者63例作为研究对象,根据随机分配原则把患者分为ISR组31例与CSPO组32例,ISR组予经内外括约肌间切除术治疗,CSPO组予适形切除保肛术治疗,记录与随访患者的近期与远期预后。结果：所有患者都顺利完成保肛,两组的术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目对比无差异（P>0.05）,CSPO组的手术时间、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后住院时间明显少于ISR组（P<0.05）。CSPO组的术后7 d的切口感染、泌尿系感染、吻合口狭窄、吻合口瘘等并发症发生率为6.3 %,明显低于ISR组的29.0 %（P<0.05）。CSPO组术后1 d、3 d、7 d的血清降钙素原（PCT）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）含量都明显少于ISR组（P<0.05）。ISR组术后3个月的满意度为80.6 %,明显低于CSPO组100.0 %（P<0.05）。结论：相对经内外括约肌间切除术,适形切除保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌能有效抑制血清PCT与hs-CRP的表达,具有很好的保肛效果,能减少并发症的发生,还可促进患者康复,从而持续提高患者的随访生存率。