蓝灰链霉菌中Aco类信号分子合酶ScyA1全局性功能的研究北大核心

【目的】研究蓝灰链霉菌中Aco类群感效应信号分子合酶基因scy A1缺失对细胞生理代谢和调控网络造成的广泛性扰动,揭示Scy A1对细胞生命活动的全局性调控作用。【方法】通过测定细胞干重确定scy A1缺失对液体发酵条件下细胞生长的影响。采用RNA-Seq比较分析探究蓝灰链霉菌scy A1突变株和野生型NMWT1发酵培养3d和6d全基因组范围内的显著差异表达基因。【结果】scy A1缺失不影响液体发酵条件下细胞生物量的积累。比较转录组分析显示scy A1缺失后,糖酵解和三羧酸循环途径基因表达表现出双向显著差异变化趋势;L-半乳糖形成UDP-葡萄糖途径、戊糖磷酸途径、氨基酸(L-缬氨酸、L-异亮氨酸和L-色氨酸)合成途径和嘌呤核苷酸降解途径相关基因均表现出显著上调趋势。众多次级代谢生物合成基因簇、保守转录调控因子和菌丝体结构性蛋白组分编码基因表达显著下调,而少数则表达水平显著上调。【结论】Scy A1广泛影响了菌株的初级代谢、次级代谢、保守调控因子和菌丝体结构相关基因的表达。总之,本研究丰富了我们对Aco类群感效应信号分子合酶功能的认知。     

Promotion or retardation of the growth of adenine auxotrophs ofCandida albicans by purines,pyrimidines and nucleosides

A study has been made of the growth responses to purine and pyrimidine metabolites shown by sixteen ultraviolet-induced adenine requiring mutants ofCandida albicans blocked at early stages in purine biosynthesis. The salient findings establish that, inC. albicans, (1) the pathway for the conversion of adenine to guanine is not reversible, (2) exogenous nucleotides are not utilized, and the purine and pyrimidine components of exogenous nucleosides must be converted to the free base form before utilization and (3) cytosine and guanine competitively inhibit different steps in the utilization of exogenous adenine.     

Metabolism of [U-13C]Aspartate by Astroglial Cultures: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of the Culture Media

In brain the amino acid L-aspartate serves roles as: (1) putative transmitter, (2) protein precursor, (3) donor of atoms for the biosynthesis of pyrimidine and purine bases, and (4) fuel for energy metabolism. Astrocytes dominate aspartate clearance in brain, and in culture they take up aspartate and quickly metabolize it. In brain, only astrocytes were shown to express the enzymes for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. To gain more details about the spectrum of metabolites generated from aspartate and subsequently released by cultured astrocytes a ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was performed of [U-¹³C]aspartate supplemented incubation media exposed to astroglial cultures. The results show that astrocytes readily metabolize aspartate and release into their culture media ¹³C-isotopomers of lactate, glutamine, citrate and alanine. Despite the presence in astroglial cells of two tandem enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis and their mRNAs, pyrimidine nucleotide-related heterocyclic compounds such as dihydroorotate and orotate could not be detected in the culture media.     

蓝标型核不育小麦花药转录物组学及花色素苷合成相关基因的表达分析

为了揭示蓝标型小麦核雄性不育的分子机制,更好地利用隐性核不育小麦杂种优势,本研究以蓝标型白粒小麦WS（不育）和浅蓝粒小麦WF（育性正常）植株花药为试验材料,利用转录物组学技术对两者差异表达基因进行了分析,并对其中涉及花色素苷合成相关基因进行了验证。结果表明： WF与WS相比,共检测到2 352个差异表达基因,这些基因经GO功能注释分为3大类43个小类,主要涉及生物合成、苯丙烷代谢、L-苯丙氨酸分解代谢、膜组成部分、质膜、细胞质、ATP结合和蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性等。 KEGG通路分析结果显示,苯丙烷类生物合成通路富集基因最多,有159个,其次是苯丙氨酸代谢通路,包含136个显著差异表达基因,其他还涉及多种氨基酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、嘧啶代谢及糖代谢通路;与花青素代谢直接相关的通路中,多个控制关键酶结构基因存在差异表达,且大多数在WF中上调表达,只有黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因（flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H）和无色花青素双加氧酶基因（anthocyanin dioxygenase,ANS）下调表达;实时荧光定量分析显示,10个与花青素代谢相关基因实际表达情况和转录物组测序数据中基因表达情况具有相同的上下调趋势;差异基因序列同源性分析显示,筛选出的2个转录因子（DN48762c2g1、DN25944c0g1）与玉米、水稻及拟南芥花色素苷合成调控转录因子聚为同一簇,可能是蓝标型小麦浅蓝粒植株蓝色糊粉层性状的候选基因。并且荧光定量分析表明,DN48762c2g1和DN25944c0g1在WF中的表达量要明显高于WS。综上认为,花青素的生物合成途径相关基因不仅与籽粒蓝色性状有关,而且可能参与了蓝标型核不育系的花药败育。     

The Crystal Structure and Activity of a Putative Trypanosomal Nucleoside Phosphorylase Reveal It to be a Homodimeric Uridine Phosphorylase

Purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) and uridine phosphorylases (UPs) are closely related enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine salvage, respectively, which catalyze the removal of the ribosyl moiety from nucleosides so that the nucleotide base may be recycled. Parasitic protozoa generally are incapable of de novo purine biosynthesis; hence, the purine salvage pathway is of potential therapeutic interest. Information about pyrimidine biosynthesis in these organisms is much more limited. Though all seem to carry at least a subset of enzymes from each pathway, the dependency on de novo pyrimidine synthesis versus salvage varies from organism to organism and even from one growth stage to another. We have structurally and biochemically characterized a putative nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) from the pathogenic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei and find that it is a homodimeric UP. This is the first characterization of a UP from a trypanosomal source despite this activity being observed decades ago. Although this gene was broadly annotated as a putative NP, it was widely inferred to be a purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Our characterization of this trypanosomal enzyme shows that it is possible to distinguish between PNP and UP activity at the sequence level based on the absence or presence of a characteristic UP-specificity insert. We suggest that this recognizable feature may aid in proper annotation of the substrate specificity of enzymes in the NP family.     

内生链霉菌SAT1转录组分析和抑菌代谢产物的鉴定

【背景】植物内生链霉菌Streptomyces sp.SAT1分离自药用植物荠苨根部,对多种植物病原真菌和病原细菌具有强抑菌活性,在农林业生物防治领域应用潜力巨大。【目的】揭示该菌在不同培养基条件下的抑菌效果和抑制细菌的活性物质类型,为该菌生物防治应用提供理论基础和技术支撑。【方法】通过测定发酵液和菌体萃取物的抑菌活性,研究培养基成分对抑菌活性物质生物合成的影响;选择抑制细菌活性高和无抑菌活性的培养基进行发酵,通过转录组测序分析差异表达基因的功能,并利用紫外吸收光谱和UPLC-MS/MS鉴定活性物质的成分。【结果】所选用的7种链霉菌常用发酵培养基中,无论发酵液还是菌体萃取物,TSB、GS和R5培养基无抑制细菌活性;PDB、ISP2、MS和H有较强的抑菌活性。对PDB、ISP2和TSB发酵菌体进行转录组测序分析,共发现差异表达基因3 567个,KEGG富集分析发现差异基因多集中在global and overview maps、氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢等通路上,而且与TSB比,PDB和ISP2分别有18个和5个上调基因定位于moenomycin类物质的生物合成基因簇上。以标准品为对照,...     

Effect of short-term salt stress on the metabolic profiles of pyrimidine, purine and pyridine nucleotides in cultured cells of the mangrove tree, Bruguiera sexangula

To investigate the short‐term (3 h) effect of salt on the metabolism of purine, pyrimidine and pyridine nucleotides in mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula) cells, we examined the uptake and overall metabolism of radiolabelled intermediates involved in the de novo pathways and substrates of salvage pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis in the presence and absence of 100 mM NaCl. Uptake by the cells of substrates for the salvage pathways was much faster than uptake of intermediates of the de novo pathways. The activity of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis estimated by [2‐¹⁴C]orotate metabolism was not significantly affected by the salt. About 20–30% of [2‐¹⁴C]uridine, [2‐¹⁴C]uracil and more than 50% of [2‐¹⁴C]cytidine were salvaged for pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. However, substantial quantities of these compounds were degraded to ¹⁴CO₂ via β‐ureidopropionate (β‐UP), and degradation of β‐UP was increased by the salt. The activities of the de novo pathway, estimated by [2‐¹⁴C] 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleoside, and the salvage pathways from [8‐¹⁴C]adenosine and [8‐¹⁴C]guanosine for the purine nucleotide biosynthesis were not influenced by the salt. Most [8‐¹⁴C]hypoxanthine was catabolised to ¹⁴CO₂, and other purine compounds are also catabolised via xanthine. Purine catabolism was stimulated by the salt. [³H]Quinolinate, [carbonyl‐¹⁴C]nicotinamide and [carboxyl‐¹⁴C]nicotinic acid were utilised for the biosynthesis of pyridine nucleotides. The salvage pathways for pyridine nucleotides were significantly stimulated by the salt. Trigonelline was synthesised from all pyridine precursors that were examined; its synthesis was also stimulated by the salt. We discuss the physiological role of the salt‐stimulated reactions of nucleotide metabolism.     

Genetic and Proteomic Analyses of a Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris purC Mutant Deficient in Purine Biosynthesis and Virulence

Bacterial proliferation in hosts requires activation of a number of housekeeping pathways, including purine de novo biosynthesis. Although inactivation of purine biosynthesis genes can attenuate virulence, it is unclear which biochemical or virulence factors are associated with the purine biosynthesis pathway in vivo. We report that inactivation of purC, a gene encoding phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase, caused complete loss of virulence in Xanthomonas campestris pv. cam- pestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of cruciferous plants. The purC mutant was a purine auxotroph; it could not grow on minimal medium, whereas addition of purine derivatives, such as hypoxanthine or adenine plus guanine, restored growth of the mutant. The purC mutation also significantly enhanced the production of an unknown purine synthesis associated pigment and extracellular polysaccharides by the bacterium. In addition, comparative proteomic analyses of bacteria grown on rich and minimal media revealed that the purC mutation affected the expression levels of diverse proteins involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, carbon and energy metabolisms, iron uptake, proteolysis, protein secretion, and signal transduction. These results provided clues to understanding the contributions of purine synthesis to bacterial virulence and interactions with host immune systems.     

NaCl胁迫下哈茨木霉ACCC32524的转录组和代谢组分析

【目的】通过分析NaCl胁迫下哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)ACCC32524转录组和代谢组数据,研究差异表达基因及次级代谢产物的变化情况,初步探索响应NaCl胁迫的分子机制。【方法】利用Illumina HiSeq XTen高通量测序平台完成0、0.4、0.6 mol/L NaCl浓度胁迫培养下哈茨木霉ACCC32524的转录组测序,GC-TOF-MS技术完成对0mol/L和0.6mol/LNaCl胁迫培养下的差异次级代谢产物检测,利用相关软件及数据库对差异表达基因(DEGs)和次级代谢产物的注释、筛选和分类,并进行RT-qPCR验证。【结果】本研究分别得到0.4 mol/L和0.6 mol/L NaCl胁迫下417和733条差异表达基因;GO富集分析显示,分别有318和582条差异表达基因注释到生物学过程、分子功能和细胞组分3个一级分类和40个二级分类;COG分类结果表明分别有232和414条转录本为20个类别,涉及差异表达基因最多的分别为氨基酸的转运和代谢、一般功能预测、碳水化合物的转运和代谢;KEGG代谢途径分析结果表明,分别有75和96条基因归到25个代谢通路中(P≤0.05),其中涉及差异基因最多的是氨基酸的生物合成和2-氧代羧酸代谢通路。从转录组数据中共筛选出与渗透调节、离子转运、活性氧清除等22个耐盐相关基因。0 mol/L和0.6 mol/L NaCl胁迫下的代谢组数据中共筛选出101个差异次级代谢产物,包括8种积累量上调和93种下调物质,其中36个得到定性,分属于糖类、有机酸和氨基酸等9个分类中。RT-qPCR验证挑选的差异表达基因的表达量变化,均与RNA-seq分析结果一致。【结论】NaCl胁迫下引起哈茨木霉ACCC32524基因及次级代谢产物发生明显变化,细胞代谢途径发生明显偏移,这些进程共同作用减少NaCl对细胞的毒害作用,为木霉菌的耐盐机理研究提供重要信息。     

Pyrimidine biosynthesis and its regulation in the estrogen-stimulated chick oviduct.

Studies on the incorporation of radio-labeled precursors into orotic acid and the pyrimidine nucleotides of RNA have established the occurrence of the orotate pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines in the chick oviduct. Measurements of the rate of incorporation of precursors into orotic acid in minces of oviduct revealed the activity of the orotate pathway to be accelerated in response to estrogen-stimulated nucleic acid synthesis and tissue growth. These data indicate that extrahepatic tissues of avian species meet their requirements for pyrimidine nucleotides through de novo synthesis rather than depend upon the liver or other exogenous sources for a supply of preformed pyrimidines. An examination of the influence of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides on the incorporation of radio-labeled precursors into orotic acid yielded evidence that pyrimidine biosynthesis in the chick is quite sensitive to inhibition by both purines and pyrimidines; the data indicate the reaction catalyzed by carbamoylphosphate synthetase to be the site of inhibition in both cases.     

Metabolic flux in both the purine mononucleotide and histidine biosynthetic pathways can influence synthesis of the hydroxymethyl pyrimidine moiety of thiamine in Salmonella enterica

Together, the biosyntheses of histidine, purines, and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) contain examples of convergent, divergent, and regulatory pathway integration. Mutations in two purine biosynthetic genes (purI and purH) affect TPP biosynthesis due to flux through the purine and histidine pathways. The molecular genetic characterization of purI mutants and their respective pseudorevertants resulted in the conclusion that <1% of the wild-type activity of the PurI enzyme was sufficient for thiamine but not for purine synthesis. The respective pseudorevertants were found to be informational suppressors. In addition, it was shown that accumulation of the purine intermediate aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide inhibits thiamine synthesis, specifically affecting the conversion of aminoimidazole ribotide to hydroxymethyl pyrimidine.     

Regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in slices of rat tissue

Evidence of the primary sites for the regulation of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis by purine and pyrimidine nucleosides has been obtained in tissue slices through measurements of the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into an intermediate and end product of the pathway. Both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides inhibited the incorporation of [¹⁴C]-NaHCO₃ into orotic acid and uridine nucleotides, and the inhibition was found to be reversible upon transferring the tissue slices to a medium lacking nucleoside. The ammonia-stimulated incorporation of [¹⁴C]NaHCO₃ into orotic acid, which is unique to liver slices, was sensitive to inhibition by pyrimidine nucleosides at physiological levels of ammonia, but this regulatory mechanism was lost at toxic levels of ammonia. Adenosine, but not uridine, was found to have the additional effects of inhibiting the conversion of [¹⁴C]orotic acid to UMP and depleting the tissue slices of PRPP. Since PRPP is required as an activator of the first enzyme of the de novo pathway, CPSase II, and a substrate of the fifth enzyme, OPRTase, these results indicate that adenosine inhibits the incorporation of [¹⁴C]NaHCO₃ into orotic acid and the incorporation of [¹⁴C]orotic acid into UMP by depriving CPSase II and OPRTase, respectively, of PRPP. Uridine or its metabolites, on the other hand, appear to control the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines through end product inhibition of an early enzyme, most likely CPSase II. We found no evidence of end product inhibition of the conversion of orotic acid to UMP in tissue slices.     

Rhizobial purine and pyrimidine auxotrophs: nutrient supplementation,genetic analysis,and the symbiotic requirement for the novo purine biosynthesis

Previously described Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli mutants elicit nodules on bean without infection thread formation. These mutants were shown to be purine or, in one case, pyrimidine auxotrophs. Each of the seven purine auxotrophs grew normally when supplied the penultimate precursor of inosine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. Four seemed blocked early in the purine pathway, because they were also thiamine auxotrophs. Reversion analysis and genetic complementation using cloned wild-type DNA showed that in each mutant a single mutation was responsible for both the symbiotic defect and purine or pyrimidine auxotrophy. The mutations were mapped to five dispersed chromosomal locations. The previously reported weak Calcofluor staining of these mutants on minimal agar appeared to be caused by partial growth on contaminating nutrients in the agar, rather than deficient exopolysaccharide production. Nodulation by the mutants was not enhanced by supplying purine or pyrimidine compounds exogenously. Furthermore, with or without added purine, the purine auxotrophs grew in the root environment as well as the wild type. However, nodulation by the purine auxotrophs was enhanced greatly in the presence of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. The results suggest that undiminished metabolic flow through de novo purine biosynthesis, or a particular intermediate in the pathway, is essential in early symbiotic interactions.