阿霉素注射剂量对肾病综合征大鼠脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨阿霉素注射剂量对肾病综合征（nehpmtic syndrome,NS）大鼠脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（Leci-thin cholesterol acyltransferase,LCAT）水平的影响。方法：64只SD大鼠随机平分为四组-对照组、小剂量阿霉素组、中剂量阿霉素组与高剂量阿霉素组,四组大鼠经尾静脉一次性注射阿霉素0 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg,检测造模后不同时间点大鼠肾脏脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶水平变化情况。结果：小剂量阿霉素组、中剂量阿霉素组与高剂量阿霉素组造模后7 d、14 d、21 d的体重与每日采食量、血肌酐与尿素氮都低于对照组（P<0.05）,24 h尿蛋白高于对照组（P<0.05）,且存在剂量依赖性,三组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。小剂量阿霉素组、中剂量阿霉素组与高剂量阿霉素组造模后21 d、28 d的肾脏脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶相对表达水平低于对照组（P<0.05）,且存在剂量依赖性,三组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：小剂量阿霉素可抑制大鼠肾脏脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的表达,能快速有效建立肾病综合征大鼠模型,具有很好的模拟造模效果。     

不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

摘要 目的：探究不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：将48只成年雄性大鼠随机分为六组：假手术组、缺血对照组、脂肪乳组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组、中剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,每组8只。检测血清中酶的含量,观察肝细胞损伤程度,直观的反应乳化异氟醚预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响。结果：不同组别大鼠肝脏再灌注后ALT、AST、LDH和MDA含量,SOD活性和肝细胞坏死比例均具有显著差异,随着再灌注时间的延长,各组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均明显增加（均P＜0.05）。再灌注后1 h、2 h和4 h中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠肝组织匀浆中MDA含量和肝细胞坏死比例均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,SOD活性显著高于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。结论：中等剂量乳化异氟醚预处理组中血清中酶含量最低,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量最低,SOD活性水平最高,肝细胞损伤程度最轻,对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注的保护作用最好。     

灌胃不同剂量钙对大肠肿瘤模型大鼠肿瘤及血氨基酸的影响的实验研究

目的:研究不同口服剂量钙对大肠肿瘤和血清中氨基酸代谢的影响。方法:50只雄性Wistar大鼠适应性喂养一周后随机分为5组每组10只,碳酸钙灌胃6个月。对照组(钙摄入量0.5 g/kg/d)、模型对照组(钙摄入量0.5 g/kg/d)、低剂量钙组(钙摄入量1.0 g/kg/d)、中剂量钙组(钙摄入量1.5 g/kg/d)和高剂量钙组(钙摄入量2.0 g/kg/d)。模型对照组及低中高钙剂量组在实验的第2周开始,颈部皮下连续注射二甲基肼20周进行大肠肿瘤造模。大鼠解剖后观察肿瘤数量和直径,亚甲蓝染色观察大肠内异常隐窝(ACF)数量,HE染色观察腺癌发生情况。液相色谱-质谱联用检测大鼠血液中相关氨基酸含量。结果:从第20周开始,与模型组相比,中剂量钙组的体重增加,有显著性差异(P0.05)。在肿瘤数、肿瘤发生率、肿瘤平均直径和肠重这些指标中,中剂量钙组和高剂量钙组均显著低于模型对照组(均P0.05)。病理组织学结果显示,正常对照组未见任何组织增生,模型对照组以腺瘤为主,出现小部分腺癌。而其余各组均以腺瘤为主,未出现腺癌。与模型对照组相比,中剂量钙组的谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、鸟氨酸均显著升高。结论:钙灌胃对大鼠大肠肿瘤发生具有抑制作用,血清中谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺和鸟氨酸的代谢发生变化。     

Citrus bioactive compounds improve bone quality and plasma antioxidant activity in orchidectomized rats

BackgroundsWe reported that citrus consumption improves bone quality in orchidectomized male rats. In the present study, effects of feeding citrus bioactive compounds and crude extract on bone quality in orchidectomized rats were evaluated.MethodsSeventy 90-days-old male rats were randomly assigned to five groups for 60 days of feeding study. The treatment groups were SHAM-control, orchidectomy (ORX), ORX+crude extract, ORX+limonin, and ORX+naringin. At termination, animals were euthanized, blood was collected for the plasma antioxidant status. Bone resorption and bone formation markers in the blood and urine were evaluated. Bone quality in the femur and the 5th lumbar and the total calcium concentration in the bones and excreta were evaluated.ResultsOrchidectomy lowered (p<0.05) plasma antioxidant capacity, bone quality, and bone calcium; elevated (p<0.05) TRAP, deoxypyridinoline (DPD), and calcium excretion; and did not change the plasma IGF-I in comparison to the SHAM group. The citrus crude extract or the purified bioactive compounds increased (p<0.05) the plasma antioxidant status, plasma IGF-I, and bone density, preserved (p<0.05) the concentration of calcium in the femur and in the 5th lumbar, and numerically improved bone strength. The crude extract and the bioactive compounds decreased (p<0.05) fecal excretion of calcium, numerically lowered the urinary excretion of calcium, and suppressed (p<0.05) the plasma TRAP activity without affecting (p>0.1) urinary excretion of DPD in comparison to the ORX group.ConclusionsPotential benefit of the citrus crude extract and its bioactive compounds on bone quality appears to preserve bone calcium concentration and increase antioxidant status.     

Effects of Canarium odontophyllum leaves on plasma glucose and T lymphocyte population in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by lack of insulin production. Immune mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. Canarium odontophyllum (CO) fruits and leaves have been shown to possess high antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of CO leaves aqueous extract on the blood glucose and T lymphocyte population in the spleen of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Nineteen male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal, diabetic control and CO treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg STZ/kg body weight. The extract of CO leaves was administered orally by force feeding daily at the dose of 300 mg/kg for 28 days. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the study and the spleen was harvested for flow cytometry analysis. The results showed a significant decrease in body weight of diabetic and CO treated diabetic groups compared with the normal group (p < 0.05). The fasting blood glucose level of CO treated diabetic group was significantly lower than the diabetic group (p < 0.05). Diabetic and CO treated diabetic groups showed a significant increase in the percentage of spleen CD3⁺ CD4⁺ T lymphocytes (p < 0.05) when compared with the normal group. However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of spleen CD3⁺ CD8⁺ T lymphocytes among all experimental groups. The finding suggested that an aqueous extract of CO leaves has the ability to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.     

Experimental glaucoma triggers a pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory state in the rat cornea

BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that glaucoma affects the ocular surface. We aimed to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying the glaucoma-associated corneal alterations in an animal model.MethodsWistar rats underwent the cauterization of two episcleral veins of the left eye to elevate the intraocular pressure (ipsilateral, G-IL). Control animals received a sham procedure (C-IL). Contralateral eyes did not receive any procedure (G-CL or C-CL). Enzymes related to the redox status, oxidative damage to macromolecules, and inflammatory markers were assessed in corneal lysates.ResultsCompared to C-IL, NOX4, NOX2, and iNOS expression was increased in G-IL (68%, p < 0.01; 247%, p < 0.01; and 200%, p < 0.001, respectively). We found an increase in SOD activity in G-IL (60%, p < 0.05). The GSH/GSSG ratio decreased in G-IL (80%, p < 0.05), with a decrease in GR activity (40%, p < 0.05). G-IL displayed oxidative (90%, p < 0.01) and nitrosative (40%, p < 0.05) protein damage, and enhanced lipid peroxidation (100%, p < 0.01). G-IL group showed an increased in CD45, CD68 and F4/80 expression (50%, p < 0.05; 190%, p < 0.001 and 110%, p < 0.05, respectively). G-CL displayed a higher expression of Nrf2 (60%, p < 0.001) and increased activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx (60%, p < 0.05; 90%, p < 0.01; and 50%, p < 0.05, respectively).ConclusionsGlaucoma induces a redox imbalance in the ipsilateral cornea with an adaptive response of the contralateral one.General significanceOur study provides a possible mechanism involving oxidative stress and inflammation that explains the corneal alterations observed in glaucoma. We demonstrate that these changes extend not only to the ipsilateral but also to the contralateral cornea.     

The Effects of Chromium Histidinate on Mineral Status of Serum and Tissue in Fat-Fed and Streptozotocin-Treated Type II Diabetic Rats

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium histidinate (CrHis) against experimentally induced type II diabetes and on chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in serum, liver, and kidney of diabetic rats. The male Wistar rats (n = 60, 8 weeks old) were divided into four groups. Group I received a standard diet (12% of calories as fat); group II were fed standard diet and received CrHis (110 mcg CrHis/kg body weight per day); group III received a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% of calories as fat) for 2 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) on day 14 (STZ, 40 mg/kg i.p.; HFD/STZ); group IV were treated as group III (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with 110 mcg CrHis/kg body weight per day. The mineral concentrations in the serum and tissue were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to the HFD/STZ group, CrHis significantly increased body weight and reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Se, and Mn in serum, liver, and kidney of the diabetic rats were significantly lower than in the control rats (p < 0.0001). In contrast, higher Fe and Cu levels were found in serum and tissues from diabetic versus the non-diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Chromium histidinate supplementation increased serum, liver, and kidney concentrations of Cr and Zn both in diabetic and non-diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Chromium supplementation increased Mn and Se levels in diabetic rats (p < 0.001); however, it decreased Cu levels in STZ-treated group (p < 0.001). Chromium histidinate supplementation did not affect Fe levels in both groups (p > 0.05). The results of the present study conclude that supplementing Cr to the diet of diabetic rats influences serum and tissue Cr, Zn, Se, Mn, and Cu concentrations.     

Placental antiangiogenic prolactin fragments are increased in human and rat maternal diabetes

Introduction/objectivesThe role of the placenta in diabetic mothers on fetal development and programming is unknown. Prolactin (PRL) produced by decidual endometrial cells may have an impact. Although full-length PRL is angiogenic, the processed form by bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) and/or cathepsin D (CTSD) is antiangiogenic.The objectives were to investigate the involvement of decidual PRL and its antiangiogenic fragments in placentas from type-1 diabetic women (T1D) and from pregnant diabetic rats with lower offspring weights than controls.MethodsPRL, BMP-1, and CTSD gene expressions and PRL protein level were assessed in T1D placentas (n = 8) at delivery and compared to controls (n = 5). Wistar rats received, at day 7 of pregnancy, streptozotocin (STZ) (n = 5) or nicotinamide (NCT) plus STZ (n = 9) or vehicle (n = 9). Placental whole-genome gene expression and PRL western blots were performed at birth.ResultsIn human placentas, PRL (p < 0.05) and BMP-1 (p < 0.01) gene expressions were increased with a higher amount of cleaved PRL (p < 0.05) in T1D than controls. In rats, diabetes was more pronounced in STZ than in NCT–STZ group with intra-uterine growth restriction. Decidual prolactin-related protein (Dprp) (p < 0.01) and Bmp-1 (p < 0.001) genes were up-regulated in both diabetic groups, with an increased cleaved PRL amount in the STZ (p < 0.05) and NCT–STZ (p < 0.05) groups compared to controls. No difference in CTSD gene expression was observed in rats or women.ConclusionsAlterations in the levels of the PRL family are associated with maternal diabetes in both rats and T1D women suggesting that placental changes in these hormones impact on fetal development.     

Carvacrol improves pulmonary function tests,oxidant/antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients: A randomized,double-blind,clinical trial

BackgroundCarvacrol effects on inflammatory mediators, lung pathology and tracheal responsiveness were indicated in animal models of pulmonary diseases.PurposeTo evaluate carvacrol effects on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), oxidative stress markers and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients.Study DesignThis study was a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind, clinical trial.MethodsThirty-three moderate asthmatic patients were divided to the two groups of: placebo group (n = 16) and carvacrol group (1.2 mg/kg/day, n = 17). Prepared capsules were taken for two months along, 3 times/day along with routine medications. Respiratory symptoms, PFT, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated before the treatment (step 0), and one (step I) and two months (step II) after the beginning of the treatment. However, cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and their gene expression were evaluated in step 0 and II.ResultsIn carvacrol-treated group, respiratory symptoms significantly decreased after one- and two-month treatment with carvacrol compared to pre-treatment values (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Compared to step 0, PFT values were significantly increased in step I and II, in treated group with carvacrol (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Most oxidative stress markers were improved following carvacrol treatment (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Treatment with carvacrol for two‐month also significantly improved cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of PBMC, compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in the above-noted parameters in the placebo group.ConclusionDue to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect, carvacrol could be suggested as a therapeutic agent for asthma.     

Body mass index,iron absorption and iron status in childbearing age women

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity has increased at an alarming rate worldwide. Some studies have observed an association between iron (Fe) deficiency (ID) and obesity, however more research is needed.ObjectiveTo assess whether body mass index (BMI) is associated with both Fe absorption and Fe status.MethodsA cross sectional sample of 318 Chilean childbearing age women was studied. The women received either a single dose of 0.5 mg of Fe (n = 137, group 1) or 3 mg of Fe plus ascorbic acid (1:2 molar ratio) (n = 181, group 2), both as FeSO₄ with labeled radioisotopes. Fe absorption was assessed through radio Fe erythrocyte incorporation. Fe status was determined by hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, serum Fe, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, erythrocyte Zn protoporphyrin and serum ferritin (SF).Results29%, 47% and 24% of the women were classified as normal, overweight or obese, respectively. Fe absorption was significantly lower in obese women (p < 0.05). In group 1, the geometric mean and range ±1 SD of the percentage of Fe absorption for normal-weight women was 32.9% vs. 19.7% in obese. For group 2, this percentage was 36% vs. 30%, respectively (2-way ANOVA: BMI classification and Fe dose p < 0.05; interaction p = 0.34). Although Fe absorption was lower in obese women, they had higher SF (p < 0.01) and Hb (p < 0.05) concentrations.ConclusionAlthough we did not observe a relationship between BMI and Fe status, obese women displayed lower Fe absorption compared with overweight and normal weight women, possibly due to subclinical inflammation associated with obesity.     

Effects of Subchronic Aluminum Exposure on the Reproductive Function in Female Rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aluminum (Al) exposure on the reproductive function in female rats. Forty female Wistar (5 weeks old) rats, weighing 110–120 g, were divided randomly into four groups. They were orally administrated with 0, 64.18, 128.36, and 256.72 mg aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) per kilogram body weight in drinking water for 120 days. Levels of Al, estrogen (E₂), progestogen (P), testosterone (T), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum were measured at the end of experiment. The results showed that levels of E₂, P, FSH, and LH were significantly lower and Al concentration was significantly higher in all three Al-treated groups than those in the control group (GC). The level of T was significantly higher in the low- and medium-dose groups (GL and GM) (P < 0.05) but not in high-dose group (GH) compared with GC. The results suggest that the reproductive function of female rats is inhibited under long-term Al exposure in an Al dose-dependent manner.     

Effects of praeruptorin C on blood pressure and expression of phospholamban in spontaneously hypertensive rats

BackgroundThe traditional Chinese medicine Praeruptorin c (Pra-c) has many physiological and pharmacological effects, including antagonistic effects on blood pressure and calcium levels, maintenance of cellular calcium homeostasis, and improved cardiac systolic and diastolic function. It is potentially a novel and versatile drug for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.ObjectiveTo explore the possible impact of Pra-c on blood pressure in SHR and its mechanism of action.Materials and methodsTwenty SHR were randomly divided into a Pra-c group [Pra-c was administered intragastrically, 20 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, n = 10] or an untreated control group (n = 10), containing 10 age-matched SD rats. Each group of rats was followed for 8 weeks. Before and during the treatment, tail artery systolic blood pressure was measured using a tail-cuff every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and RNA was extracted from homogenates of cardiac tissue. Tissue from the left ventricle was fixed, sectioned and H&E stained to assess possible changes in myocardial cell structure and morphology. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to assess changes in phospholamban gene expression in treated and untreated rats.ResultsSHR treated with Pra-c for 8 weeks had a lower systolic pressure than untreated SHR (p < 0.05), two measures of cardiac damage, the heart mass index and left ventricle mass index (HMI and LVMI, respectively) were improved, and the level of PLB mRNA expression was lower in the untreated SHR group (p < 0.05).Discussion and conclusionWith continuous hypertension, SHR gradually formed or developed cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Pra-c had a clear effect on blood pressure in SHR, and reversed SHR ventricular remodeling by upregulating the gene expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum PLB.     

Effect of Pineal Proteins at Different Dose Level on Fluoride-Induced Changes in Plasma Biochemicals and Blood Antioxidants Enzymes in Rats

Pineal glands secrets melatonin and various proteins and peptides which has many physiological functions. In keeping with this view, present experiment was conducted to know the effect of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins (PP) at different dose level on fluoride-induced changes in plasma biochemicals and blood antioxidants enzymes in female rats. For this, we took 30 adult female Wistar rats (133–145 g body weights, BW) and divided into five groups (control, group I; 150 ppm fluoride (F), group II; F+ 50 µg pineal proteins, group III; F+ 100 µg PP, group IV; F+ 200 µg PP, group V). We administered fluoride (150 ppm, drinking water) and F+ pineal proteins at 50, 100, and 200 µg/kg BW, i.p. daily for 21 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiments to estimate plasma glucose, proteins, F, lipid peroxidation (LPO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity. Red blood cells (RBCs) were separated for analysis of LPO, AChE, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) in different groups of animals. Total plasma glucose and protein level did not significantly change in F-treated rats. Plasma ALP and F level were significantly (p?<?0.05) high in group II as compared with control and groups III, IV, and V. Administration of PP at different dose level significantly (p?<?0.05) reduced the F concentration and ALP activity. Plasma and RBCs AChE activity was significantly (p?<?0.05) reduced in F-treated animals as compared with control rats and significantly (p?<?0.05) elevated on exogenous administration of PP (groups III and IV). Plasma and RBCs LPO level was significantly (p?<?0.05) high in F-alone-treated rats, and PP caused significant (p?<?0.05) reduction of LPO in groups IV and V. However, PP treatment in group IV brought better amelioration of F-induced high LPO than in groups III and V. At no dose level, PP-ameliorated F-induced depression of RBCs GSH, CAT, GR, and GPx level. Interestingly, SOD activity was elevated in dose-dependent manner at different dose level of PP in groups III, IV, and V than control and F-administered rats. These findings clearly indicate the beneficial effects of buffalo pineal proteins on fluoride-induced adverse changes in certain plasma biochemical and blood antioxidant systems of rats. It further indicates that PP has dose-dependent ameliorative function against F-induced adverse effects in plasma and blood.     

Effect of red mold rice on antifatigue and exercise-related changes in lipid peroxidation in endurance exercise

This study evaluated the effect of red mold rice supplementation on antifatigue and exercise-related changes in lipid peroxidation of male adult Wistar rats through swimming exercise. Thirty 16-week-old rats were studied by dividing them into three groups (ten for each group). Other than the control group (CD), the other two groups were divided into a high-dose (HD) treatment group (5 g red mold rice/kg body weight for the HD group), and a low-dose (LD) group (1 g red mold rice/kg body weight for the LD group). Swimming endurance tests were conducted after 28 days of red mold rice supplementation, and the result showed that the treatment group showed a higher exercise time (CD, 78.0±6.4; LD, 104.2±9.6; and HD, 129.4±10.9 min; p<0.05) and a higher blood glucose concentration (CD, 76.67±8.08; LD, 111.34±8.50; and HD, 117.67±11.06 mg/dl; p<0.05) than the CD. Moreover, the blood lactate (CD, 45.00±0.90; LD, 31.41±1.80; and HD, 28.89±1.62 mg/dl; p<0.05), blood urea nitrogen (CD, 21.87±0.75; LD, 20.33±0.83; and HD, 20.53±1.09 mg/dl; p<0.05), and hemoglobin (CD, 14.20±0.21; LD, 13.70±0.55; and HD, 13.28±0.35 g/dl; p<0.05) were also significantly lower than those of the CD. Besides, the result suggested that the red mold rice supplementation may decrease the contribution of exercise-induced oxidative stress and improve the physiological condition of the rats.     

Swimming training prevents fat deposition and decreases angiotensin II-induced coronary vasoconstriction in ovariectomized rats

We investigated the effects of chronic swimming training (ST) on the deposition of abdominal fat and vasoconstriction in response to angiotensin II (ANG II) in the coronary arterial bed of estrogen deficient rats. Twenty-eight 3-month old Wistar female rats were divided into 4 groups: sedentary sham (SS), sedentary-ovariectomized (SO), swimming-trained sham (STS) and swimming-trained ovariectomized (STO). ST protocol consisted of a continuous 60-min session, with a 5% BW load attached to the tail, completed 5 days/week for 8-weeks. The retroperitoneal, parametrial, perirenal and inguinal fat pads were measured. The intrinsic heart rate (IHR), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and a concentration–response curve to ANG II in the coronary bed was constructed using the Langendorff preparation. Ovariectomy (OVX) significantly reduced 17-β-estradiol plasma levels in SO and STO groups (p < 0.05). The STO group had a significantly reduced retroperitoneal and parametrial fat pad compared with the SO group (p < 0.05). IHR values were similar in all groups; however, baseline CPP was significantly reduced in the SO, STS and STO groups compared with the SS group (p < 0.05). ANG II caused vasoconstriction in the coronary bed in a concentration-dependent manner. The SO group had an increased response to ANG II when compared with all other experimental groups (p < 0.05), which was prevented by 8-weeks of ST in the STO group (p < 0.05). OVX increased ANG II-induced vasoconstriction in the coronary vascular bed and abdominal fat pad deposition. Eight weeks of swimming training improved these vasoconstrictor effects and decreased abdominal fat deposition in ovariectomized rats.     

BMI and levels of zinc,copper in hair,serum and urine of Turkish male patients with androgenetic alopecia

ObjectiveMale pattern androgenetic alopecia is characterized by progressive hair loss from the scalp. It is known that imbalances of some trace elements play a role in the pathomechanism of many forms of alopecia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of zinc and copper in hair, serum and urine samples of Turkish males with male pattern androgenetic alopecia and to compare with healthy controls.Material and methods116 males with male pattern androgenetic alopecia and 100 controls were involved in this study.ResultsLevels of zinc and copper in hair were decreased significantly in the patients (p < 0.05), although zinc and copper levels of serum and urine were not different between patients and controls (p > 0.05). Body mass index of patients were higher than control group. In addition, in the group with body mass index of 25 and lower zinc level in hair and urine, copper level in serum were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Body mass index was negatively correlated with hair zinc levels.ConclusionWe thought that decreased zinc and copper levels in hair may play a role in the etiology of male pattern androgenetic alopecia. In addition, obesity by making changes in the balance of the trace elements in hair, serum and urine may play a role in male pattern androgenetic alopecia. Hence, assessing the levels of trace elements in hair of male pattern androgenetic alopecia patients may be more valuable compared to serum and urine for treatment planning.     

Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical study

BackgroundChromium is an essential mineral that contributes to normal glucose function and lipid metabolism. This study evaluated the effect of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA four month controlled, single blind, randomized trial was performed with 71 patients with poorly controlled (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] > 7%) T2DM divided into 2 groups: Control (n = 39, using placebo), and supplemented (n = 32, using 600 μg/day CrPic). All patients received nutritional guidance according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and kept using prescribed medications. Fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and serum ferritin were evaluated.ResultsCrPic supplementation significantly reduced the fasting glucose concentration (−31.0 mg/dL supplemented group; −14.0 mg/dL control group; p < 0.05, post- vs. pre-treatment, in each group) and postprandial glucose concentration (−37.0 mg/dL in the supplemented group; −11.5 mg/dL in the control group; p < 0.05). HbA1c values were also significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.001, comparing post- vs. pre-treatment groups). Post-treatment HbA1c values in supplemented patients were significantly lower than those of control patients. HbA1c lowering in the supplemented group (−1.90), and in the control group (−1.00), was also significant, comparing pre- and post-treatment values, for each group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). CrPic increased serum chromium concentrations (p < 0.001), when comparing the supplemented group before and after supplementation. No significant difference in lipid profile was observed in the supplemented group; however, total cholesterol, HDL-c and LDL-c were significantly lowered, comparing pre- and post-treatment period, in the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsCrPic supplementation had a beneficial effect on glycemic control in patients with poorly controlled T2DM, without affecting the lipid profile. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the effect of long-term CrPic supplementation.     

Anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides extract from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata

The anti-fatigue effects of the Radix Rehmanniae Preparata polysaccharides (RRPP) were studied in mice. The RRPP were orally administered at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks and the anti-fatigue activity was evaluated using a weight-loaded swimming test, along with the determination of serum urea nitrogen (SUN), hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid (BLA) contents. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the body weight of mice in the three RRPP groups compared with the negative control group during initial, intermediate and terminal stages in the experiment (p > 0.05). The ratio of exhausting swimming time was obviously increased 31.48% (p < 0.05) and 61.51% (p < 0.01) in the middle-dose group and the high-dose RRPP group, respectively. The BLA and SUN levels were decreased in middle-dose and high-dose RRPP groups (p < 0.01). Hepatic glycogen level was increased in three RRPP treated groups (p < 0.01). Therefore, RRPP may be responsible for the pharmacological effect of anti-fatigue of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata. The mechanism was related to the increase of the storage of hepatic glycogen and the decrease of the accumulation of SUN and BLA.     

Ethyl acetate fraction of Cissus quadrangularis stem ameliorates hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress and suppresses inflammatory response in nicotinamide/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats

BackgroundCissus quadrangularis is a plant with great medicinal value and different parts of the plant is traditionally used for the treatment of skin infections, constipation, piles, anaemia, asthma, irregular menstruation, burns and wounds. The stems and leaves of Cissus quadrangularis has been traditionally consumed as a vegetable.ObjectiveThe current study was hypothesized to investigate the beneficial effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Cissus quadrangularis stem (CQSF) on hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in nicotinamide/streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus.Materials and methodsExperimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 110 mg/kg body weight nicotinamide 15 min prior to the injection of 45 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were administered with a daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg CQSF for 60 days after diabetes induction.ResultsDiabetic control rats showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in blood glucose, HbA1c, liver toxicity markers, inflammatory markers and lipid peroxidation products and reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB in adipose tissue were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in diabetic group. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit level was greater in diabetic rats. CQSF administration significantly reversed these alterations. Histopathological alterations of liver and pancreas were also restored by CQSF treatment. The results were compared with the standard oral hypoglycaemic drug metformin. In addition, the ESI-MS and GC-MS analysis of CQSF confirmed the presence of quercetin and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- respectively.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that CQSF exerts antidiabetic activity by potentiating the antioxidant defense system and suppressing inflammatory responses.     

Liver tissue changes induced by biological and chemical silver nanoparticles in trained male Wistar rats

IntroductionDespite the widespread use of chemical and biological nano-silver are in industry, their side effects on hepatocytes have been less studied. On the other hand, different types of physical activities may increase liver resistance to toxins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of hepatocytes to receiving chemical versus biological silver nanoparticles in aerobic and anaerobic pre-conditioned rats.Materials and methods45 male Wistar rats with similar average range of age (8–12 weeks) and weight (180–220 g), were randomly divided normally into 9 groups, including Control (C), Aerobic (A), Anaerobic (AN), Biological nano-silver (BNS), Chemical nano-silver (CNS), Biological nano-silver + Aerobic (BNS+A), Biological nano-silver + Anaerobic (BNS+AN), Chemical nano-silver + Aerobic (CNS+A) and Chemical nano-silver + Anaerobes (CNS+AN). Prior to injection, rats trained on a rodent treadmill, 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week, according to aerobic and anaerobic protocols.Then, 48 h after the last training session, the rats received 10 % of their body weight, chemical and biological nanosilver intraperitoneally. Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) and liver tissue were sent to the relevant laboratories for further evaluation.ResultsResults showed that the weight of rats in all groups of physical pre-conditioning, decreased comparison to the control and non-exercise groups, and this decrease was much greater in the anaerobic group (p-value=0.045). Also, the distance traveled in the progressive endurance running a test on a rodent treadmill, increased significantly in the training groups compared to the nano-exercise and control groups (p-value=0.001). Also, the results showed that the level of ALT in chemical nano-silver (p-value=0.004) and biological nano-silver (p-value=0.044), increased significantly compared to other groups. Also, histopathological results showed that nano-silver injection affects the structure of the liver of male Wistar rats and causes inflammation, hyperemia and destruction of liver cells, especially in chemical nano-silver.ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that chemical silver nanoparticles cause liver damage more than comparison biological ones. Also, physical pre-conditioning increases hepatocyte resistance to toxic nanoparticle doses and aerobic preparation appears to be more effective than anaerobic.