Initial screening of gastric cancer using oral contrast-enhanced trans-abdominal ultrasonography in rural asymptomatic individuals

Background & aimsInitial screening for high-risk population of gastric cancer (GC) is needed in rural areas of large-population countries. This study aims to explore the feasibility of applying noninvasive ultrasonography as an initial screening strategy to improve the early diagnosis and prevention of GC.MethodsOral contrast-enhanced trans-abdominal ultrasonography (OCTU) was initially applied to screen around 15,000 residents from 24 different rural villages of Changxing Island in Shanghai, China, facilitating the identification of high-risk population for further endoscopy examination.Results176 subjects (1.18 %) were initially identified with gastric diseases using OCTU while 14,787 ones (98.93 %) were normal with negative results. 145 out of 176 individuals (82.39 %) took further endoscopy examination, and 16 were diagnosed with GC with biopsy examination, with 9 of them at the early stage. We followed up with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and identified another 6 GC cases occurred within one year among OCTU-negative population, serving as an adjustment factor for sensitivity analysis. As a result, with a total of 22 GC cases included in this cohort, the positive predictive rate, the negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity were 9.09％, 99.96 %, 75.5 %, and 98.93 %, respectively.ConclusionsOCTU is feasible, non-invasive, low-cost, and widely acceptable in rural area, thus we proposed that OCTU is practicable to serve as a supplementary screening method to improve the early detection of GC in rural area of China and other developing countries with large population.     

Screening Rate for Primary Aldosteronism Among Patients With Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension: Retrospective Analysis of Current Practice

ObjectivePrimary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Patients with PA experience significant cardiovascular and other complications compared with patients with primary hypertension with the same degree of blood pressure control as those with PA. Guidelines have recommended screening all patients with resistant hypertension for PA. The objective of this study was to assess the screening rate for PA among patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension and determine the rate of positive screening test result among the group screened.MethodsThis was a retrospective chart review of electronic medical record data of all patients with hypertension aged ≥18 years within a single health system in Minnesota from September 2018 to September 2020.ResultsOf 140 734 patients who were aged ≥18 years and had a diagnosis of hypertension, 18 908 (13.4%) met the criteria for apparent treatment-resistant hypertension after those with congestive heart failure were excluded. Only 795 (4.2%) patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension underwent screening for PA in our cohort. Of the 795 patients who underwent screening for PA, 134 (16.9%) had a positive screening test result.ConclusionThe screening rate for PA among patients with resistant hypertension was low. Clinical and public health strategies directed at improving the screening rate for PA are vital.     

Risk of Breast Cancer in Females With Hypothyroidism: A Nationwide,Population-Based,Cohort Study

ObjectivesThe results of studies investigating the relationship between breast cancer and hypothyroidism vary greatly from study to study. In this study, we analyzed a large and reliable, population-based database to gain a better understanding of the correlation.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study analyzed patients with hypothyroidism between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012 (hypothyroidism cohort) from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 in Taiwan. For each woman with hypothyroidism, 1 woman without a history of breast cancer was randomly selected from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 and frequency matched (1:4) with women without hypothyroidism by age and index year of hypothyroidism. The study outcome was the diagnosis of breast cancer during a 12-year follow-up period.ResultsIn this study, 6665 women with hypothyroidism and 26 660 women without hypothyroidism were identified. The hypothyroidism cohort had a significantly higher risk of breast cancer than the nonhypothyroidism cohort (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.69 [95% CI, 1.15-2.49]; P = .01), especially in the group aged 40 to 64 years (aHR 2.07 [95% CI, 1.32-3.23]; P = .01). Women in the hypothyroidism cohort taking levothyroxine for a duration ˃588 days showed a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer (aHR 0.37 [95% CI, 0.19-0.71]; P = .003).ConclusionWomen with hypothyroidism are at a higher risk of breast cancer than those without hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine may reduce the risk of breast cancer in a woman with hypothyroidism.     

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in Malaysia – Pooled data from upper gastrointestinal centers in a multiethnic Asian population

BackgroundEsophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide with considerable geographical histological variation There is a paucity of data in esophageal cancer in demographics, histology, and survival among the multi-ethnic Malaysian population. This paper is a review of esophageal cancer epidemiology and survival among esophageal cancer patients from data collected by the Malaysian Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Society.MethodsThis is a multicenter retrospective observational study of esophageal cancer patients from six upper gastrointestinal surgical centers in Malaysia between 2005 and 2019. Patient characteristics, histological type and stage were compared and survival analyzed.ResultsThere were 820 patients with esophageal cancer included, where 442 (53.9 %) cases had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 378 (46.1 %) had adenocarcinomas (AC). Malays were the predominant ethnicity with AC (66.7 %) while Indians were the ethnic majority (74.6 %) with SCC. Majority of patients (56.8 %) presented as stage IV disease. Overall, the 1-, 3-, and 5-years’ survival were 35.8 %, 13.8 % and 11.0 %, respectively. Surgical resection with curative intent yielded the best 5-year survival (29.4 %). Intervention in stage IV AC yielded superior survival when compared to SCC (median survival, 7.9 months vs 4.8 months; p, 0.018) Our series demonstrated an increase in AC to SCC over the last 15 years.ConclusionsThere was an ethnic preponderance seen between different histology in this region, not previously discussed. An increase in AC was observed over the last 15 years. Late diagnosis seen in most patients imparts poor prognosis as curative surgery affords the best outcome.     

International Guideline Adherence in Girls with Turner Syndrome: Multiple Subspecialty Clinics Versus Coordinated Multidisciplinary Clinic

ObjectiveTo evaluate the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner syndrome (TS) consensus guideline adherence within our pediatric tertiary referral center and determine if patients managed in our single-day, coordinated multidisciplinary clinic (MDC) format showed superior adherence rates when compared with those managed outside our MDC format.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with TS followed at our center from January 1, 2018, to April 30, 2020. The individual and overall adherence rates of 9 age-appropriate screening recommendations were evaluated along with rates of TS comorbidities within our cohort.ResultsA total of 111 girls met the study criteria. Sixty-eight were managed in the MDC and 43 were managed outside the MDC. Only 42% of all the girls met all 9 evaluated age-appropriate screening recommendations, of 47 girls, 33 (70%) were managed in MDC compared with 14 (30%) who were managed in the non-MDC. Girls managed in the MDC had higher screening adherence rates versus non-MDC girls for 7 of the 9 evaluated screenings with especially large differences noted for thyroid stimulating hormone (95% vs 78%, P = .034), auditory evaluation (97% vs 65%, P < .001), and HgA1c levels (82% vs 54%, P = .014).ConclusionGirls managed in the MDC format showed higher rates of screening guideline adherence, both overall and with multiple specific screening tests, than those managed outside the MDC format. Overall guideline adherence remained low (42%), highlighting the need for continued optimization and improvement in guideline adherence in this unique subset of the population.     

Patterns of treatment failure for PD-(L)1 refractory extensive-stage small cell lung cancer in continued PD-(L)1 treatment

BackgroundAlthough immunotherapy greatly extends overall survival (OS) of patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), a number of patients develop immunotherapy resistance (IR). Patterns of failure in ES-SCLC are not clarified. Our study aims to explore the clinical pattern of IR and prognostic factors for these patients.MethodsThe study was conducted from 117 ES-SCLC patients with immunotherapy between 2018 and 2022. Chi-square tests and Fishers' exact tests was used to explore failure patterns in different populations. Survival analyses of different progression patterns and subsequent treatment regimens were conducted by Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test.Results86 (73.5%) patients experienced IR. The patients with smoking (never smoker vs. current or ex-smoker, 59.5 % vs. 81.3%, P = 0.010), liver metastasis (extrahepatic metastasis vs. intrahepatic metastasis, 73.6 % vs. 90.9%, P = 0.050), and distant metastasis status (no distant metastasis vs. distant metastasis, 39.1 % vs. 81.9%, P<0.001) were associated with IR rates. Liver progression had a lower incidence in 1st line immunotherapy (1st line vs. ≥2nd lines, 14.0 % vs. 41.7%, P = 0.004) and a higher incidence in multiple progression (multiple progression vs. Oligo-progression, 39.4 % vs. 17.0%, P = 0.021). Cranial (41.7 % vs. 16.1%, P = 0.012) and distant lymph node (16.7 % vs. 3.2%, P = 0.049) progression were the main failure model for acquired IR in comparison to primary IR. Patients with new lesion progression only (17.73 vs. 9.17 months, P = 0.013) and non-hepatic progression (14.23 vs. 11.67 months, P = 0.042) had a longer OS. Patients in cross-line immunotherapy after IR had a favourable prognosis (17.07 vs. 11.93 months, P = 0.007).ConclusionThe most common failure pattern of immunotherapy for ES-SCLC was lung and regional lymph node progression. Brain and liver progression were the most common extra thoracic failure sites for 1st line and 2nd and more lines immunotherapy, respectively. There was a higher probability of primary IR in 2 lines and above immunotherapy. Patients with new only progression site and cross-line rechallenge immunotherapy had a better prognosis.     

High Thyrotropin Levels and Risk of Mortality in the Elderly With Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis study aims to determine whether elevated endogenous thyrotropin levels contribute to an increased risk of adverse outcomes, such as all-cause mortality in older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism.MethodsEight electronic databases were searched for relevant articles from inception until March 23, 2022. Cohort studies assessing the association between thyrotropin levels and the risk of mortality among older adults aged ≥60 years with subclinical hypothyroidism were eligible. The outcomes of interest were either all-cause or cardiovascular-related mortality. Two independent researchers assessed the eligibility of the studies and collected data through a previously defined data extraction form. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of evidence, and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% Cl) were collected as the necessary risk estimate for synthesis. Random-effects models were applied for meta-analysis.ResultsOverall, 13 studies involving 44 514 participants were included in this meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the risk of all-cause mortality (pooled HR: 1.18 [95% Cl: 0.95, 1.45], I² = 94%) and cardiovascular-related mortality (pooled HR: 1.08 [95% Cl: 0.94, 1.23], I² = 0%) between euthyroid older adults and older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. The results remained the same when only older adults with thyrotropin ≥10 mIU/L were assessed (pooled HR for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular-related mortality, respectively: 1.53 [95% Cl: 0.81, 2.88], I² = 22%, 1.35 [95% Cl: 0.63, 2.86], I² = 43%).ConclusionHigh thyrotropin levels are not associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular-related mortality in older adults aged ≥60 years with subclinical hypothyroidism, suggesting an unnecessity in initialing treatment.     

Predictive Role of Child-To-Adult Blood Pressure Trajectories for Incident Metabolic Syndrome: 30-Year Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Study

ObjectiveThe relationship between child-to-adult blood pressure (BP) trajectories and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is unknown. We aimed to determine the predictive role of BP trajectories for incident MetS and its components.MethodsThe prospective Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension study began in 1987 and included 2692 participants free of MetS at baseline with at least 3 BP measurements available from 1987 to 2017.ResultsThe systolic BP (SBP) trajectory patterns were grouped as normal (class 1, 18.7%), high normal (class 2, 60.3%), prehypertensive (class 3, 13.1%), stage 1 hypertensive (class 4, 5.7%), and stage 2 hypertensive (class 5, 2.2%). Compared with those in the normal group, individuals in classes 2 to 5 had significantly higher risks of MetS (all Ps < .05), and those with hypertension had more than an 8-fold higher risk of MetS (both P < .05). The fully adjusted risk ratios (RRs) of central obesity increased significantly in a stepwise manner as the SBP trajectory group increased from class 1 to class 5 (P < .05). Compared with those with a normal SBP trajectory, participants in the prehypertensive group and stage 1 and stage 2 hypertensive groups had significantly higher RRs for high-risk triglycerides after full adjustment (RR = 1.89 [1.22-2.94]; RR = 3.61 [2.16-6.02]; and RR = 3.22 [1.52-6.84], respectively).ConclusionOur study suggests that BP trajectories are predictive of incident MetS outcomes. Early detection of hypertension or modest elevations in BP is crucial. The stage of hypertension based on SBP level showed a greater association with central obesity.     

Thyroid Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients with Cancer Treated with anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination: Clinical Course and Outcomes

ObjectiveThyroid immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been reported to have prognostic significance among patients with cancer treated with anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD1) and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 monotherapies. We evaluated the clinical course and predictors of thyroid irAEs in relation to outcomes of patients with advanced cancer treated with combination anti-PD1/anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4).MethodsWe conducted a regional study and identified patients with advanced cancer who received ≥1 cycle of combination anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 between 2015 and 2019 in Hong Kong. Thyroid function tests (TFTs) were monitored every 3 weeks. Thyroid irAE was defined by ≥2 abnormal TFTs after initiation of combination anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 in the absence of other causes.ResultsOne hundred and three patients were included (median age: 59 years; 71.8% men). About 45% had prior anti-PD1 exposure. Upon median follow-up of 6.8 months, 17 patients (16.5%) developed thyroid irAEs, where 6 initially presented with thyrotoxicosis (overt, n = 4; subclinical, n = 2) and 11 with hypothyroidism (overt, n = 2; subclinical, n = 9). Eventually, 10 patients (58.8%) required continuous thyroxine replacement. Systemic steroid was not required in all cases. Prior anti-PD1 exposure (odds ratio, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.19–11.4; P = .024) independently predicted thyroid irAEs. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that occurrence of thyroid irAEs was independently associated with better overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17–0.71; P = .004).ConclusionThyroid irAEs are common in routine clinical practice among patients with advanced cancer treated with anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 combination and might have potential prognostic significance. Regular TFT monitoring is advised for timely treatment of thyroid irAEs to prevent potential morbidities.     

The Prevalence of Cancer and Its Relation to Disease Activity in Patients With Acromegaly: Two Centers' Experience

ObjectiveAcromegaly is characterized by increased serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Although animal studies have demonstrated a relationship between these hormones and cancer risk, the results of human studies evaluating cancer prevalence in acromegaly are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of malignant neoplasms in patients with acromegaly.MethodsCancer risk was evaluated in a cohort of 280 patients (male/female: 120/160; mean age: 50.93 ± 12.07 years) with acromegaly. Patients were categorized into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of cancer. Standard incidence ratios were calculated as compared to the general population.ResultsFrom 280 patients, cancer was diagnosed in 19 (6.8%) patients; 9 (47%) of them had thyroid cancer, which was the most common cancer type. Standard incidence ratios of all cancers were 0.8 (95% CI, 0.5-1.1) and 1.0 (95% CI, 0.8-1.3) in men and women, respectively. Compared to patients without cancer, the current age was higher in patients with cancer (59 [49-65] to 51 [42-59], P = .027). In contrast, the age at diagnosis was similar in both groups. Not only was the time to diagnosis and disease duration similar in both groups but also the basal and current GH and IGF-1 levels. The prevalence of active disease was also similar between the groups (32% to 23%, P = .394).ConclusionOur findings were not consistent with the studies suggesting that patients with acromegaly encounter an increased cancer risk. Furthermore, there were similar basal and current GH and IGF-1 levels in patients with acromegaly, both with and without cancer.     

A Chitosan-PLGA based catechin hydrate nanoparticles used in targeting of lungs and cancer treatment

ObjectiveTo prepare a novel Chitosan (CS)-coated-PLGA-NPs of catechin hydrate (CTH) and to improve lungs bioavailability via direct nose to lungs-delivery for the comparative assessment of a pulmokinetics study by the first-time UHPLC-MS/MS developed method in the treatment of lungs cancer via anticancer activities on H1299 lung cancer cells.Material and methodsPLGA-NPs was prepared by solvent evaporation (double emulsion) method followed by coated with chitosan (CS) and evaluated based on release and permeation of drug, a comparative pulmokinetics study with their anticancer activities on H1299 lung cancer cells.ResultsThe particle size, PDI and ZP of the optimized CAT-PLGA-NPs and CS-CAT-PLGA-NPs were determined 124.64 ± 12.09 nm and 150.81 ± 15.91 nm, 0.163 ± 0.03 and 0.306 ± 0.03, –3.94 ± 0.19 mV and 26.01 ± 1.19 mV respectively. Furthermore, higher entrapment efficiency was observed for CS-CAT PLGA NPs. The release pattern of the CS-CAT-PLGA NPs was found to favor the release of entrapped CAT within the cancer microenvironment. CS-CAT-PLGA-NPs exposed on H1299 cancer cells upto 24.0 h was found to be higher cytotoxic as compared to CAT-solution (CAT-S). CS-CAT-PLGA-NPs showed higher apoptosis of cancer cells after their exposure as compared to CAT-S. CS-CTH-PLGA-NPs showed tremendous mucoadhesive-nature as compared to CTH-S and CS-CTH-PLGA NPs by retention time (RT) of 0.589 min, and m/z of 289.21/109.21 for CTH alongwith RT of 0.613 min and m/z of 301.21/151.21 was found out for IS (internal standard), i.e. Quercetin). Likewise, for 1–1000 ng mL⁻¹ (linear range) of % accuracy (92.01–99.31%) and %CV (inter & intra-day, i.e. 2.14–3.33%) was determined. The improved C_max with AUC_0–24 was observed extremely significant (p < 0.001) via i.n. as compared oral and i.v. in the wistar rat’s lungs. The CS-approach was successfully designed and safely delivered CAT to the lungs without causing any risk.ConclusionCS-CTH-PLGA-NPs were showed a significant role (p < 0.001) for the enhancement of lungs-bioavailability and potentially promising approach to treat lung cancers. CS-CTH-PLGA-NPs did not cause any toxicity, it showed safety and have no obvious toxic-effects on the rat’s lungs and does not produce any mortality followed by no abnormal findings in the treated-rats.     

Osimertinib Improves overall survival of EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with leptomeningeal metastases

ObjectiveOsimertinib is a third-generation, irreversible, small-molecule epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that can effectively penetrate the blood brain-barrier (BBB). This study mainly explored the factors affecting the prognosis of EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with leptomeningeal metastases (LM), and whether osimertinib could improve the survival benefit in these patients compared with those not treated with osimertinib.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed patients who had been admitted with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and cytologically confirmed LM to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2013 and December 2019. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the primary outcome of interest.ResultsA total of 71 patients with LM were included in this analysis, with a median OS (mOS) of 10.7 months (95% CI [7.6, 13.8]). Among them, 39 patients were treated with osimertinib after LM while 32 patients were untreated. Patients treated with osimertinib had a mOS of 11.3 months (95%CI [0, 23.9]) compared with the untreated patients who had a mOS of 8.1 months (95%CI [2.9, 13.3]), with a significant difference between the groups (hazard ratio [HR]): 0.43, 95%CI:0.22–0.66, p = 0.0009). Multivariate analysis revealed the use of osimertinib were correlated with superior OS with a HR of 0.43 (95%CI [0.25, 0.75]), with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003).ConclusionsOsimertinib can prolong the overall survival of EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with LM and improve patient outcomes.     

Twenty years of melanoma in Victoria,Queensland, and South Australia (1997 – 2016)

BackgroundGiven the high incidence of melanoma in Australia alongside high mortality with later stage disease, we investigated the populations and locations most at risk, to optimise public health activities in areas where intervention is most needed. This study examines trends and identifies significant prognostic factors and potential disparities in incidence, mortality and survival between population groups in Victoria, Queensland and South Australia.MethodsThe analysis includes data from the population-based cancer registries of the three states over a twenty-year period (1997–2016). Age-standardized and age-specific incidence rates were calculated, and long-term trends analysed using Joinpoint Regression. Five-year relative survival estimates for the study population were calculated using the cohort method and multivariable flexible parametric survival models were applied for each jurisdiction to calculate adjusted excess mortality hazard ratios for the key characteristics.ResultsThere were more males with melanoma than females in all the three states. Over 60% of the cases occurred in the 40–74 years age group. Most melanomas had a Breslow thickness less than or equal to 1.0 mm. For males, Victoria and Queensland had a statistically significant increasing trend whereas in South Australia there was a decreasing trend. For females, the incidence rate trend was stable in Victoria but significantly decreasing in South Australia. In Queensland there was an increasing and statistically significant trend from 2006 to 2016. Across all three states there was a reducing incidence rate in the youngest cohort, stabilizing incidence in the 40–59-year-old age group, and increasing in the oldest cohorts. Five-year relative survival decreased with increasing age and with Breslow thickness across all three jurisdictions. Males had between 43%− 46% excess mortality compared to females in all the three states. There was higher risk with increasing age and Breslow thickness, with the largest risk among the 75 + age group and those with a Breslow thickness of > 4 mm.ConclusionIt is the first time that data from these three registries has been analysed together in a uniform way, covering more than half of the Australian population. This study compares the epidemiology of melanoma across three states and provides a better understanding of trends and factors affecting outcome for Australians with melanoma. While there has been some improvement in aspects of incidence and mortality, this has not been evenly achieved across Australia.     

Pre-diagnostic circulating p53 autoantibodies and subsequent lung cancer risk in low-income African and European Americans

IntroductionMutations of the TP53 gene lead to the production of autoantibodies against p53, a major tumor suppressor protein. Although studies have indicated the association of p53 autoantibodies with human cancers, epidemiologic evidence on lung cancer is still lacking.MethodsIn this nested case-control study conducted within the Southern Community Cohort Study, we investigated the association of circulating p53 autoantibodies with the subsequent risk of developing lung cancer. Using blood samples collected prior to any cancer diagnosis from 295 cases and their individually matched controls, seroreactivity to p53 was assessed by fluorescent bead-based multiplex serology. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer risk associated with p53 autoantibodies.ResultsAfter adjustment for potential confounders, p53 seropositivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (OR=2.98, 95 % CI: 1.10–8.06) among African Americans, but not among European Americans (OR=1.21, 95 % CI: 0.24–6.15). The positive associations were restricted to men (OR=4.59, 95 % CI: 1.30–16.16) and participants with a short interval (≤ 4 years) from blood collection to diagnosis (OR=4.30, 95 % CI: 1.33–13.89).ConclusionOur findings add to the evidence supporting p53 autoantibodies as a biomarker of lung cancer.     

Eliciting Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer Treatment Preferences Using Clinical Vignettes: A Pilot Study

ObjectiveWhile surgical resection has been the traditional standard treatment for small (≤1 cm), differentiated thyroid cancers, active surveillance (AS) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are increasingly considered. The aim of this study was to explore patient preferences in thyroid cancer treatment using a series of clinical vignettes.MethodsThyroid cancer survivors and general population volunteers were recruited to rank experience-driven clinical vignettes in order of preference. Rankings were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank. Formative qualitative methods were used to develop and refine clinical vignettes that captured 4 treatments—thyroid lobectomy (TL), total thyroidectomy (TT), AS, and RFA—along with 6 treatment complications. Content was validated via interviews with 5 academic subspecialists.ResultsNineteen volunteers participated (10 survivors, 9 general population). Treatment complications were ranked lower than uncomplicated counterparts in 99.0% of cases, indicating excellent comprehension. Counter to our hypothesis, among uncomplicated vignettes, median rankings were 1 for AS, 2 for RFA, 3.5 for TL, and 5 for TT. Trends were consistent between thyroid cancer survivors and the general population. AS was significantly preferred over RFA (P = .02) and TT (P < .01). Among surgical options, TL was significantly preferred over TT (P < .01).ConclusionWhen treatments for low-risk thyroid cancer are described clearly and accurately through clinical vignettes, patients may be more likely to choose less invasive treatment options over traditional surgical resection.     

Transverse and Longitudinal Ultrasound Location of Thyroid Nodules and Risk of Thyroid Cancer

BackgroundThe high prevalence of thyroid nodules demands accurate assessment tools to avoid unnecessary biopsies. Prior studies demonstrated a correlation between the longitudinal location of thyroid nodules and the likelihood of malignancy. No study has evaluated the predictive value of transverse location on ultrasonography with malignancy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of thyroid nodules that underwent fine-needle aspiration over 13 years, including demographics, risk factors, nodule sonographic features, location, and surgical pathology. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk of malignancy.ResultsOf the 668 thyroid nodules, 604 were analyzed with a definitive diagnosis. Thirty-seven nodules were malignant, representing a prevalence of 6.1%. In the longitudinal plane, the upper pole nodules carried the highest incidence of malignancy (14.9%). In the transverse plane, the highest incidence of malignancy occurred in nodules located laterally (12.5%) and anterior-laterally (11.8%). Compared with the upper pole, the odds of malignancy were significantly lower for lower pole (odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09-0.70) and midlobe nodules (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12-0.83). In the transverse plane, posteriorly situated nodules carried a significantly lower risk of malignancy (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01-0.69). Multiple logistic regression confirmed these associations after adjusting for age, sex, family history, radiation exposure, nodule size, and sonographic characteristics.ConclusionBoth the transverse and longitudinal planes were independent predictors of cancer in thyroid nodules. Lateral, anterior-lateral, and upper pole nodules carried the highest risk and posterior nodules had the lowest risk of malignancy.     

Impact of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor on Mortality in Patients With von Hippel-Lindau Disease

ObjectiveThe main causes for morbidity and mortality in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease are central nervous system hemangioblastoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, but the effect of VHL-related pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) on patient outcome is unclear. We assessed the impact of PNET diagnosis in patients with VHL on all-cause mortality (ACM) risk.MethodsWe used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Of 16 344 patients, 170 had VHL based on clinical diagnostic criteria, and 510 patients had PNET (91 VHL-related and 419 sporadic).ResultsSurvival analysis demonstrated a lower ACM among patients with VHL-related PNET compared to patients with sporadic PNET (log-rank test, P = .011). Among patients with VHL, ACM risk was higher with vs without PNET (P = .029). The subgroup analysis revealed a higher ACM risk with metastatic PNET (sporadic P = .0031 and VHL-related P = .08) and a similar trend for PNET diameter ≥3 cm (P = .06 and P = 0.1 in sporadic and VHL-related PNET, respectively). In a multivariable analysis of patients with VHL, diagnosis with PNET by itself was associated with a trend of lower risk for ACM, while presence of metastatic PNET was independently associated with increased ACM risk.ConclusionDiagnosis with PNET is not associated with a higher ACM risk in VHL by itself. The independent association of advanced PNET stage with higher mortality risk emphasizes the importance of active surveillance for detecting high-risk PNET at an early stage to allow timely intervention.     

CARD9 gene rs4077515 polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and the development of thyroid cancer

AmisHashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common type of autoimmune thyroiditis and is a risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC). The study aimed to explore the distribution of CARD9 rs4077515 polymorphism in HT and PTC patients, in order to evaluate its association with the occurrence and development of HT.Methods150 HT patients and 120 PTC cases were included. Genotypes of CARD9 rs40775155 polymorphism were sequenced and counted.ResultsA remarkable increase trend of rs4077515 AA genotype was found in HT cases in comparison with the control group, while GG genotype frequency exhibited a down trend. An excess of A allele was also detected in HT group. HT cases carrying AG and AA genotypes had high risk to receive hormonotherapy and needed a much larger dose. In comparison with HT cases, both AG and AA appeared more frequently in PTC patients, and are associated with the tumor size, LN metastasis and surgical margin. The AG (OR = 2.566, 95 % CI = 1.376–4.786) and AA (OR = 3.040, 95 % CI = 1.525–6.060) genotype carriers had a greater risk of developing PTC. The A allele of rs4077515 polymorphism was a risk allele for the onset of PTC among HT cases (OR = 1.775, 95 % CI = 1.260–2.502).ConclusionCARD9 rs4077515 polymorphism is likely to be a risk factor for HT in the Chinese Han population, it also contributes to the development of PTC for HT patients.