2型重组腺相关病毒体外转导培养细胞的研究

为揭示2型重组腺相关病毒感染哺乳动物细胞的一些转导特征,构建并制备了一种携带萤火虫荧光素酶基因的重组2型腺相关病毒rAAV2-Luc,研究了该重组病毒体外转导哺乳动物细胞的量效关系;肝素对转导的拮抗作用;rAAV2的竞争抑制作用;丁酸钠对表达水平的增强作用.结果显示,在一定范围内,随着rAAV2-Luc感染细胞的感染复数(MOI即每个细胞感染的病毒基因组数)值增高,荧光素酶的表达水平也增高;但更高的MOI(＞107)反而使荧光素酶的表达水平下降.肝素可特异性阻断rAAV2介导的荧光素酶表达.携带不同基因的2种rAAV2病毒相互具有明显的竞争抑制作用.丁酸钠可显著增强rAAV2介导的荧光素酶表达水平.本研究对rAAV2载体介导的基因转移研究具有一定的指导意义.     

新型核心蛋白聚糖靶向性重组腺相关病毒的制备与鉴定

核心蛋白聚糖(decorin, DCN)是广泛存在于细胞基质中的一种富含亮氨酸的蛋白多糖, 属于蛋白聚糖家族中的小分子类. DCN可作为多种细胞因子的配体, 发挥多种生物学功能. DCN在一些肿瘤组织中高水平表达,调控恶性肿瘤的生长和迁移. 腺相关病毒(AAV)是肿瘤基因治疗中常用的基因工程载体, 利用重组技术可以实现对病毒衣壳蛋白的改造, 使其感染具有靶向性. 而针对DCN高表达细胞的转导可能成为肿瘤基因治疗应用中定向导入治疗基因的有效策略. 本研究在对多种DCN结合蛋白序列保守区的分析基础上, 筛选出具有较高活性的DCN结合功能域(DB1), 并将其融合至AAV衣壳蛋白VP2编码序列的N端; 继而利用AAV的嵌合包装技术, 成功制备了衣壳展示DB1表位的重组AAV. 在过表达DCN细胞的感染实验中, 该病毒表现出针对DCN较强的靶向性. 本研究所制备的DCN靶向性腺相关病毒不仅为肿瘤治疗的应用提供了一种新型载体, 同时可作为一类特殊的基因导入工具为研究DCN在肿瘤发生发展中的作用提供帮助.     

重组腺伴随病毒载体表达人白细胞介素12的研究

白细胞介素12(IL-12)具有广谱抗肿瘤、抗感染的作用,是由两个亚单位40kD(p40)和35kD(p35)通过二硫键构成的杂合体,有可能通过分别表达亚单位的方式来表达有功能活性的IL-12.该实验尝试利用重组腺伴随病毒(rAAV)载体进行人IL-12(hIL-12)双亚基共表达,将hIL-12的两个亚基分别克隆到AAV载体质粒pSNAV中,构建成pSNAV-IL12-p35和pSNAV-IL12-p40质粒,经转染、G418筛选后建立了rAAV载体细胞株.采用先前建立的rAAV的生产方法,获得了rAAV-IL12-p35和rAAV-IL12-p40,在体外将两种rAAV共同感染BHK-21细胞,48h后收集细胞培养上清进行免疫学和生物学活性检测.经ELISA检测,产生的hIL-12 p70的含量为10.185pg/ml;在体外促进IFN-γ分泌实验中,加入hIL-12的PBMC分泌的IFN-γ含量为37.2mg/ml.实验结果说明:采用两个AAV载体分别表达亚单位的方法可以表达具有功能活性的hIL-12,为IL-12的基因治疗提供了一条新的途径.     

重组腺伴随病毒载体介导的hEPO转移及表达

为实现人促红细胞生成素 (humanerythropoietin ,hEPO)基因在体内的持续表达 ,构建了携带hEPO的重组腺伴随病毒 (recombinantadeno associatedvirus,rAAV)载体质粒 ,建立了稳定携带hEPO表达盒的rAAV载体细胞株 ,采用“一种辅助病毒感染一个载体细胞株”的rAAV生产策略 ,制备并纯化了携带hEPO的rAAV(rAAV hEPO)。结果表明 ,rAAV介导的hEPO转移能够使hEPO在培养的BHK 2 1细胞中得到有效表达 ;用rAAV hEPO对Balb/c小鼠进行一次肌肉注射 ,可使hEPO在小鼠体内持续表达 10周以上 ,并可明显升高小鼠的红细胞比容     

腺相关病毒载体介导的人内皮抑素的体外表达及对内皮细胞抑制作用的研究

抗血管生成基因治疗是一有希望的抑制肿瘤生长及转移的方法.在实验中构建了含有人内皮抑素(endostatin)基因的重组腺相关病毒载体rAAV-hE.所包装纯化的重组病毒滴度达0.5×1012v.g./ml.rAAV-hE能有效感染培养细胞,EIA法检测培养液上清中内皮抑素浓度达36.42ng/ml.rAAV介导所表达的内皮抑素对人脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV-304)和牛毛细血管内皮细胞(BCE)具有抗增殖抑制作用,抑制率分别为68.1%和41.6%.此结果为进一步的动物实验奠定了基础,表明重组腺相关病毒载体介导的抗血管生成有望应用于肿瘤基因治疗.     

靶向肿瘤治疗的腺相关病毒载体

靶向性是肿瘤治疗取得成功的关键因素。病毒载体用于治疗肿瘤的过程中必须要求特异性作用于肿瘤细胞的同时降低对正常细胞的毒性。腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)较其他病毒载体具有免疫原性小、宿主范围广和介导基因可长期表达等优点,因此得到了广泛的应用。然而,AAV载体针对肿瘤的靶向性一直是近年研究的热点和难点。现就AAV载体治疗肿瘤的概况和靶向策略以及其安全性等方面作一综述。     

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.     

Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase protects mixed striatal primary cultures from L-DOPA toxicity

Although L-DOPA is the drug of choice for Parkinson's disease, prolonged L-DOPA therapy results in decreased drug effectiveness and the appearance of motor complications. This may be due in part to the progressive loss of the enzyme, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We have developed an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV-hAADC) that contains human AADC cDNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. Infusion of this vector into the striatum of parkinsonian rats and monkeys improves L-DOPA responsiveness by improving AADC-mediated conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine. This is now the basis of a proposed therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease. A key concern has been that over-production of dopamine in striatal neurons could cause dopamine toxicity. To investigate this possibility in a controlled system, mixed striatal primary rat neuronal cultures were prepared. Exposure of cultures to high concentrations of L-DOPA induced the following changes: cell death in nigral and striatal neurons, aggregation of neurofilaments and focal axonal swellings, abnormal expression of DARPP-32, and activation of astroglia and microglial cells. Transduction of cultures with AAV-hAADC resulted in efficient and sustained neuronal expression of the AADC protein and prevented all the L-DOPA-induced toxicities. The protective effects were due primarily to AADC-dependent conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine and an increase in induction of vesicular monoamine transporter resulting in dopamine storage in cultured cells. These results suggest a neuroprotective role for AADC gene transfer against L-DOPA toxicity.     

表达血管抑制因子的腺相关病毒载体的构建及其体内外活性

血管抑制因子(Vasostatin,VAS),为集钙蛋白N-末端180个氨基酸大小的蛋白,是一种内源性血管生成抑制因子,对多种肿瘤的生长具有很强的抑制作用.近期有研究显示,VAS可以促进神经内分泌肿瘤的恶化,提醒研究人员在开发该抗肿瘤药物时必须非常谨慎.将VAS cDNA插入腺相关病毒-2表达质粒pAAV-2,采用无辅助病毒参与的三质粒共转染法制备rAAV-VAS病毒.体外分别转染小鼠胰内皮细胞MS1和结肠癌细胞HCT-116,MTT法测定对细胞生长的影响,Western blotting方法检测VAS的表述.采用小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,验证VAS的表达对肿瘤生长、新生血管密度、以及细胞增殖的作用.结果证明构建的rAAV-VAS病毒载体,能抑制小鼠胰内皮细胞的生长,转染HCT-116后能有效表达VAS蛋白,但HCT-116的体外生长不受影响.瘤体注射rAAV-VAS后,HCT-116移植瘤在小鼠体内的生长速度明显减缓,肿瘤新生血管密度明显降低.结果显示,rAAV-VAS可以抑制HCT-116移植瘤的新生血管形成,但对其细胞增殖无明显作用.     

携带反义凝血酶受体和p21双基因共表达腺病毒伴随病毒载体的构建与包装

为探讨双基因共表达对再狭窄的防治作用,分别构建了含反义凝血酶受体(ATR)或/和p21单、双基因及报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺病毒伴随病毒(AAV)载体.上述载体经脂质体介导转染BHK-21细胞, G418筛选获得整合有外源基因的细胞株.克隆形成过程中显示单、双基因转染后细胞增殖受到了不同程度的抑制,克隆形成速度减慢,细胞形态改变,且双基因的作用明显大于单基因.以绿色荧光出现说明报告基因得到表达后,又以DNA印迹证实ATR和p21单、双基因已整合于细胞基因组中,并维持了凝血酶受体(TR)基因的反义位置.半定量RT-PCR证实TR基因表达降低,p21基因表达升高,ATR和p21(AP)双基因得到了共表达.以具有可提供复制和包装功能的重组单纯疱疹病毒rHSV-rc/ΔU12分别感染载有不同基因的BHK细胞株,包装产生重组AAV(rAAV)病毒, 并经点杂交法测定其滴度(每毫升病毒液中所含病毒颗粒数).rAAV/AP中ATR与p21的病毒颗粒数分别为1.02×10¹³/ml和1.08×10¹³/ml, 单基因rAAV/ATR的滴度为6.54×10¹²/ml,rAAV/P21为1.06×10¹³/ml,为进一步的体内外实验奠定了物质基础.     

腺相关病毒介导基因组来源的基因转移与整合

构建一个带β-珠蛋白基因组序列的腺相关病毒载体AV53HS2Δβ2Neo.经包装成重组腺相关病毒后,转导红系细胞.DNA印迹证实包含红系增强子、β-珠蛋白基因和筛选标志基因的前病毒基因组完整整合于红系细胞基因组中.结果说明腺相关病毒载体能介导基因组序列来源的目的基因稳定整合于受体细胞基因组中.     

Comparison of transduction efficiency of recombinant AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 8 in the rat nigrostriatal system

Enhanced delivery and expression of genes in specific neuronal systems is critical for the development of genetic models of neurodegenerative disease and potential gene therapy. Recent discovery of new recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) capsid serotypes has resulted in improved transduction efficiency, but expression levels, spread of transgene, and potential toxicity can differ depending on brain region and among species. We compared the transduction efficiency of titer-matched rAAV 2/1, 2/5, and 2/8 to the commonly used rAAV2/2 in the rat nigrostriatal system via expression of the reporter transgene, enhanced green fluorescent protein. Newer rAAV serotypes 2/1, 2/5, and 2/8 demonstrated marked increase in transduction and spread of enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and projections to the striatum and globus pallidus compared to rAAV2/2 at 2 weeks post-injection. The number of nigral cells transduced was greatest for rAAV2/1, but for serotypes 2/5 and 2/8 was still two- to threefold higher than that for 2/2. Enhanced transduction did not cause an increase in glial cell response or toxicity. New rAAV serotypes thus promise improved gene delivery to nigrostriatal system with the potential for better models and therapeutics for Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.     

Kinetics of Efficient Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Transduction in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the premise that retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are more permissive to recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) transduction than other cells. We investigated the kinetics and mechanisms of rAAV transduction in RPE cells and found that the transduction efficiencies of cultured RPE cells HRPE51 and ARPE19 were significantly higher than those of 293 (P < 0.008) and HeLa (P < 0.025) cells. In addition, RPE cells reached maximum transduction efficiency at a much lower m.o.i. (m.o.i. 10) than 293 cells (m.o.i. 25). Competition experiments using 1 microg/ml heparin inhibited the high level of transduction in RPE cells by 30%, but additional heparin failed to reduce rAAV transduction further. Southern hybridization of low-molecular-weight DNA from transduced RPE cells indicated that 42% of single-stranded rAAV DNA was translocated into the nucleus by 2 h postinfection. By 6 h postinfection, double-stranded rAAV DNA was observed, which coincided with the onset of transgene expression. Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization of total genomic DNA indicated that long-term transgene expression in RPE cells was maintained by the integration of rAAV into the cellular chromosome. Together, these results suggest that the high permissiveness of RPE cells is not related to the presence of heparan sulfate receptors or nuclear trafficking but may be due to an enhanced rate of second-strand synthesis and that integration in RPE cells is responsible for long-term transgene expression.     

重组腺相关病毒2型/人肿瘤坏死因子受体:Fc(rAAV2/hTNFR:Fc)的构建和生物学活性研究

为研究腺相关病毒2型载体应用于类风湿性关节炎进行基因治疗的可行性,首先构建携带人肿瘤坏死因子Ⅱ型受体胞外区和人免疫球蛋白IgG1Fc段融合基因的重组2型腺相关病毒(rAAV2／hTNFR：Fc),并对其生物学活性进行研究。以RT—PCR分别从U937和人淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增人肿瘤坏死因子Ⅱ型受体胞外区和人免疫球蛋白IgG1Fc段基因,并以重叠延伸PCR的方法将二者融合后克隆入pSNAV1载体质粒进行重组病毒生产,在进行重组病毒理化分析后,以TNFa细胞毒中和试验来研究该重组病毒的生物学活性。结果显示：所构建的重组病毒rAAV2／hTNFR：Fc基因结构与预期一致;病毒在体外感染BHK-21细胞后,含TNFR：Fc融合蛋白的表达上清可以有效中和人、大鼠、小鼠TNFα对L929的细胞毒性。所研究构建的重组腺相关病毒可以用来作为阻断TNFα的手段,进行类风湿性关节炎的基因治疗研究。     

重组腺相关病毒生产方法研究进展

重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)作为基因治疗的载体,具有感染范围广、能在宿主细胞中长久稳定表达外源基因和非致病性等优点,因此在基因治疗领域倍受青睐。rAAV的大规模制备技术一直是限制其临床广泛应用的瓶颈。近年来,有许多改进rAAV制备工艺的尝试。我们在介绍rAAV载体制备所需各种元件的基础上,对这些方法进行了简要综述。     

Viral Transduction of Cocaine Hydrolase in Brain Reward Centers

1. Site-directed mutagenesis of human plasma butyrylcholinesterase has led to novel hydrolases that rapidly destroy cocaine. We are investigating whether viral gene transfer of such enzymes might reduce addiction liability by blocking cocaine from its sites of action.2. As groundwork for a possible gene therapy, we previously studied adenoviral transduction of cocaine hydrolases in the rat. Systemically injected vectors raised plasma cocaine hydrolase activity greatly, reduced pressor responses to cocaine, and lowered cocaine's tissue burden.3. In the present study, to reduce cocaine's brain access still further, vectors were injected directly into the nucleus accumbens. Six days later, medium sized neurons gained dramatic butyrylcholinesterase activity. Species-selective immunohistochemistry proved that the transgene accounted for this activity.4. Since the transgene product is so efficient with cocaine as a substrate, it is now reasonable to begin testing gene therapy in rodent models of cocaine addiction.     

Modulation of the GABA(A)-gated chloride channel by reactive oxygen species

The accumulation of reactive oxygen species during cellular injury leads to oxidative stress. This can have profound effects on ionic homeostasis and neuronal transmission. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission is sensitive to reactive oxygen species, but most studies have indicated that this is due to alterations in GABA release. Here, we determined whether reactive oxygen species can alter GABA(A) receptor-gated Cl- channels in the adult hippocampus. First, we measured the effects of hydrogen peroxide on intracellular Cl- using UV laser scanning confocal microscopy and the Cl(-)-sensitive probe, 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolium iodide (MEQ). Superfusion of adult rat hippocampal slices with hydrogen peroxide for 10 min decreased MEQ fluorescence (elevation in [Cl-]i) significantly in area CA1 pyramidal cell soma. Alterations in [Cl-]i were prevented by the vitamin E analog Trolox, an antioxidant that scavenges free radicals. After exposure of slices to hydrogen peroxide, the ability of the GABA agonist muscimol to increase [Cl-]i was attenuated. To determine if GABA(A) receptors were sensitive to oxidative insults, the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) to GABA-gated Cl- channels was measured using receptor autoradiography and homogenate binding assays. Hydrogen peroxide inhibited [35S]TBPS binding in a regionally selective manner, with the greatest inhibition in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum, areas vulnerable to oxidative stress. Similarly, xanthine and xanthine oxidase, which generate superoxide radicals, reduced [35S]TBPS binding in these regions. The effect of hydrogen peroxide on [35S]TBPS binding was non-competitive and was prevented by Trolox and the iron chelator, deferoxamine. We conclude that reactive oxygen species may compromise GABA(A)-mediated neuronal inhibition via interaction with pre and postsynaptic sites. A reduction in GABA(A)-gated Cl- channel function during periods of oxidative stress may contribute to the development of neuronal damage.     

Visualization of PtdIns3P dynamics in living plant cells

To investigate PtdIns3P localization and function in plants, a fluorescent PtdIns3P-specific biosensor (YFP-2xFYVE) was created. On lipid dot blots it bound specifically and with high affinity to PtdIns3P. Transient expression in cowpea protoplasts labelled vacuolar membranes and highly motile structures undergoing fusion and fission. Stable expression in tobacco BY-2 cells labelled similar motile structures, but labelled vacuolar membranes hardly at all. YFP-2xFYVE fluorescence strongly co-localized with the pre-vacuolar marker AtRABF2b, partially co-localized with the endosomal tracer FM4-64, but showed no overlap with the Golgi marker STtmd-CFP. Treatment of cells with wortmannin, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, caused the YFP-2xFYVE fluorescence to redistribute into the cytosol and nucleus within 15 min. BY-2 cells expressing YFP-2xFYVE contained twice as much PtdIns3P as YFP-transformed cells, but this had no effect on cell-growth or stress-induced phospholipid signalling responses. Upon treatment with wortmannin, PtdIns3P levels were reduced by approximately 40% within 15 min in both cell lines. Stable expression of YFP-2xFYVE in Arabidopsis plants labelled different subcellular structures in root compared with shoot tissues. In addition labelling the motile structures common to all cells, YFP-2xFYVE strongly labelled the vacuolar membrane in leaf epidermal and guard cells, suggesting that cell differentiation alters the distribution of PtdIns3P. In dividing BY-2 cells, YFP-2xFYVE-labelled vesicles surrounded the newly formed cell plate, suggesting a role for PtdIns3P in cytokinesis. Together, these data show that YFP-2xFYVE may be used as a biosensor to specifically visualize PtdIns3P in living plant cells.     

Tet-On调控HSVtk表达的重组腺相关病毒载体的构建和感染活性的检测

构建含有Tet基因调节系统及自杀基因HSVtk的重组腺相关病毒载体pAAV TRE HSVtk Tet_On ,并使用PCR技术和限制性内切酶消化进行鉴定。用构建好的重组质粒分别与辅助质粒pAAV_RC、pHelper以磷酸钙共沉淀法转染HEK2 93细胞,进行病毒包装后得到了AAV TRE HSVtk Tet_On重组腺相关病毒,以氯化铯密度梯度离心对包装好的病毒进行纯化。用纯化后的重组腺相关病毒感染乳腺癌细胞株MCF_7后,斑点杂交检测结果显示,HSVtk基因整合进入MCF_7细胞基因组中。有感染活性的重组腺相关病毒能将目的基因转移到宿主细胞中,在Dox诱导下,GCV对AAV感染的MCF_7细胞具有明显的杀伤作用。