金黄地鼠视皮层中乙酰胆碱(Ach)阳性神经元及纤维

本文通过色疫组织化学方法-PAP法,使用乙酰胆碱(Ach)抗体对金黄地鼠视皮层中的Ach进行定位Ach阳性神经元分布于视皮层的第Ⅱ—Ⅵ层,主要集中在Ⅱ、Ⅲ层.其细胞形态除大部分为非锥体神经元外,还发现有极少数锥体型神经元.这些神经元的数量和树突形态在视皮层17区和18区存在某些区域性差异.17区细胞比较密集,18区比较稀疏.17区第IA层细胞排列整齐,顶树突特别粗大,18区这种现象不太明显.皮层白质中也有少量的Ach阳性神经元.视皮层Ach阳性神经元的相对含量约为10%.视皮层中遍布外源性和内源性Ach阳性神经纤维,它们主要分布在第Ⅳ层.在视皮层微血管周围有大量Ach阳性神经元,说明对血管有舒张作用的Ach可能来源于血管内壁.     

金黄地鼠视觉中枢发育过程中P物质神经元数量及分布的变化

本实验用免疫细胞化学技术观察了不同年龄金黄地鼠视皮层和上丘中P物质(SP)阳性神经元数量和分布的变化,同时观察了不同年龄金黄地鼠视皮层SP阳性神经元的形态和类型。结果表明,出生后10天小鼠视皮层SP阳性神经元为36％,Ⅱ—Ⅳ层密度最大,约占40％。上丘中SP阳性神经元约为37％。出生后20天,视皮层及上丘中SP阳性神经元分别减少到23％和16％。视皮层Ⅱ—Ⅳ层减少最明显,Ⅴ层和Ⅵ层变化不大。成年鼠视皮层及上丘中偶见SP神经元,但出现一些SP阳性纤维。出生10天及20天鼠视皮层中SP阳性神经元的形态及类型没有差别。     

S100蛋白在猫初级视皮层中分布及其年龄相关性变化

比较青年猫和老年猫初级视皮层(primary visual cortex)各层神经元密度,及S100蛋白在初级视皮层各层中的表达与分布,探讨其表达与分布的年龄相关性变化及意义.Nissl法显示初级视皮层各层神经元,免疫组织化学方法(SABC法)示S100蛋白免疫阳性(S100-IR)细胞.光镜下观察、拍照,计数初级视皮层各层中神经元密度和S100-IR细胞密度.S100-IR细胞在初级视皮层中分布呈现区域性特点,白质较灰质密集.与青年猫相比,老年猫初级视皮层神经元密度有下降,老年猫初级视皮层各层S100-IR细胞密度均有不同程度的显著增加(尤其是Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ层),胞体较大,阳性较强.动物衰老过程中,初级视皮层存在着明显的星形胶质细胞反应性增生,这种增生可能对灰质层中神经元的丢失有补偿作用,并对维持老年个体初级视皮层形态结构和延缓老年动物初级视皮层功能衰退具有积极意义.     

金黄仓鼠视皮层、上丘和外侧膝状体中的血管活性肠肽(VIP)神经元及其纤维

用程序稍有不同的两种ＰＡＰ法对视觉通路中的三个重要区域视皮层、上６和外侧膝状体中的 血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）进行了定位,．视皮层Ⅱ至Ⅵ层都有ＶＩＰ阳性神经元分布,内域性的阳性神经 纤维遍布整个视皮层。上丘中的ＶＩＰ阳性神经无数量较少,主要分布于上丘的咀部表层,视皮层和 上丘中的ＶＩＰ神经元均为非锥体型的多极和双极神经元。外侧膝状体中未发现有ＶＩＰ阳性神经元 胞体．只有弥散的阳性神经纤维。     

GABA神经元在金黄地鼠视觉中枢的分布

本文用免疫细胞化学技术研究了GABA在金黄地鼠视觉中枢的分布特征,同时用统计学方法作了定量分析,结果表明:GABA阳性神经元分布在整个视皮层和上丘中,呈不均匀分布,外膝体中GABA阳性神经元密度较低.视皮层中GABA阳性神经元密度为781mm~2,占视皮层细胞总数的19.7%,上丘中其密度为812/mm~2,占22.3%,视皮层Ⅰ层中GABA阳性神经元为52%,上丘表层(浅灰层及视觉层GABA阳性神经元为56%,GABA阳性神经元包括不同类型的细胞.在视皮层中可观察到GABA免疫疫应阳性的锥体细胞.     

成年大鼠视皮层(17区)神经元间的染色耦合--离体脑片研究

在离体脑片上,用生物胞素（biocytin）对成年大鼠视皮层神经元进行胞内注射。在标记成功的49例中,21例（42．9％）有染色耦合现象,耦合细胞的个数从2个到5个不等,平均2．8±1．1个。其中,18例为锥体-锥体神经元之间的耦合,2例为锥体-非锥体神经元之间的耦合,1例为非锥体神经元之间的耦合。在耦合细胞中,只有5例的胞体紧靠在一起,其它细胞的胞体之间都有一定的距离,其中有1例达到了635μm。大多数情况下（19／21例）,耦合细胞的胞体位于同一层次内,只有2例胞体位于不同层次。在Ⅱ／Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ层内都观察到染色耦合神经元,但以Ⅱ／Ⅲ层内发生染色耦合的比率为最高。比较了染色耦合与非耦合神经元的某些电生理特性,没有观察到在它们之间有明显的差别。     

生长发育过程中金黄仓鼠视皮层中Cholecystokinin(CCK)阳性神经元的变化及CCK睁眼效应观察

利用免疫组织化学方法对生后发育过程中金黄仓鼠视皮层中ＣＣＫ阳性神经元的出现时间和分布层次的变化进行了观察。利用多功能图象分析仪（ＭＰＶ）对生后不同年龄段动物视皮层阳性神经元的数量和胞体大小进行定量测定。ＣＣＫ阳性神经元在动物生后第７天开始出现,主要分布在第Ｖ,ＶＩ层;神经元的相对数量为３．９％,阳性胞体的平均面积为１９．９μｍ＾２生后第１２天动物开始睁眼时,其神经元的分布层次、胞体数量及胞体大小均     

生长发育过程中金黄仓鼠视皮层中Cholecystokinin(CCK)阳性神经元的变化及CCK睁眼效应观察

利用免疫组织化学方法对生后发育过程中金黄仓鼠视皮层中ＣＣＫ阳性神经元的出现时间和分布层次的变化进行了观察。利用多功能图象分析仪（ＭＰＶ）对生后不同年龄段动物视皮层阳性神经元的数量和胞体大小进行定量测定。ＣＣＫ阳性神经元在动物生后第７天开始出现,主要分布在第Ｖ,ＶＩ层;神经元的相对数量为３．９％,阳性胞体的平均面积为１９．９μｍ２生后第１２天动物开始睁眼时,其神经元的分布层次、胞体数量及胞体大小均达到成年动物的水平,其阳性神经元主要分布在第ＩＩ－ＩＶ层,神经元相对数量为８．０％,其胞体面积为７３．２μｍ２。根据ＣＣＫ阳性神经元在睁眼期的出现率、分布层次及胞体大小都达到成年动物水平这一特点,给新生鼠施加ＣＣＫ,证明视皮层中ＣＣＫ与动物生后睁眼的迟早有一定相关性     

金黄仓鼠视觉中枢的甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元

用免疫细胞化学方法研究了甘氨酸在金黄仓鼠视觉中枢的分布特征, 并应用统计学方法进行了定量分析.结果表明：在视皮层中, 除了Ⅰ层以外, 甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元分布在其他各层内, 其平均密度为1 046/mm²,占视皮层细胞总数的23.9％.上丘浅灰层及视觉层甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元平均密度为750/mm²,占该层细胞总数的19.5％.外膝体中甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元密度较低.甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元包括不同类型的细胞.     

新生儿大脑皮质含小白蛋白(Parvalbumin)神经元的免疫组织化学研究

小白蛋白(parvaibumin PV)是一种水溶性低分子量的钙结合蛋白,本实验用免疫疫组化法研究了新生儿大脑皮质含 PV 神经元的分布。PV 阳性神经元为非锥体型,主要分布于中央后回、听皮质及视皮质(17区),在中央前回,wernicke's 区与海马 PV 阳性神经元的数目较少,前额叶很少见到 PV 阳性神经元。在听皮质及中央后回,阳性神经元主要集中于Ⅳ层,少数在Ⅴ、Ⅵ层;在视皮质则分布在Ⅴ、Ⅵ、层及ⅣB 层;wernieke's 区深层(Ⅴ、Ⅵ层)及海马锥体细胞层可见部分阳性神经元。在上述皮质区第Ⅰ层亦可观察到阳性纤维与散在阳性神经元.此外,在中央后回及听皮质的白质内有许多 PV 阳性纤维和终末样结构.     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.