黄土高原人工整地与抗旱造林技术研究进展

系统地讨论了黄土高原人工造林的一些技术措施：要提高造林成活率,必须有效控制地上苗体散失水分,通过整地和吸水剂使用提高根际土壤含水量,以保证苗木水分平衡而提高造林成活率的系列造林技术。     

抗旱造林新技术探索

本文通过控制水的瓶子和一个新的灌溉技术的使用,对幼苗的生长需要合适的水分,保持水的痕迹的长期生存和生长的植物。通过本文的研究,为在干旱的条件下有效地延缓苗期干旱胁迫,改善植物的水分状况,提高苗木的成活率和维持和幼苗的生长提供了理论依据。     

植物抗旱基因工程研究进展

干旱、高温、低温、盐胁迫等是影响植物生存的主要逆境因子,它们均引起植物失水,导致细胞生理干旱,作者对植物抗旱的生物学原理及其基因工程研究进展进行了论述。     

树木抗旱机理研究进展

干旱是树木成活与生长的重要限制因素之一。研究树木的抗旱性,有助于了解树木的干旱适应性机制,探求树木抗旱的适宜调控措施,对充分发挥森林的生态效益具有重要作用。本文从树木的水分关系、净光合速率与蒸腾速率、叶片的δ13C值、木质部导管空穴、光合机制与抗氧化保护机制、渗透调节、脱落酸和C4植物的抗旱机理及树木的抗旱基因与遗传特性(包括水通道蛋白、逆境信号转导、树木抗旱性的遗传基因工程)方面对树木抗旱机理研究进行了综述。     

木本植物抗旱机理研究进展

干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,严重影响植物的分布与生长发育。研究和探索旱生植物的抗旱机理已成为众多研究者关注的焦点。本文综述了部分抗旱木本植物根、茎、叶等与干旱环境相适应的结构特征,分析了干旱胁迫下,植物自身的渗透调节、抗氧化酶系统、内源激素变化、抗旱蛋白对干旱胁迫的响应机理,并概述了抗旱相关基因的研究进展。     

小麦抗旱种质资源的遗传多样性

在雨养和灌水条件下,田间栽培小麦抗旱材料。根据结实器官建成与物候期、生育期的对应关系,通过供试材料产量构成因素的旱、水表现,分析在各因素形成时期的抗旱性。分别以抗旱系数和抗旱指数作为评价抗旱性的指标,通过聚类分析供试材料的遗传多样性。结果发现有些材料表现为全生育期抗旱,而有些材料只在苗期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期等一个或几个生育时期表现抗旱;有的材料表现为抗旱高产,但有的材料产量水平较低;同时还发现部分抗旱种质资源在灌水条件下有较大的增产潜力。     

抗旱基因HDCS1的植物表达载体构建

在克隆了二棱大麦第３组ＬＥＡｃＤＮＡ,抗旱基因ＨＤＣＳ１的基因上,将其连接于ｐＢ１１２１的ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子和ＮＯＳ终止子之间,,构建了ＨＤＣＳ１的植物表达载体ｐＢＨＣ,并进行了ＰＣＲ和酶切鉴定,为进行植物抗旱基因工程研究创造了条件。     

ABA相关基因抗旱基因工程研究进展

干旱是影响植物生长发育的重要因素之一。ABA在植物生长发育及应对胁迫反应方面发挥着重要的作用。随着分子生物学等相关学科的快速发展,人们对ABA合成及信号通路相关基因的研究取得了长足进展,并进行了转基因抗旱基因工程研究。对ABA相关基因抗旱基因工程研究进展进行了综述。     

美国大豆抗旱品系研究进展

美国遗传学家Thomas Carter致力于抗旱大豆的研究,以提高美国大豆品种抵抗干旱的性质.     

玉米抗旱品种的形态解剖学研究

在严格控水的防雨棚内,比较 抗旱筛选和省区试后表现抗旱高产的玉米新品种鲁玉１４号和对照掖单２号的殂态解剖结构,结果表明：玉米抗旱与不抗旱的差异并非品种的结构决定,而在抗旱性结构指标上存在差异。抗旱品种的叶片厚,气孔指数及气孔数／ｍｍ＾２大,侧根发生早、发生能力强可作为玉米抗旱育种与栽培的形态结构指标。     

芽用绿豆品种子粒性状及其豆芽生理特性研究

以21份芽用绿豆品种为材料,研究了种皮色泽、种皮比重等种皮性状、百粒重等物理特性、发芽期间的生物产量变化规律、种子吸水速率等生理特性以及绿豆芽产量、豆芽形态特征和感官品质等芽用特性指标,分析了各项物理生理特性指标与芽用特性指标的相关性。结果表明,芽用绿豆品种的产出比、下胚轴粗和下胚轴长等特性指标范围分别为111.7-143.2、7.21-11.79和0.245-0.353;品种的种皮色泽与绿豆芽生物产量、绿豆芽下胚轴粗及下胚轴长无显著相关,而与品种的百粒重呈显著相关性（P<0.05）;百粒重与绿豆芽生物产量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;下胚轴粗与绿豆芽生物产量呈极显著负相关（P<0.05）;初步建立了适用于评价绿豆品种芽用特性的指标：豆芽产量、下胚轴粗和下胚轴长,筛选出具有较好芽用特性的绿豆品种MB01、MB07、MB19和MB45。     

石蒜对萝卜、黄瓜、番茄和油菜幼苗的化感效应

在室内用离体生测方法研究了石蒜水浸提物对萝卜、黄瓜、番茄和油菜的化感效应.结果表明, 石蒜水浸提物对4种植物种子的萌发和幼苗生长均具有较强的抑制作用.4种受体作物中,以番茄最为敏感,最低浓度0.0125 g·ml^-1处理下,番茄种子完全受到抑制不能萌发,油菜、萝卜与黄瓜种子的萌发抑制率分别为17.73％、14.97％和2.65％.相同浓度处理时,石蒜水浸提物对萝卜、黄瓜及油菜芽的生长抑制作用高于对根的抑制作用.采用去胚乳小麦生长法和高梁河沙法测定了石蒜甲醇浸提物对光合作用和非光合作用抑制活性.结果表明,石蒜甲醇浸提物对去胚乳小麦和高梁的生长有较强的抑制作用,对高梁芽和根生长的抑制作用高于对去胚乳小麦根和芽生长的抑制,说明石蒜对植物的化感效应主要体现在抑制非光合作用活性上,但也一定程度地抑制植物的光合作用.     

填埋场陈垃圾对黄瓜种子发芽的影响

陈垃圾资源化利用是生态环保领域的一个重要问题。选择黄瓜作为试验对象,向培养基质中添加比例为20%～80%和100%的陈垃圾,与使用蒸馏水和土壤的处理进行对比,采用种子发芽的陆生生态毒理方法,研究陈垃圾对植物发芽的影响。结果表明:稳定后的陈垃圾有利于黄瓜种子发芽,而未产生毒性效应;陈垃圾在培养基质中的最佳比例为80%,与蒸馏水和土壤相比,此时发芽势分别提高了12.8%和7.6%,发芽率分别提高了11.3%和7.2%,根长-芽长和芽的鲜重分别比使用蒸馏水时增加了177.6%、44.9%和143.4%,比使用土壤时增加了49.0%～28.4%和72.4%。研究结果可为陈垃圾的资源化利用提供借鉴。     

Monte Carlo Simulation of Pathogen Behavior during the Sprout Production Process

Food-borne disease outbreaks linked to the consumption of raw sprouts have become a concern over the past decade. A Monte Carlo simulation model of the sprout production process was created to determine the most-effective points for pathogen control. Published literature was reviewed, and relevant data were compiled. Appropriate statistical distributions were determined and used to create the Monte Carlo model with Analytica software. Factors modeled included initial pathogen concentration and prevalence, seed disinfection effectiveness, and sampling of seeds prior to sprouting, sampling of irrigation water, or sampling of the finished product. Pathogen concentration and uniformity of seed contamination had a large effect on the fraction of contaminated batches predicted by the simulation. The model predicted that sprout sampling and irrigation water sampling at the end of the sprouting process would be more effective in pathogen detection than seed sampling prior to production. Day of sampling and type of sample (sprout or water) taken had a minimal effect on rate of detection. Seed disinfection reduced the proportion of contaminated batches, but in some cases it also reduced the ability to detect the pathogen when it was present, because cell numbers were reduced below the detection limit. Both the amount sampled and the pathogen detection limit were shown to be important variables in determining sampling effectiveness. This simulation can also be used to guide further research and compare the levels of effectiveness of different risk reduction strategies.     

Monte Carlo simulation of pathogen behavior during the sprout production process

Food-borne disease outbreaks linked to the consumption of raw sprouts have become a concern over the past decade. A Monte Carlo simulation model of the sprout production process was created to determine the most-effective points for pathogen control. Published literature was reviewed, and relevant data were compiled. Appropriate statistical distributions were determined and used to create the Monte Carlo model with Analytica software. Factors modeled included initial pathogen concentration and prevalence, seed disinfection effectiveness, and sampling of seeds prior to sprouting, sampling of irrigation water, or sampling of the finished product. Pathogen concentration and uniformity of seed contamination had a large effect on the fraction of contaminated batches predicted by the simulation. The model predicted that sprout sampling and irrigation water sampling at the end of the sprouting process would be more effective in pathogen detection than seed sampling prior to production. Day of sampling and type of sample (sprout or water) taken had a minimal effect on rate of detection. Seed disinfection reduced the proportion of contaminated batches, but in some cases it also reduced the ability to detect the pathogen when it was present, because cell numbers were reduced below the detection limit. Both the amount sampled and the pathogen detection limit were shown to be important variables in determining sampling effectiveness. This simulation can also be used to guide further research and compare the levels of effectiveness of different risk reduction strategies.     

The inhibition of potato sprout growth by light.

The effect of light intensity on sprout growth in seed potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) was examined using diffuse daylight in Peru and diffuse artificial light at Glasgow. Mean temperatures below 20 °C produced strong sprout growth that was inhibited by both daylight and artificial light, at visible irradiances above 0.01 Wm^-2. The percentage inhibition of sprout growth increased linearly with the logarithm of the irradiance, 50% inhibition being at 0.04 - 0.1 Wm^-2 provided that the temperature was suitable for substantial sprout growth in the absence of light. Cultivar and temperature had very little effect on the 50% inhibition point. At high irradiances growth inhibition was up to 95%, but the sprout length was never reduced to zero; short, robust green sprouts remained. Sprout numbers were increased by daylight, but not by artificial light. Diffuse daylight also reduced the total weight loss from seed tubers during a storage season of 180 days. At mean temperatures above 20 °C., sprout growth in the absence of light was much reduced and the effect of light on sprout elongation was less obvious.     

白芨胚发育与种子萌发的关系

随着白芨胚龄增大,胚成熟度不断增加,有胚率和萌发率逐渐提高,种子萌发时间逐渐变短。胚龄为20周后采收最好,有胚率最高,萌发率为100%,萌发时间只需1周。种子萌发时胚先发育成原球茎,原球茎再分化出叶片和根系,形成完整的小植株;花宝一号1g/L+花宝二号2g/L+10%椰子汁培养基可促进种子萌发及幼苗生长,比常用的基本培养基加生长调节剂更简捷,幼苗生长健壮。     

Evaluation of biological seed treatments in combination with management practices for the control of Fusarium dry rot of potato

Seed-borne diseases of potato represent a significant constraint to potato production in the US. The use of an effective fungicide in combination with good management practices during cutting and storage, prior to planting, is essential to reducing disease. The efficacy of two biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum), and a commercially formulated mixture of the chemicals fludioxonil plus mancozeb, applied as seed treatments in combination with different management practices, were evaluated over two years for the control of seed piece decay and sprout rot caused by Fusarium sambucinum. Treatments were made 10 days prior to planting and at planting, and tubers were re-stored at either 18 °C and 95% RH with forced air ventilation at 5950 l min⁻¹ (optimal conditions), at 25 °C in the dark without ventilation (sub-optimal), or not stored at all prior to planting. Seed piece and sprout health were evaluated in vitro and agronomic impacts evaluated in field experiments. Results showed that the biological control agents B. subtilis and T. harzianum provided good control of sprout rot and seed piece decay caused by F. sambucinum, when seed was re-stored under optimal conditions or not re-stored at all. Under optimal conditions, treatment with B. subtilis reduced sprout rot and seed piece decay on average by 66% and 84%, respectively. Treatment with T. harzianum reduced sprout rot and seed piece decay on average by 70% and 81%, respectively. Treatment with fludioxonil + mancozeb reduced sprout rot and seed piece decay under both re-storage regimes. Under optimal conditions, disease incidence and severity was reduced on average by 81% and 97%, respectively. Neither biological control agent reduced seed piece decay incidence under either re-storage regime compared to the untreated controls.     

The ecology of germination and reproduction of less frequent and vanishing species of the Czechoslovak flora IV.Melilotus altissima Thuill

The ecology of seed germination was examined in air-conditioned boxes in the laboratory, and the sprouting of seeds was investigated in an experimental plot at Pr?honice. The seeds show a marked dormancy caused by the impermeability of testa to water (seed hardcoatness). 72–100% of hard seeds were found in 16 seed samples. Seed hardcoatness is an important protective strategy of the species against the frost killing of seedlings and, on the other hand, for the longevity of seeds (Table 3) and for the possibility of endochoric spreading. It is also important to establish seed supply in the soil. The seed sprout from the first decade of April till the beginning of May. The soft seed sprout as early as in autumn, and the seedlings freeze out (Table 4).     

准噶尔无叶豆的引种栽培

准噶尔无叶豆的引种栽培刘生龙王理德高志海仲述军（甘肃省治沙研究所,武威７３３０００）ＴｈｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｒｅｍｏｓｐａｒｔｏｎｓｏｎｇｏｒｉｃｕｍ（Ｌｉｔｖ．）ＶａｓｓＬｉｕＳｈｅｎｇ－Ｌｏｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＬｉ－Ｄｅ...