Chromosomal banding patterns produced by methyl green-pyronin staining after trypsin treatment.

A method is described for producing banding patterns with methyl green-pyronin (MGP) stain in chromosomes of fibrosarcoma cells. 1) The stain was made by mixing equal volumes of 2% aqueous pyronin G, 2% aqueous methyl green, distilled water, and 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.7). 2) Treatment with colcemide and hypotonic KCl (0.075 M) was performed as usual. 3) Metaphase chromosomes were prepared using the flame-drying technique and treated with 0.25% trypsin at 37 C for 45 to 90 seconds. Before staining, the slides were rinsed in PBS, in distilled water, and then were dipped in 0.05 M acetate buffer. 4) Chromosomes were stained for more than 20 minutes, rinsed in distilled water, and hot-air dried. Satisfactory results were obtained in uncontracted metaphase chromosomes. MGP stain has the advantage of permitting much longer trypsin treatment and staining time than the trypsin-Giemsa method while providing satisfactory banding patterns.     

Chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization after Giemsa banding

Summary We report the successive application of classical Giemsa banding and chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization in clinical cytogenetics. The use of both techniques within one protocol requires an additional fixation of the chromosome preparations and an improved suppression of the labelled repetitive sequences. The combination of these two cytological techniques allows the high resolution mapping of translocated Y-chromosomal sequences in the chromosome set of an XX-male.     

Heterochromatic banding patterns in Allium

The karyotypes of nine Allium species of the paniculatum group have been analysed with fluorochromes and C-banding techniques. All the species possess reduced as well as enhanced fluorescence bands which are also differentiated by C-banding and which correspond to constitutive heterochromatin. Heterochromatic segments are located in distal and intercalary positions leaving sizeable procentric regions devoid of bands. These features are indicative of a close relationship between the species of this group. However, the proportion of heterochromatin as a percentage of total chromosome length varies from about 30% to 10–15%.     

Chromosomal banding patterns and karyotype evolution in three pig kidney cell strains (PK15, F and RP)

Some of the techniques used to obtain banding patterns in human karyotype are adapted here to three pig kidney cell strains (PK15, F and RP). These strains were established respectively in 1955, 1962 and 1969. The banding techniques used are: controlled heating, ASG technique, alkaline treatment and proteolytic digestion with trypsin or pronase. Knowing the specific banding of the pig karyotype, it has been possible to study the chromosomal rearrangements observed in the heteroploid cell strains. If the strain is old, the rearrangements are more numerous. However, they are the same as the ones usually described: in the three strains, one of the two chromosomes of each pair is retained unchanged as judged by its banding. The other chromosome is either present, lost or modified. It may constitute part of a marker chromosome.     

Chromosomal evolution in serpentes; a comparison of G and C chromosome banding patterns of some colubrid and boid genera

G and C-chromosome banding techniques have been used to compare the structure of the karyotype in a variety of colubrid and boid snakes. The comparison of G-band patterns indicates that while some band sequences have been conserved, either as whole chromosomes or entire arms, there is also evidence of considerable rearrangement especially in the smaller chromosomes. In the colubrid Elaphe subocularis there is also evidence that there has been a relocation of the centromere on chromosome 2 without any accompanying inversion in the sequence of G-bands. Finally, G-banding has facilitated the demonstration of a simple pericentric inversion distinguishing the Z and W chromosomes in Acrantophis dumereli. This represents the first report of differentiated sex chromosomes in a boid snake. The combined banding data thus indicates that snake chromosomes are certainly not lacking in variability. The use of C-banding to detect constitutive heterochromatin has confirmed that in some boids and colubrids macrochromosomes have been derived from microchromosomes by the additions of heterochromatin.     

Arylsulfatase a activity and electrophoretic banding patterns from isolated human blood fractions

Arylsulfatase A (ASA) activity was studied from five blood fractions, leukocytes plus platelets (LKPL), leukocytes (LK), neutrophils (N), lymphocytes (LYM), and platelets (PL). No significant difference was found among the mean ASA specific activity values for the fractions. Electrophoretic examination revealed four distinct activity bands for the LKPL and PL fractions, while the LK, N, and LYM fractions showed only a single, broad peak, which indicates that the four-band pattern is associated with enzyme obtained from platelets. The PL fraction gave a clearer, more distinct banding pattern than the other four fractions. This clearly resolved electrophoretic banding pattern of ASA from pure platelet preparations was demonstrated for variant human ASA as well. These findings may be significant to future work investigating the biochemical genetics of ASA.     

A comparison between quinacrine fluorescence banding and 3H-thymidine incorporation patterns in human chromosomes

Summary Late ³H-thymidine incorporation patterns and quinacrine fluorescence banding patterns were analyzed in metaphase chromosomes prepared from human blood cultures. In general, late-labeling regions correspond to the strongly fluorescent bands in the chromosomes. However, the dully fluorescent secondary constrictions of the chromosomes Nos. 1, 9 and 16 may show late replication in some instances. In contrast, the brilliantly fluorescent distal part of the Y chromosome is not labeled during the latest phase of the DNA replication. In the male X and in the isopycnotic X of the female the labeling pattern also agrees with the quinacrine fluorescence banding. The heteropycnotic X of the female is still more strikingly late-labeling. However, the pattern of its late replication agrees also with the quinacrine fluorescence bands.

---

Zusammenfassung An aus menschlichen Blutkulturen gewonnenen Chromosomenpräparaten wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen über die späten Replikationsmuster (mittels ³H-Thymidin-Autoradiographie) und die Quinacrin-Fluorescenz-Bänderungsmuster durchgeführt. Im allgemeinen stimmen die spät replizierenden Abschnitte mit den intensiv fluorescierenden Regionen der Chromosomen überein. Allerdings können die nur schwach fluorescierenden sekundären Constrictionen der Chromosomen Nr. 1, 9 und 16 manchmal auch eine späte Replikation zeigen. Auf der anderen Seite wird der stark fluorescierende Abschnitt des Y-Chromosoms in den letzten Phasen der DNS-Replikation nicht mehr markiert. Beim X-Chromosom des Mannes und beim isopyknotischen X der Frau wird ebenfalls eine Übereinstimmung des Spät-Replikationsmusters und der Quinacrin-Bänderung gefunden. Das heteropyknotische X der Frau zeigt eine noch deutlichere Spät-Replikation; das Muster der Silberkörner stimmt aber ebenfalls mit den Quinacrine-Bändern überein.

---

---

This study was supported by the österreichischen Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung.     

The correspondence between quinacrine banding patterns and sites of secondary constrictions in human chromosomes

Summary Evidence is presented that sites of secondary constrictions have weak quinacrine fluorescence in the following chromosome arms: 1q, 2q, 3p, 3q, 6p, 6p, 9q, 11q, 16q, 17q and Yq. Since secondary constrictions are sites of nucleolar organizing activity, it is inferred that weak quinacrine binding is a feature of most active nucleolar organizers. The question of whether differential fluorescence reflects differential chromosomal activity is discussed.

---

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die Lage von Sekundärconstrictionen und die Lage quinacrinnegative Fluorescenzbanden in folgenden Chromosomenarmen übereinstimmen: 1q, 2q, 3p, 3q, 6q, 6p, 9q, 11q, 16q, 17q und Yq. Da Sekundärconstrictionen an der Organisation von Nucleolen beteiligt sind, wird gefolgert, daß schwache Fluorescenz nach Quinacrinfärbung eine Eigenschaft der meisten aktiven Nucleolenorganisatoren ist. Es wird die Frage erörtert, ob die unterschiedliche Fluorescenzintensität einzelner Chromosomenabschnitte deren genetische Aktivität widerspiegelt.

---

---

Supported in part by a research grant of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).     

Giemsa banding patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

The banding patterns of chromosomes from 20 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (C.L.L.) have been analyzed. 97 of 100 metaphases examined had a normal banding pattern. The 3 remaining metaphases, all from one patient had bands similar to those seen after aging. It is concluded that the chromosomes in C.L.L. have normal banding patterns. The majority of cytogenetic studies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia have reported normal chromosomes (Fitzgerald and Adams 1965; Oppenheim et al., 1965; Lawler et al., 1968). An inherited abnormality of G group chromosome (No. 22) has been reported in a family, three members of whom developed C.L.L. (Fitzgerald and Hamer, 1969), but further investigations of cases of familial leukaemia failed to reveal a similar abnormality (Fitzgerald et. al., 1966). The development of new techniques which allow the positive identification of individual chromosomes (Caspersson et al., 1969; Dutrillaux and Lejeune, 1971; Sumner et al., 1971; Seabright, 1971), has revolutionised human cutogenetics and revealed additional information regarding chromosome abnormalities and leukaemia (Rowley, 1973; Lobb et al., 1972; Milligan and Garson, 1974). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the chromosomes in C.L.L. have normal banding patterns.     

Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharide banding patterns in Leptospira spp

Strains of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa, examined by electrophoresis after whole cell lysis and protein digestion, revealed the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and an heterogeneous lipopolysaccharide electrophoretic banding pattern, which was characteristic of the species.     

Correspondence of banding patterns to 3H-thymidine labeling patterns in polytene chromosomes

³H-thymidine labeling frequencies over X chromosomal region 1A-4E of Drosophila melanogaster, were analysed with reference to chromosome sections with and without prominent bands. A correspondence was found between band sections and late start of silver grain labeling at the initial stage in combination with late labeling at the end stage of replication. A complementary situation is always to be found over puff/interband sections, where an early start of labeling at the initial stage is generally combined with early labeling completion at the end stage of replication.