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Ian J Jenkins 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》2000,321(7255):243
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One of the most remarkable aspects of John Maynard Smith’s work was the fact that he devoted time both to doing science and
to reflecting philosophically upon its methods and concepts. In this paper I offer a philosophical analysis of Maynard Smith’s
approach to modelling phenotypic evolution in relation to three main themes. The first concerns the type of scientific understanding
that ESS and optimality models give us. The second concerns the causal–historical aspect of stability analyses of adaptation.
The third concerns the concept of evolutionary stability itself. Taken together, these three themes comprise what I call the
natural philosophy of adaptation. 相似文献
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Here we argue that the concept of strategies, as it was introduced into biology by John Maynard Smith, is a prime illustration
of the four dimensions of theoretical biology in the post-genomic era. These four dimensions are: data analysis and management,
mathematical and computational model building and simulation, concept formation and analysis, and theory integration. We argue
that all four dimensions of theoretical biology are crucial to future interactions between theoretical and empirical biologists
as well as with philosophers of biology. 相似文献
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Pamela Choudhury 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1999,318(7175):61
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Auxin [α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-acetic acid] can induce the expression of lipoxygenases (LOXs) in cultured
immature zygotic embryo cotyledons of soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr]. These auxin-induced LOXs are different from those normally expressed in seeds but have the same isoelectric
points (pI) as those found in seedlings. The pIs of the two seedling LOXs were determined to be 5.09 and 5.23. One of the
auxin-induced LOXs has the same pI (5.09) and molecular mass (94 kDa) as seedling LOX4. The partial amino acid sequences from
the purified NAA-induced pI-5.09 LOX are identical to those of LOX4. RNA protection assays showed that NAA induces the expression
of LOX4 and LOX5 mRNAs in cultured embryo cotyledons where they are not normally expressed. Soybean genotypes with a polymorphic
variant of LOX4 in hypocotyls showed the same variation as NAA-induced LOXs in the embryo cotyledons. These results demonstrate
that the NAA-induced pI-5.09 LOX is seedling LOX4 and also suggest that auxin might be directly or indirectly involved in
seedling LOX expression during seed germination.
Received: 10 January 2000 / Revision received: 16 June 2000 / Accepted: 29 June 2000 相似文献
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John Webster 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》2000,320(7242):1149
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David Gullick 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》2001,322(7288):738
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Stone loach and bullhead were given a choice of Chironomus and Asellus prey in experiments using solitary fish and fish in company. Solitary fish ate more than fish in company. The effect of light and substratum type on feeding was investigated. Both species ate more prey items on gravel than silt when a significant difference was observed. Bullhead ate more than loach in the light on both substrata. The only experiment in which loach ate more than bullhead was on a silt substratum in the dark. It is concluded that these two species utilise different components of the available food resources in chalk streams by adopting different habitats. 相似文献
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