遮光对连香树幼苗光合特性及其叶片解剖结构的影响

以2年生连香树实生苗为材料,在田间通过黑色遮阳网设置全光照(L₀)及透光率55%(L₁)、25%(L₂)和10%(L₃)4种光环境,研究遮光对连香树幼苗光合作用及叶片解剖结构的影响。结果表明：(1)连香树幼苗叶片P_n在全光和L₁处理下呈非典型的“乁”形变化,未出现“午休”现象,中午14:00出现极值,而在L₂和L₃处理下变化相对缓和,极值出现在中午12:00;叶片G_s呈现与P_n类似的变化趋势,而C_i则呈基本一致的凹形变化。(2)各处理P_n、G_s和T_r的日均值均表现为L₀＞L₁＞L₂＞L₃,而C_i的日均值则呈相反的顺序;P_n与G_s、T_r、气温和光合有效辐射均呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01)。(3)全光照连香树幼苗的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)均显著高于遮光处理,并维持较高的P_n而未出现明显的光抑制;遮光导致幼苗的LCP、LSP、R_d显著降低,有利于充分利用弱光,以满足低光环境下植株的正常生长。(4)与全光照相比,遮光下连香树叶片气孔密度显著变小,但气孔器长度、气孔器宽度、单个气孔器面积显著增加,气孔器面积百分比减少,影响幼苗细胞内外的水分和气体传递。(5)遮光条件下,连香树叶片明显变薄,表皮细胞厚度减小,栅栏组织(PT)厚度降低,排列变得疏松,海绵组织(ST)厚度增加,PT/ST相应减小。(6)与全光照相比,强度遮光下(L₂和L₃)连香树幼苗生长受阻,苗高(H)和基径(D)明显减小,生物量模型D²H下降;而轻度遮光(L₁)下幼苗H和D、H/D和D₂H均未出现显著变化。研究发现,连香树具有一定的光忍耐性和喜光性,对光照条件的生态幅较宽,轻度遮光影响较小,但强度遮光对连香树幼苗气体交换参数和光合响应特征产生了显著影响,同时影响了叶片的解剖结构和气孔分布特征,从而影响连香树幼苗的生长形态。在育苗生产中,适度遮光有利于降低气温、减小蒸腾,但遮光后田间有效辐射强度应保持在自然光强的55%以上。     

遮阴和施氮对黄檗幼苗叶片光合特性和碳氮计量特征的影响

选取大田环境下3年生黄檗幼苗,采用人工控制双因素随机区组试验,在不同光照［全光照(S₀)、轻度遮光21.4%(S₁)和重度遮光8.7%(S₂)］和不同氮添加［无添加对照(F₀)、轻度添加(F₁)和重度添加(F₂)］条件下,测定黄檗幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、气体交换参数及碳氮化学计量特征,探讨黄檗幼苗对遮阴和施氮的响应机制。结果表明：(1)随着遮光程度增强,黄檗幼苗叶片的SPAD值、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、碳氮比(C∶N)和瞬时光合氮利用率(PNUE)均呈现先增后降的趋势,两种遮光条件下SPAD均显著高于全光照环境;黄檗幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用率(WUE)和气孔限制值(L_s)逐渐降低;而叶片氮(N)和碳(C)含量均呈先降后升的趋势。(2)随氮添加量增加,黄檗幼苗叶片的P_n、WUE、L_s、N和C含量均呈先增后降趋势,T_r、G_s和PNUE则逐渐下降,而C∶N逐渐增加。(3)黄檗幼苗叶片的P_n在各光氮组合处理间均无显著差异;SPAD含量以S₁F₀、S₂F₀和S₁F₂处理组合显著较高,而以全光照(S₀)处理组合显著最低;T_r和G_s以轻度遮光(S₁)处理组合明显较高,而以S₂F₁、S₀F₂、S₂F₂明显较低;WUE和L_s均以S₀F₂显著最高,S₂F₂处理组合显著最低。黄檗幼苗叶片N和C含量在重度遮光/轻度氮添加(S₂F₁)时具有较大值,而其C∶N和PNUE在轻度遮光/无氮添加(S₁F₀)时具有较大值。(4)隶属函数综合评价认为,黄檗幼苗对光氮复合作用总体属中等耐受型,轻度遮光时不添加氮肥(S₁F₀)和轻度氮添加(S₁F₁)及全光照时轻度氮添加(S₀F₁)为适于幼苗生长的光氮组合。研究发现,光环境是影响黄檗幼苗光合作用和更新的主导因子,但黄檗苗期能耐受一定的遮阴胁迫;光照不受限制时,适当增加氮肥有利于黄檗幼苗生长;光照受限(重度遮光)时,施氮则抑制叶片叶绿素合成,降低了幼苗光能利用率,不利于其生长。     

超重力胁迫下‘平邑甜茶’幼苗叶片生理指标及其转录组分析

该试验以‘平邑甜茶’60 d龄幼苗为材料,设置T₁(5 000 r/min×3 h)、T₂(5 000 r/min×6 h)、T₃(10 000 r/min×3 h)和T₄(10 000 r/min×6 h)超重力处理,以未进行超重力处理为对照(CK),考察超重力处理下幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和膜透性等与逆境相关的生理指标的变化,并对其进行转录组分析,初步探究‘平邑甜茶’在超重力处理下的转录组响应机制。结果表明：(1)超重力处理造成‘平邑甜茶’幼苗叶片由舒展状生长状态向不同萎缩生长状态转变,其中T₄处理萎缩生长状态明显。(2)超重力处理下,‘平邑甜茶’幼苗叶片叶绿素和丙二醛含量在T₃和T₄处理下显著高于CK, T₁和T₂处理下与CK无显著差异;叶片脯氨酸含量在各超重力处理下均显著高于CK;膜透性在T₄处理下显著高于CK, T₁、T₂、T₃处理与CK无显著差异;可溶性蛋白含量在各超重力处理下均不同程度降低,但均与CK差异不显著。(3)样品测序结果显示,大多数转录本的序列长度在1 000 nt以上,有37 725个,占全部转录本79.15%,且CK、T₂、T₄样品以及相对应的新基因中均以FPKM值小于5.0的转录本数为主,其转录本数依次分别有21 412、20 162、22 368个和1 352、1 411、1 406个,占比分别为45.78%、43.10%、47.82%和81.45%、85.00%、84.70%。(4)GO功能注释与富集分析显示,随着超重力处理强度的加大,差异表达基因在GO富集分类中存在明显不同的途径,说明‘平邑甜茶’对超重力的响应是复杂的,但主要集中在转录因子活性、蛋白质去磷酸化过程方面。(5)差异转录因子表达分析显示,随超重力处理强度的增加表达上调幅度比较大的基因家族有bZIP、WRKY和ERF,其中bZIP和WRKY转录因子家族中的基因表达量均随超重力处理强度的增加呈上升趋势,但ERF家族中的MD01G1177100、MD08G1096000、MD13G1130700基因表达量随超重力处理强度的增加有下降的趋势。研究表明,超重力处理对‘平邑甜茶’幼苗造成了不同程度的伤害,且叶片总叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量以及膜透性均受到显著影响,故幼苗叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量以及细胞膜膜透性均可作为评价超重力胁迫的抗性指标;研究推测超重力胁迫对‘平邑甜茶’转录因子的影响主要集中在WRKY、bZIP和ERF转录因子家族。该研究结果为候选抗性基因的挖掘和筛选奠定了理论基础。     

外源H2O2对盐碱胁迫下苹果矮化砧木幼苗生理特性的影响

以2年生苹果矮化砧木M9 T337为试材,采用盆栽试验法,设置浇灌清水(CK)和盐碱胁迫(0.1 mol/L NaCl+NaHCO₃溶液)+ 喷施5种浓度的H₂O₂ ［0(T₁)、0.2 mmol/L(T₂)、0.4 mmol/L(T₃)、0.6 mmol/L(T₄)、0.8 mmol/L(T₅)］ 处理,测定各处理叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜透性,并利用相关性与主成分分析进行综合评价,以探讨外源过氧化氢(H₂O₂)增强其盐碱耐性的生理机制。结果表明：(1)随着盐碱胁迫(T₁)的时间延长,M9 T337幼苗叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、叶绿素b (Chl b)含量、叶绿素总量(Chl t)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、可溶性总糖(TSS)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先升后降趋势。(2)与CK相比,盐碱胁迫+外源H₂O₂(T₂- T₅)处理后M9 T337幼苗叶片各指标均呈现不同幅度变化,且存在明显浓度效应,并以T₃(0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂)处理叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP和G_s降幅最小,C_i、REC、MDA升幅最小,TSS、Pro、APX升幅最大。(3)M9 T337幼苗叶片P_n与T_r、G_s、Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP、SOD、POD呈显著正相关,与C_i、MDA、CAT、APX、REC呈显著负相关。(4)综合评价表明,各处理对M9 T337幼苗叶片生理特性的效应依次为：CK>T₃>T₄>T₂>T₅>T₁。研究发现,叶面喷施适宜浓度H₂O₂可有效改善盐碱胁迫下M9 T337幼苗光合能力,显著提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,降低细胞膜透性,从而达到缓解盐碱胁迫的作用,并以0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂处理效果最佳。     

镍离子对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收和生长生理的影响

以‘全年油麦菜’尖叶莴苣为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究3个浓度(0 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1、1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺在22.4 mg·L^-1 N处理下对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收的生长及生理影响。结果显示：(1)尖叶莴苣根系和地上部生物量随处理时间的增加呈上升趋势。与对照T₁(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、112 mg·L^-1 N)相比,T₂处理(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及叶片生长具有一定抑制作用,植株鲜重、干重、根冠比、根系长度、平均直径、表面积、体积、根尖数、分根数、叶片表面积和体积在T3处理(0.1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)下显著高于对照,T₄处理(1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及其叶片生长具有一定促进作用,但对其根尖数和分根数表现出一定抑制性。(2)随着Ni²⁺浓度的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量呈先升后降的变化规律,且均在T₃处理下显著提高。(3)随着处理时间的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)逐渐上升,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)逐渐下降,且T₃处理叶片的G_s显著高于对照,其C_i最低,P_n最大。(4)施加Ni²⁺对尖叶莴苣有机酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性有显著影响,在T₃处理下有机酸含量降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,SOD和POD活性显著提高。(5)T₃处理尖叶莴苣根系中N及叶片中B和Ca含量较高;根系中Ni含量高于叶片,T₃处理叶片中的Ni含量较低,Mg含量较高;植株体内Cu含量随Ni²⁺浓度增加而下降。研究表明,外源Ni²⁺处理能影响低氮条件下(22.4 mg·L^-1 N)尖叶莴苣幼苗生长及生理状况,适宜浓度(0.1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺可有效提高尖叶莴苣根系对氮素的吸收利用效率,减少氮素施用量,促进尖叶莴苣根系和地上部叶片生长,增加光合色素含量,并提高净光合速率,进而改善植株的产量和营养品质。     

施钾量对设施基质栽培番茄生长生理及其产量和品质的影响

以番茄品种‘184’为材料,采用水肥一体化番茄设施基质栽培模式,以甘肃农业大学植物营养液配方C中钾肥为对照(T₁常规钾肥量),再在配方C中添加不同量钾肥组成T₂(钾肥增量25%)、T₃(钾肥增量50%)、T₄(钾肥增量75%)等处理,探究不同施钾量对设施基质栽培番茄生长、生理、产量及品质的影响,并筛选设施基质栽培条件下最佳施钾量。结果显示：(1)与常规施钾肥量(T₁)相比,增施钾肥处理(T₂-T₄)均可显著提高番茄株高、茎粗、根系活力,且T₃处理的各指标均最高,但增施钾肥对叶片数的影响不显著。(2)增施钾肥处理较T₁均能够显著提高番茄叶片光合色素含量,增强光合和荧光过程,进一步促进光能的吸收与转化,且T₃处理的增幅最高。(3)随着施钾量的升高,增施钾肥处理的番茄单果重、果实产量呈现不同程度的增长趋势,适量增施钾肥处理增幅均达到显著水平,并以T₃番茄产量最高,且较T₁显著增产20.87%。(4)与T₁相比,各施钾处理番茄果实硬度、可溶性总糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白、番茄红素含量等均有不同程度提升,各指标均随着施钾量增加呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,并在T₃处理下达到最优。(5)主成分分析表明,各处理的综合得分依次为T₃＞T₄＞T₂＞T₁。研究发现,在设施基质栽培条件下,适量增施钾肥能显著提高番茄植株光合作用效率,促进植株生长,达到提高果实产量和改善品质的目的,并以常规钾肥增量50%处理的效果最佳。     

遮荫和干旱复合处理对黄藤幼苗个体生长及生理特性的影响

以1年生黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)实生苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控制试验测定分析遮荫和干旱复合处理下黄藤幼苗的生长状况、叶片光合参数、生物量及生理特征的变化情况,以阐明遮荫和干旱复合处理对其生长和生理的影响规律。结果显示：(1)黄藤的株高、地径和功能叶片数目均随遮荫度上升而增加;植株叶片的生物量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)均随遮荫度上升而呈先上升后下降的趋势。(2)黄藤叶片的可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)随着遮荫度的增加而先增加后下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性则均呈先下降后上升的趋势。(3)中度遮荫时,黄藤的株高、地径、功能叶数目、叶片生物量的积累以及P_n、T_r、WUE、Pro和SP含量均显著升高(P＜0.05),SOD活性和MDA含量则显著降低(P＜0.05)。(4)干旱胁迫导致黄藤的株高、地径、功能叶片数目、叶片生物量积累、P_n、T_r、WUE显著降低,SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量和Pro含量均显著升高。研究发现,遮荫和干旱复合作用影响黄藤幼苗的生长和发育。黄藤幼苗能通过调整生长策略、光合策略、代谢策略等使植株逐步适应或耐受胁迫,表现出一定的抗旱性和喜阴性;中度遮荫(遮光20%~30%)能够改善黄藤幼苗的生境,并能缓解干旱胁迫对植株造成的伤害,对其生长有利。     

带状采伐后不同时期毛竹林恢复和土壤养分特征

为研究带状采伐毛竹林对竹林恢复和土壤养分的影响,以福建省建瓯市毛竹林为研究对象,设置5 m(处理1,C₁)和7 m(处理2,C₂)2种采伐宽度,以不进行采伐处理为对照(CK),研究采伐后当年新鞭生长期(I时期,2018年10月)和采伐后次年新立竹生长期(Ⅱ时期,2019年6月)新竹生长相关指标和土壤养分变化特征。结果表明：(1)C₁、C₂、CK处理的出笋数量分别为2 227、2 650和1 955株·hm^-2,且C₂与C₁、CK差异显著(P<0.05);退笋率各处理之间无显著差异(P>0.05),表现为C₁2。(2)2种采伐处理的胸径(DBH)显著低于CK,表现为CK>C₂>C₁。(3)采伐后Ⅰ时期和Ⅱ时期相比,土壤全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量增加,全氮(TN)和全碳(TC)含量降低;采伐后I时期的C₁、C₂处理中土壤TN、TP、TK和TC含量均大于CK,但采伐后Ⅱ时期的土壤TC含量小于CK。研究认为,带状采伐能提高出笋量和立竹数,增加土壤氮磷钾养分含量;7 m带状采伐竹林恢复状况整体上优于5 m带状采伐。     

遮光处理对观赏栀子氮、磷、钾分配与生长的影响

为探究观赏栀子在不同遮光条件下生长和光合及氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)分配的规律,该研究对3种观赏栀子设置5种不同的遮光处理(0%、60%、70%、80%、90%),通过对观赏栀子的生长和光合及各器官N、P、K含量进行统计与分析,探究了不同遮光处理对观赏栀子栽植效果的影响。结果表明:(1)60%和0%遮光率的大花栀子、80%和70%遮光率的雀舌栀子、0%遮光率的花叶栀子均长势较好。(2)随着遮光率的增加,雀舌栀子和花叶栀子的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低,气孔导度、水分瞬时利用率在遮光率60%下达到最大值。(3)大花栀子总N量最高,器官含N量高低排序为叶、根、茎; 雀舌栀子总P量最高,器官含P量排序为根、茎、叶; 大花栀子在90%遮光率下含K量最高。综合考虑认为,雀舌栀子更耐荫蔽,适合在80%和70%的遮光条件下生长; 大花栀子次之,适合在60%和0%遮光条件下生长; 花叶栀子最不耐荫,适合在0%遮光条件下生长。     

外源硅对自毒作用下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以‘绿博6号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用营养液培法研究不同浓度外源硅(0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L)对肉桂酸(cinnamic acid,CA)模拟自毒胁迫(3.0 mmol/L CA)下黄瓜幼苗生长、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：(1)自毒胁迫显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长、根系形态建成和生物量的积累,显著降低了净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和叶绿素(Chl a、Chl b和Chl t)含量,并显著降低了叶片中PSⅡ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率［Y_(Ⅱ)］和光化学淬灭系数(qP)。(2)添加适宜浓度外源硅可有效缓解自毒胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,并提高其P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量,在一定程度上维持叶片光合系统的稳定。(3)添加适宜浓度外源硅能使自毒胁迫下黄瓜叶片的F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP显著升高,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则显著下降。研究发现,添加适宜浓度外源硅能提高自毒胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP,使光合机构趋于稳定,抑制P_n的下降,缓解自毒胁迫对光合系统的损伤,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对自毒胁迫的抗性,并以1.0 mmol/L外源硅处理的效果最佳。     

EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS,ABSCISIC ACID,AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON FLOWER PRODUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CLEISTOGAMOUS SPECIES COLLOMIA GRANDIFLORA DOUGL. EX LINDL. (POLEMONIACEAE)

The effects of water stress, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on flower production and differentiation by Collomia grandiflora were investigated. An untreated plant typically produced both small, closed cleistogamous (CL) and large, open chasmogamous (CH) flowers. The larger corolla of CH flowers was due to a greater cell number and size. When plants were water-stressed or sprayed with ABA, both the percentage of CH flowers and the total number of flowers were reduced significantly. The corolla dimensions and epidermal cell numbers and sizes of CL flowers produced by water-stressed and ABA-sprayed plants did not differ from those of CL flowers produced by control plants. Application of GA₃ to both well-watered and water-stressed plants significantly increased the percentage of CH flowers formed compared to well-watered controls. In the absence of GA₃, water-stressed plants produced almost entirely CL flowers. GA₃-sprayed plants produced CH flowers whose corolla dimensions were intermediate between those of CL and CH flowers formed by control plants. Epidermal cells of these intermediate corollas were reduced only in number and not in size when compared to control CH flowers. Endogenous levels of ABA and gibberellins may control the type of flower produced by C. grandiflora and may mediate some of the observable effects of water stress on flowering.     

三种园林植物对夜间光照的响应与适应特征

光污染是城市生态系统中重要的污染类型,目前的研究集中在光污染对人类健康、昆虫生活史、生活习性、活动规律等方面,对植物生理生态的效应研究则较少。以凤仙花(Impatiens balsamina)、小叶栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)、夏菊(Dendranthema morifolium)为研究对象,研究白光LED灯从每天18:00—24:00照光(T1处理)、每天18:00—次日8:00照光(T2处理)以及自然光周期(CK)等3种光环境条件下,3种植物生物量积累与分配、开花特征、色素含量、碳氮含量及其比值(C/N比)、抗氧化酶等方面的响应与适应特征。结果表明,T1和T2处理增加了凤仙花的生物量(分别为CK的1.4和1.9倍),降低了叶片和茎的N含量,增加了叶片的C/N比(分别为CK的1.2和1.9倍),降低了叶片的色素含量;T1处理延迟了凤仙花的花期,T2处理条件下凤仙花不开花。T1和T2处理虽然没有影响小叶栀子的花期,但增加了花的数量,减小了花的平均重量,花的C/N比显著增加(T2处理为CK的1.3倍);T2处理降低了小叶栀子叶片的叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量,增加了丙二醛的含量(T2处理为CK的1.7倍)。夏菊的生物量及生理特征受到T1和T2处理的影响最小,但T1和T2处理均抑制了夏菊开花。这些结果表明凤仙花和夏菊开花对光污染引起光周期的变化比较敏感,凤仙花的生长和养分特征也受到夜间光照的显著影响,光污染对小叶栀子的叶片造成了显著伤害。总的来讲,与T2相比,T1处理对3种植物的负面影响较小,在城市照明的管理过程中,可以根据需要缩短夜间光照的时间,既可以节约能源,又可以减小对植物生理生态的负面影响。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of ornamental passion flowers grown under different light intensities

Responses of leaf gas exchange, fluorescence emission, chlorophyll concentration, and morpho-anatomical features to changes in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were studied in three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L. to select sun and shade species for landscaping projects. Artificial shade was obtained with different shading nylon nets, under field conditions, which allowed the reduction of 25, 50, and 75% of global radiation, along with a control treatment under full sunlight. For Passiflora morifolia the highest mean values of light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) and light compensation point (LCP) were observed at 50 and 25% shade, respectively, while the highest values of dark respiration rate (R _D) and apparent quantum yield (α) were observed at 75% shade. For Passiflora suberosa litoralis the highest value of P _max was observed at full sunlight. The highest mean values for P _max, R _D, and LCP for Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata were obtained at 25% shade. The highest values of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) for P. morifolia, P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, and P. suberosa litoralis were 21.09, 16.15, and 12.36 μmol(CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹, observed at 50 and 75% shade and full sunlight, respectively. The values of the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F₀) were significantly different in P. suberosa litoralis and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, increasing with the increase of the irradiance. In contrast, the values of maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) were significantly different only in P. suberosa litoralis, being higher at 75%, progressively reducing with the increase of PPFD levels. The total concentration of chlorophyll (Chl) was higher in shaded plants than in the ones cultivated in full sunlight. On the other hand, the values of Chl a/b ratio were reduced in shaded plants. A significant effect of shade levels on leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) was found for the three species, whose highest mean values were observed at 75% shade. The thickness of foliar tissues was significantly higher for the three species at full sunlight and 25% shade. These results suggested that P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata appeared to be adapted to moderate shade conditions. P. suberosa litoralis presented higher plasticity to greater variation of the irradiance levels, while the photoinhibition was one of the limiting factors for this species at full sunlight.     

Chemical Constituents from the Flowers of Wild Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis

Four new iridoids, 2′‐O‐(E)‐coumaroylshanzhiside ( 1 ), 6′‐O‐(E)‐coumaroylshanzhiside ( 2 ), 8α‐butylgardenoside B ( 3 ), 6α‐methoxygenipin ( 4 ), and one new phenylpropanoid glucoside, 5‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐2‐methoxyphenyl β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 5 ), together with sixteen known compounds, were isolated from the edible flowers of wild Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis . Their chemical structures were characterized by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and CD experiments. The absolute configurations of the new isolates’ sugar moiety were assigned by HPLC analysis of the acid hydrolysates. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of those isolates were preliminarily evaluated by DPPH scavenging experiment. And comparison of ¹H‐NMR spectra for the EtOH extract of G. jasminoides J.Ellis , gardenoside B and geniposide revealed that the flowers of this plant have a considerable content of gardenoside B instead of geniposide in the fruits, indicating different activities and applications in people's daily life.     

Photosynthetic performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycoris radiata</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">radiata</Emphasis> to shade treatments

The effects of shade on the growth, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters of Lycoris radiata var. radiata were determined under differing irradiances (15, 65, and 100% of full irradiance) within pots. The HI plants exhibited a typical decline in net photosynthetic rate (P _N) during midday, which was not observed in MI- and LI plants. This indicated a possible photoinhibition in HI plants as the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F_v/F_m) value was higher and the minimal fluorescence (F₀) was lower in the, and LI plants. Diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) were remarkably similar to those of P _N at each shade treatments, and the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) had the opposite change trend. Under both shading conditions, the light saturation point, light compensation point and photon-saturated photosynthetic rate (P _max) became lower than those under full sunlight, and it was the opposite for the apparent quantum yield (AQY). The higher the level of shade, the lower the integrated daytime carbon gain, stomatal and epidermis cell densities, specific leaf mass (SLM), bulb mass ratio (BMR), leaf thickness, and Chl a/b ratio. In contrast, contents of Chls per dry mass (DM), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf mass ratio (LMR), leaf length, leaf area and total leaf area per plant increased under the same shade levels to promote photon absorption and to compensate for the lower radiant energy. Therefore, when the integrated daytime carbon gain, leaf area and total leaf area per plant, which are the main factors determining the productivity of L. radiata var. radiata plant, were taken into account together, this species may be cultivated at about 60∼70% of ambient irradiance to promote its growth.     

GARDENIA JASMINOIDES: A Traditional Chinese Dye Plant Becomes A Garden Ornamental in Europe

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, a plant native to southern China, was introduced into Britain in the mid‐18th century in its sterile double‐flowered form. It quickly became a horticultural sensation because of its large white jasmine‐like flowers and scent. At first, understanding the taxonomic placement of the species was inhibited by the lack of fertile flowers, but eventually the species was understood to be very different from a true jasmine. Interest in this plant in the mid‐18th century was not confined to its use as an ornamental, but also focused on the potential use of its seeds as the source of a yellow‐scarlet dye.     

The Effects of Shading on the Yield Components of Six 'Leafless' Pea Genotypes

The effect of unshaded, 30 and 80 per cent shade conditionson the growth rate and yield composition of six ‘leafless’pea (afaf: stst) genotypes has been determined. No evidencefor a photoassimilate source limitation was found in the unshadedand 30 per cent shade treatments, but 80 per cent shade significantlyreduced the yield and the rate of d. wt and node productionof all the genotypes. Yield development was followed in each environment by determiningthe number of flowering nodes, the number of flowers producedper node, the pod number per node and the seed number per pod.The theoretical maximum for each of these yield components wasdetermined and compared with the actual level realized by theplant. Approximately 50 per cent of the theoretical potentialof each yield component was realized and this appeared to beindependent of the shade treatment. This stepwise reductionin potential yield throughout the development of the plant wassimilar to that reported for conventional pea plants. Pisum sativumL, ‘leafless’ peas, shading, growth rate, yield'components, source limitation     

Reproductive ecology and the persistence of an endangered plant

Amsinckia grandiflora (large-flowered fiddleneck)is an extremely rare California annual wildflower, known only from threepopulations. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to compare the rareheterostyle with a cryptic self-incompatibility system (A.grandiflora) to a common, self-compatible, homostylous, sympatriccongener (A. tessellata). Inter-species comparisons ofadult plants suggested that in the greenhouse, A.grandiflora balances low floral seed set (seeds per flower) withincreased floral output (flowers/plant) and a greater number of flowers perinflorescence. Seed set from active self-, intra- and inter-morph pollinationswas high in A. grandiflora, indicating that the crypticself-incompatibility system does not prevent seed set in the species. In thefield, A. grandiflora floral output was only slightlygreater than for A. tessellata, and did not fully balance lowerfloral seed set. Amsinckia tessellata average seed weightwas lower than that of A. grandiflora, which, along with the lowernumber of flowers produced, indicated lower maternal investment per nutlet thanfor A. grandiflora. Under conditions of unlimited resources, itappears that A. grandiflora fitness is not intrinsicallylimited when compared to its weedy relative A. tessellata.The differences in nutlet output between A. grandiflora andA. tessellata under field conditions are more likely due todifferential responses to extrinsic factors such as competition and pollinatoravailability.     

Light and Shade Effects on Abscission and C-Photoassimilate Partitioning among Reproductive Structures in Soybean

Field experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to study the effects of low-irradiance supplemental light on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Evans) flower and pod abscission. Cool-white and red fluorescent lights illuminated the lower part of the soybean canopy during daylight hours for 3 weeks late in flowering. At the same time, flowers and young pods on half the plants were shaded with aluminum foil. Flowers were tagged at anthesis and monitored through abscission or pod maturity.

Responses to red and white lights were similar. Supplemental light tended to reduce abscission and increase seed weight per node compared to natural light. Shading flowers and pods increased abscission and reduced seed weight per node. Number of flowers produced per node, individual seed weight, and seeds per pod were not affected by light or shade treatments.

Further studies examined the effects of shading reproductive structures on their capacity to accumulate ¹⁴C-photoassimilates. Individual leaves were pulse labeled with ¹⁴CO₂ 1, 2, and 4 weeks post anthesis. Flowers and pods in the axil of the labeled leaf were covered with aluminum foil 0, 24, 72, and 120 hours before pulsing.

Shading flowers and pods resulted in a 30% reduction in the relative amount of radiolabel accumulated from the source leaf. The reduction in ¹⁴C accumulation due to shading was evident regardless of the length of the shading period and was most pronounced when the shades were applied early in reproductive development. We conclude that light perceived by soybean flowers and young pods has a role in regulating both their abscission and their capacity to accumulate photoassimilates.

     

The Effect of In Vitro Culture Conditions on the Pattern of Photoinhibition during Acclimation of Gardenia Plantlets to Ex Vitro Conditions

We tested the effect of growing conditions during micropropagation on the fast kinetics of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis plantlets during a 4-week acclimation to ex vitro. We studied whether photoautotrophic growing in vitro produced plantlets with less photoinhibition impairment during acclimation. Of the growing conditions stimulating photoautotrophy in vitro, only loose tube caps had a positive effect, whereas low sucrose or sucrose-free content in the medium and high PPFD showed a negative effect. Thus, plantlets cultured with 3 % (m/v) of sucrose were subsequently less photoinhibited throughout acclimation than those cultured with low sucrose (0.5 %) or sucrose-free media. Moreover, at the end of acclimation the former plantlets showed F_v/F_m and F_v/F₀ ratios typical of unstressed ex vitro plants as well as a higher Chl content and ratio of Chls to carotenoids. Plantlets cultured at a photosynthetic photon fluence density (PPFD) of 50 µmol m^–2 s^–1 also showed a better performance at the end of acclimation than those cultured at a higher (110 µmol m^–2 s^–1) PPFD. Thus except in the case of loose-tube closure, gardenia plantlets cultured in vitro under conventional sucrose concentration and PPFD are the least photoinhibited during acclimation. Nevertheless, significant interactions between the in vitro growing factors were observed at the end of acclimation.