Palynological analysis of Cheilanthes Species (Adiantaceae-Pteridophyta) of Northwestern Argentina

The spores of seven Cheilanthes Sw. species that grow in the Northwest Region of Argentina were studied with LM, SEM and TEM.

They were: Cheilanthes margínala H. B. K., C. micropteris Sw., C. myriophylla Desv., C. notholaenoides (Desv.) Weath., C. pilosa Gold., C. poeppigiana Mett. ex Kuhn, and C. pruinata Kaulf.

C. volcanensis de la Sota, mentioned for the region, was not included because all the collected material was sterile or immature.

The equatorial diameter is not useful in distinguishing species because of the interspecific variability of such species as C. micropteris, C. poeppigiana and C. pruinata. In other cases interspecific variation overlaps.

All the species analysed here have one basic pattern of structure: a homogeneous, smooth exospore and a sculptured perispore.

The perispore has two layers: an innermost one, granular, compact and an outermost one, reticulate with or without an outer lamella. The outermost layer constitutes the greatest part of the perispore.

Five sculpture groups were distinguished: rugulose, ridged, cristate, cristate-reticulate and tridimensionally reticulate.

One new type of sculpture is mentioned in Cheilanthes: ridged.     

Soil aggregate and particulate C and N under corn rotations: responses to management and correlations with yield

Background

Soil aggregate and particulate organic matter (POM) C and N provide valuable insight into C cycling and storage, and are sensitive to management, but effect of these pools on corn yield is unknown.

Methods

Corn yield, N uptake, and aggregate and POM C and N at 0–5, 5–25 and 25–50 cm were measured and correlated in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC), strip-till corn/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS), and organically managed corn/soybean/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with green manure (CSW).

Results

The POM differed only at 0–5 cm, where greater POM mass was found in CS than CC and CSW. Lower POM-C and POM-N was found in CSW than CC and CS. Overall, CSW had fewer macroaggregates (>250 μm) and associated C and N than CC and CS, but free silt and clay (<53 μm) and microaggregates (53–250 μm) were enriched in C and N in CSW. Yield and macroaggregate-occluded C and N were negatively correlated. Yield and 5–25 cm free silt and clay C were positively correlated.

Conclusions

While organic matter in aggregate-occluded fractions is beneficial for soil C storage, it was correlated with lower grain yields, highlighting a potential tradeoff between yield and long-term C sequestration.

     

Carbon storage change and δ13C transitions of peat columns in a partially forestry-drained boreal bog

Background and aims

In forestry-drained peatlands, drying leads to changes in C cycling which could affect peat δ¹³C. Furthermore, the δ¹³C profile of the entire peat column may reveal effects of earlier climatic periods.

Methods

We measured peat δ¹³C and C inventories in adjacent peat profiles, two collected from undrained and two from the drained side of a bog that was partially ditch-drained 37 years earlier. The cores were sliced into 10-cm subsamples for analyses; matching of the profiles based on surface levelling, peat stratigraphic correlation and a horizontal ash layer found in both profiles.

Results

Surface subsidence of 30 cm was observed in the dried site and the uppermost 160 cm in the undrained site contained an excess of 5.9 kg m⁻² of C compared with the corresponding strata of the ditch-drained site. The δ¹³C values increased but markedly only in the thin surface layer of the drained site, indicating low δ¹³C of the missing C (ca. –30‰). In the deeper strata, dating to Mid-Holocene, high dry bulk density, C%, N%, humification index and low C/N ratio were connected to low δ¹³C of peat.

Conclusions

Drainage of 37 years increased δ¹³C values in the upper peat profile of the drained bog and led to the selective loss of ¹³C depleted C. Results indicate that C balance studies can be aided by C isotope analyses. Low δ¹³C values in the peat profile indicate the existence of a wet fen stage during the moist and warm period during Mid-Holocene.

     

Vorinostat,a possible alternative to metronidazole for the treatment of amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica

Abbreviations SAHA suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid

EhHDAC Histone Deacetylase from Entamoeba histolytica

Rg Radius of gyration

RMSD root-mean-square deviation

RMSF root-mean-square fluctuation

MDS molecular dynamics simulation

VMD Visual Molecular Dynamics

NAMD Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics

PBC periodic boundary conditions

PME Particle Mesh Ewald

3D three-dimensional

Cα alpha carbon

FDA Food and Drug Administration

ns nanoseconds

GPU CUDA Graphics Processing Unit Compute Unified Device Architecture

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

Investigation of the Physiological,Biochemical and Antifungal Susceptibility Properties of Candida auris

Background

Candida auris is an emerging pathogen associated with outbreaks in clinical settings. Isolates of the pathogen have been geographically clustered into four clades with high intra-clade clonality. Pathogenicity varies among the clades, highlighting the importance of understanding these differences.

Objectives

To examine the physiological and biochemical properties of each clade of C. auris to improve our understanding of the fungus.

Methods

Optimal growth temperatures of four strains from three clades, East Asia, South Asia and South Africa, were explored. Moreover, assimilation and antifungal susceptibility properties of 22 C. auris strains from the three clades were studied.

Results

The optimal growth temperatures of all strains were 35–37 °C. Assimilation testing demonstrated that the commercial API ID 32 C system can be used to reliably identify C. auris based on the biochemical properties of the yeast. Notably, C. auris can be uniquely differentiated from commonly clinical fungi by its ability to assimilate raffinose and inability to utilize D-xylose, suggesting a useful simple screening tool. The antifungal susceptibility results revealed that all strains are resistant against fluconazole (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 4 to?>?64 µg/mL) and miconazole (MIC 8 to?>?16 µg/mL), with strains from the Japanese lineage showing relatively lower MIC values (1–4 µg/mL). Conversely, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, micafungin and caspofungin were active against most of the tested strains. On the clade level, East Asian strains generally showed lower MICs against azoles comparing to the other clades, while they displayed MICs against flucytosine higher than those of strains from South Africa and South Asia clades.

Conclusion

Our data suggest a simple identification approach of C. auris based on its physiological and biochemical properties and highlight aspects of C. auris population from various clades.

     

Dependence of Basipetal Polar Transport of Auxin upon Aerobic Metabolism

The movement of IAA-¹⁴C through coleoptile segments of Avena and Zea has been investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results are as follows: Zea. Using a 5-mm segment and a 2-hour transport period anaerobic conditions reduced the total uptake of ¹⁴C from an apical donor by 74% and the proportion of the total found in the receiving block by at least 45%. Anaerobic conditions reduced total uptake from a basal donor by 58% but no ¹⁴C reached the apical receiving block in either air or N₂. Uptake from apical and basal donor blocks in N₂ is closely similar.

The presence of ¹⁴C in the basal receiving blocks, and its absence in the apical receiving blocks, in N₂ suggests that even in anaerobic conditions movement of IAA is polarized basipetally, although the movement occurs at only a fraction of the rate found in air.

Anaerobic conditions induced a similar reduction in basipetal movement of IAA in upper and lower 5-mm segments taken from the apical 10 mm of a Zea coleoptile.

Using 10-mm Zea segments no ¹⁴C was recovered in the receiving blocks at the basal end of the segment after 2 and 4 hours in N₂ whereas large amounts were recovered in air.

Avena: Using 5-mm segments and a 2-hour transport period the total uptake of ¹⁴C from an apical donor is reduced by 83%. Movement of ¹⁴C into the basal donor is totally inhibited in N₂. Total uptake of ¹⁴C from a basal donor is reduced by 61% in nitrogen and no ¹⁴C reached the apical receiving blocks regardless of the atmospheric conditions.

A time course for the movement of ¹⁴C into the basal and apical receiving blocks through 5-mm segments showed that in air the amount in the basal receivers increased for 4 hours and then remained approximately uniform. In N₂ no significant ¹⁴C reached the receivers until 6 to 8 hours after the application of donors but even then the amounts were about 12 to 14% of that in aerobic receivers. Movement of ¹⁴C into apical receivers was similar in air and in nitrogen and even after 6 to 8 hours the amount of radioactivity barely reached significant levels.

     

Comparative experiments on temperature responses of bryophytes: assimilation,respiration and freezing damage

Abstract

(1) Temperature-net assimilation and temperature-respiration curves based on manometric measurements at high carbon dioxide concentrations are presented for twenty-three mosses and five hepatics.

(2) In most of the species, the optimum temperature for net assimilation under the experimental conditions was about 25°–30°C and the temperature compensation point about 35°–40°C.

(3) Substantially lower optima and maxima were found in Orthothecium rufescens, Plagiopus oederi, Acrocladium trifarium, Fontinalis squamosa, Nardia compressa and Hookeria lucens.

(4) Several northern and montane species (e.g. Anthelia julacea, Andreaea nivalis, Rhacomitrium lanuginosum) did not differ substantially from the majority of lowland species in the response of net assimilation to temperature. Some substantial differences were found between species of differing habitats.

(5) Most of the mosses and leafy liverworts tested withstood rapid cooling to ?5°C for 6 hr. They are evidently protected from intracellular freezing at normal rates of cooling by the withdrawal of water to form extracellular ice.

(6) Conocephalum conicum, Targionia hypophylla and Pellia epiphylla were killed by rapid cooling to ?5°C.

(7) Plagiochila spinulosa and Myurium hebridarumwithstood periods of 1–2 weeks at ?5°C. Survival of bryophytes for long periods of low temperatures appears to be principally a matter of desiccation resistance.     

The Incorporation of Leucine-U-14C into Ipomeamarone

1. It was demonstrated by silica gel thin layer chromatography that leucine-U-¹⁴C was incorporated into furanoterpenes, e. g. ipomeamarone, in sweet potato root tissue infected by Ceratocystis fimbriata.

2. Further proof for ipomeamarone synthesis from leucine-U-¹⁴C was obtained by the constancy of the specific radioactivity of ipomeamarone semicarbazone through repetitive crystallization.

3. The synthetic pathway of ipomeamarone from leucine was found to be connected with the synthetic pathway from acetate at least at some steps.

4. Leucine-U-¹⁴C was incorporated into both saponifiable and non-saponifiable materials in the same way as acetate-2-¹⁴C.     

Spatial patterns in soil organic matter dynamics are shaped by mycorrhizosphere interactions in a treeline forest

Aims

In the Swedish sub-Arctic, mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests mediate rapid soil C cycling relative to adjacent tundra heaths, but little is known about the role of individual trees within forests. Here we investigate the spatial extent over which trees influence soil processes.

Methods

We measured respiration, soil C stocks, root and mycorrhizal productivity and fungi:bacteria ratios at fine spatial scales along 3 m transects extending radially from mountain birch trees in a sub-Arctic ecotone forest. Root and mycorrhizal productivity was quantified using in-growth techniques and fungi:bacteria ratios were determined by qPCR.

Results

Neither respiration, nor root and mycorrhizal production, varied along transects. Fungi:bacteria ratios, soil organic C stocks and standing litter declined with increasing distance from trees.

Conclusions

As 3 m is half the average size of forest gaps, these findings suggest that forest soil environments are efficiently explored by roots and associated mycorrhizal networks of B. pubescens. Individual trees exert influence substantially away from their base, creating more uniform distributions of root, mycorrhizal and bacterial activity than expected. However, overall rates of soil C accumulation do vary with distance from trees, with potential implications for spatio-temporal soil organic matter dynamics and net ecosystem C sequestration.

     

The Aerogenic Response of Escherichia coli and Strains of Aerobacter in EC Broth and Selected Sugar Broths at Elevated Temperatures

Gas formation by 116 strains of Escherichia coli and 104 strains of Aerobacter was determined in a specially constructed and accurately controlled water bath employing EC, lactose, maltose, sucrose, glucose, levulose, and galactose broths at temperatures ranging from 44.5 to 46.5 C.

Greatest gas activity occurred in EC broth. In the range 44.9 to 45.5 C over 92% of the E. coli cultures formed gas, but the Aerobacter strains dropped from 68 to 2%. A natural point of separation of the two groups occurred at 45.5 C.

Inhibition of the gas-forming mechanism rather than death is the universal response of the Escherichia organisms to these temperatures. The inhibition increases with rising temperatures and is readily reversible. At 46.5 C, 64.5% of all the Escherichia cultures were inhibited and 69.1% of all the cultures were actually viable.

In EC broth it was found that as a group atypical E. coli (-+--) were the most resistant gas-positive types. Least resistant in EC broth was a group of known typical fecal isolates of E. coli (++--). Of intermediate resistance between the two groups was the large body of typical E. coli (++--) organisms.

Certain individual strains of E. coli excelled in the production of gas in the variety of sugar broths tested at elevated temperatures. The Aerobacter strains did not exhibit this property.

Finally it is suggested that elevated temperature incubation studies of this type be conducted in critically controlled water baths with an ascertained accuracy in the vicinity of 45.5 ± 0.1 C under full load.

     

Development of functionalised polyelectrolyte capsules using filamentous Escherichia coli cells

Background

Chloronitrophenols (CNPs) are widely used in the synthesis of dyes, drugs and pesticides, and constitute a major group of environmental pollutants. 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP) is an isomer of CNPs that has been detected in various industrial effluents. A number of physicochemical methods have been used for treatment of wastewater containing 4C2NP. These methods are not as effective as microbial degradation, however.

Results

A 4C2NP-degrading bacterium, Exiguobacterium sp. PMA, which uses 4C2NP as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from a chemically-contaminated site in India. Exiguobacterium sp. PMA degraded 4C2NP with the release of stoichiometeric amounts of chloride and ammonium ions. The effects of different substrate concentrations and various inoculum sizes on degradation of 4C2NP were investigated. Exiguobacterium sp. PMA degraded 4C2NP up to a concentration of 0.6 mM. High performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified 4-chloro-2-aminophenol (4C2AP) and 2-aminophenol (2AP) as possible metabolites of the 4C2NP degradation pathway. The crude extract of 4C2NP-induced PMA cells contained enzymatic activity for 4C2NP reductase and 4C2AP dehalogenase, suggesting the involvement of these enzymes in the degradation of 4C2NP. Microcosm studies using sterile and non-sterile soils spiked with 4C2NP were carried out to monitor the bioremediation potential of Exiguobacterium sp. PMA. The bioremediation of 4C2NP by Exiguobacterium sp. PMA was faster in non-sterilized soil than sterilized soil.

Conclusions

Our studies indicate that Exiguobacterium sp. PMA may be useful for the bioremediation of 4C2NP-contaminated sites. This is the first report of (i) the formation of 2AP in the 4C2NP degradation pathway by any bacterium and (iii) the bioremediation of 4C2NP by any bacterium.

     

Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Reducing Candida albicans Adhesion on Dentine

Background

Candida albicans is the most frequent pathogenic fungus in oral cavities. It adheres to dental tissues as part of dental plaques and contributes to caries formation.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on reducing C. albicans adhesion on dentine surfaces.

Methods

Flat dentine surfaces were prepared from bovine dental disks, and samples were divided into three groups. The first and second groups were pretreated for 3 min with 299 mM or 2.99 M SDF, respectively, and the third group (control) did not undergo any SDF pretreatment. All samples were washed, inoculated with C. albicans suspension onto their dentine surface, incubated at 30 °C for 6 h, and washed again to remove any nonadherent cells. The abundance of adherent cells was investigated using colorimetric and real-time polymerase chain reaction approaches. Subsequently, the morphological changes in C. albicans by pretreatment with SDF were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Results

SDF inhibited candidal growth at concentrations as low as 2.99 µM. Dentine disks pretreated with 299 mM or 2.99 M SDF displayed significantly fewer adhered cells as compared with the control group. Upon pretreatment with SDF, SEM images showed severe morphological changes in the cellular walls, in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a fungicidal effect of SDF against the yeast.

Conclusion

SDF should be considered for clinical applications aimed at inhibiting dental plaque caused by C. albicans, particularly in children and elderly individuals.

     

Case–Case Comparison of Candida auris Versus Other Candida Species Bloodstream Infections: Results of an Outbreak Investigation in Colombia

Background

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast that causes outbreaks in healthcare settings around the world. In 2016, clinicians and public health officials identified patients with C. auris bloodstream infections (BSI) in Colombian healthcare facilities. To evaluate potential risk factors and outcomes for these infections, we investigated epidemiologic and clinical features of patients with C. auris and other Candida species BSI.

Methods

We performed a retrospective case-case investigation in four Colombian acute care hospitals, defining a case as Candida spp. isolated from blood culture during January 2015–September 2016. C. auris BSI cases were compared to other Candida species BSI cases. Odds ratio (OR), estimated using logistic regression, was used to assess the association between risk factors and outcomes.

Results

We analyzed 90 patients with BSI, including 40 with C. auris and 50 with other Candida species. All had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). No significant demographic differences existed between the two groups. The following variables were independently associated with C. auris BSI:?≥?15 days of pre-infection ICU stay (OR: 5.62, CI: 2.04–15.5), evidence of severe sepsis (OR: 3.70, CI 1.19–11.48), and diabetes mellitus (OR 5.69, CI 1.01–31.9).

Conclusion

Patients with C. auris BSI had longer lengths of ICU stay than those with other candidemias, suggesting that infections are acquired during hospitalization. This is different from other Candida infections, which are usually thought to result from autoinfection with host flora.

     

Production of Extracellular and Total Invertase by Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Other Yeasts

Some strains of Candida utilis produce exceptionally large amounts of extracellular and total invertase. Strain Y-900 of C. utilis produces high yields whether the carbon source is sucrose, glucose, maltose, or xylose and still higher yields with lactic acid, glycerol, and ethyl alcohol. Approximately 20 to 30% of the total invertase of C. utilis is extracellular.

Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis are generally inferior to C. utilis in production of extracellular and total invertase, the difference being accentuated in shaken cultures.

The industrial yeasts are generally superior in invertase production to the other yeasts included in the survey.

     

Immunoproteomic analysis of Clostridium botulinum type B secretome for identification of immunogenic proteins against botulism

Objectives

To identify immunogenic proteins of C. botulinum type B secretome by immunoproteomic analysis.

Results

In the present study, an attempt was made to elucidate the vaccine candidates/diagnostic molecules against botulism using immuno proteomic approach. C. botulinum type B secretome was elucidated when it was grown in TPGY as well as CMM media. Predominant 51 proteins were identified in both the media using 2-DE and mass spectrometry analysis. 2D gels (CMM & TPGY) were probed with respected proteins mice antiserum and obtained 17 and 10 immunogenic proteins in TPGY as well as CMM media respectively. Hypothetical protein CLOSPO_00563, ornithine carbamoyl transferase, FlaA, molecular chaperone GroEL and secreted protease proteins were found as the common immuno dominant proteins in both media. Polyclonal Antibodies raised against C. botulinum types A and E showed cross-reactivity with secretome C. botulinum type B at the lowest dilution (1:1000) but did not show cross reactivity with highest dilution (1:30,000) with C. botulinum type B secretome. Polyclonal antibodies against C. botulinum type F secretome did not show cross reactivity with C. botulinum type B secretome.

Conclusions

Identified immunogenic proteins can be used as vaccine candidates and diagnostic markers for the infant and wound botulism but common immunogenic proteins may be the best vaccine candidate molecule for development of vaccine as well as diagnostic system against the infant and wound botulism.

     

La distribuzione dell'acido l-ascorbico nelle foglie di piante officinali italiane. Aspetti quantitativi e tassonomici

Abstract

Distribution of l-ascorbic acid in leaves of Italian officinal plants. Quantitative and taxonomic aspects.—Fresh samples of 119 Italian officinal plants belonging to 41 families of Angiosperme were assayed for l-ascorbic acid content.

Estimation of data as reported by Seybold and Mehner indicates that relatively high contents are generally found among the Rosaceae, while low amounts are usual within Asteraceae. However, species with leaves rich in l-ascorbic acid may be found at widely different places of the taxonomic system.

Since the vitamin C is widespread in the plant kingdom it has been recommended the indication of the exact amount of vitamin C when a plant is reported as antiscorbutic.

Finally the knowledge of families whose species more frequently show large amounts of vitamin C may facilitate researches of edible wild plants with high content of vitamin C.     

Shrub expansion in the Arctic may induce large‐scale carbon losses due to changes in plant‐soil interactions

Background

Tall deciduous shrubs are increasing in range, size and cover across much of the Arctic, a process commonly assumed to increase carbon (C) storage. Major advances in remote sensing have increased our ability to monitor changes aboveground, improving quantification and understanding of arctic greening. However, the vast majority of C in the Arctic is stored in soils, where changes are more uncertain.

Scope

We present pilot data to argue that shrub expansion will cause changes in rhizosphere processes, including the development of new mycorrhizal associations that have the potential to promote soil C losses that substantially exceed C gains in plant biomass. However, current observations are limited in their spatial extent, and mechanistic understanding is still developing. Extending measurements across different regions and tundra types would greatly increase our ability to predict the biogeochemical consequences of arctic vegetation change, and we present a simple method that would allow such data to be collected.

Conclusions

Shrub expansion in the Arctic could promote substantial soil C losses that are unlikely to be offset by increases in plant biomass. However, confidence in this prediction is limited by a lack of information on how soil C stocks vary between contrasting Arctic vegetation communities; this needs to be addressed urgently.

     

The pathogenicity,structural and functional exploration of human HMGB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms using in silico study

Abstract

The human HMGB1 gene mutations have a major impact on several immune-related diseases and cancer. The detrimental effect of non-synonymous mutations of HMGB1 has not been investigated yet, hence the present study aims to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms and their implications on the structure-function of human HMGB1. The multifaceted HMGB1 protein acts as pleiotropic cytokine and regulates essential genes for coordinated cellular functions. The mutational effect on HMGB1 was analyzed by sequence-based homology methods, supervised learning methods, and structure-based methods. The study identified 58 non-synonymous mutations in human HMGB1, out of which only 2 mutations; R10T (rs61742222) and F103C (rs61733675) were classified as the SNPs with highest deleterious and disease-causing mutants. The effect of these mutations in structure of HMGB1 was scrutinized and the R10T mutant found to have a distinct structural behaviour in the B-box domain. In addition, R10T mutant predicted that it affects the MoRF function of HMGB1 and it could disrupt the DNA binding or/and protein partner interaction activity by HMGB1. F103C mutation takes place at the TLR binding and cytokine inducing region of HMGB1, hence it could affect the protein binding activity which involves in many cellular signaling. The study identified potent mutations R10T (a cancer-causing somatic mutation) and F103C (a novel mutation) and these mutations either directly or indirectly hinder DNA binding activity and TLR and cytokine binding of HMGB1. These findings will help in understanding the molecular basis of these promising mutations and functional role of human HMGB1 in cancer and immunological diseases.

Abbreviations AGER Advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor

CXCL Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand

dbSNP The single nucleotide polymorphism database

HMGB1 High mobility group box 1

LINCS LINear Constraint Solver

MDS Molecular dynamics simulation

MoRF Molecular recognition features

NPT Number of particle, Pressure and Temperature

NVT Number of particle, Volume and Temperature

nsSNP Non-synonymous SNP

PBC Partial boundary condition

PCA Principal component analysis

PME Partial mesh Ewald

RMSD Root mean square deviation

RMSF Root mean square fluctuation

SNP Single nucleotide polymorphism

SPC Single-point charge

TLR Toll-like receptor

UTR Un-translated Region

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

Solubilities Studies of Basic Amino Acids

The solbilities of l-basic amino acids in the type of free, monohydro-chloride and dihydrochloride in water were determined, and the results were formulated as follows.

l-Arginine: log S = 0.9770+0.01345t (t is from 0°~70°C)

l-Histidine: log S = 0.3627+0.00905t (t is from 0°~70°C)

l-Arginine monohydrochloride: log S = 1.6532+0.01301t (t is from 0°~70°C)

l-Lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate: log S = 1.6990+0.01294t (t is from 0°~55°C)

l-Lysine monohydrochloride monohydrate: log S = 1.7404+0.01256t (t is from 55°~70°C)

l-Lysine dihydrochloride: log S = 2.2138+0.00409t (t is from 0°~70°C)

l-Histidine dihydrochloride: log S = 1.9085+0.00265t (t is from 0°~70°C)

Three component systems (basic amino acid, hydrochloric acid, water) were studied and the solubilities in mixed solution system of alcohol-water were also investigated.