甲状旁腺素增强成骨样细胞ROS 17/2.8中酪氨酸蛋白磷酸化的研究

为了研究甲状旁腺素（ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ,ＰＴＨ）促成骨样细胞ＲＯＳ１７／２．８增殖分化的信号传递的机理,观察了ＰＴＨ对细胞内酪氨酸蛋白激酶（ｔｙｒｏｓｉｎｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅｓ,ＴＰＫ）活性及酪氨酸蛋白磷酸化水平的影响,并检测了ＰＴＨ对ｃ－ｒａｓｍＲＮＡ表达的诱导作用．结果表明,ＰＴＨ可增强细胞内ＴＰＫ活性,提高细胞内酪氨酸蛋白磷酸化水平,以及促进ｃ－ｒａｓｍＲＮＡ的持续表达．这些结果提示,ＰＴＨ促增殖的细胞内信息传递通路与酪氨酸蛋白激酶－ｒａｓ－ＭＡＰＫｉｎａｓｅ通路密切相关,而ＰＫＡ／ＰＫＣ通路的最终效应可能是通过与上述通路的ｃｒｏｓｓｔａｌｋ实现的     

蛋白磷酸酶在离子通道调控中的作用

蛋白质可逆磷酸化是调节细胞生理功能的主要机制之一。任何状态下的蛋白质磷酸化水平实际上反映了催化该过程的蛋白激酶（ＰＫ）和蛋白磷酸酶（ＰＰａｓｅ）相对活性之间的平衡。尽管ＰＫ激活的信号传导途径及它们调控离子能道的机制比较清楚,但ＰＰａｓｅ的作用却长期被忽视。近年来,随着特异ＰＰａｓｅ抑制剂的发掘和利用,ＰＰａｓｅ在膜通道调控中的重要性逐渐被认识并引起人们重视。研究通道电流和ＰＰａｓｅ的关系不仅可阐明     

MKP—1在血管紧张素Ⅱ导致心肌肥大反应中的调控作用

本研究主要从丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶－１（ＭＫＰ－１）角度,研究丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）信号途径在血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的新生大鼠心肌细胞肥大反应中的作用及调控机制。实验以心肌细胞蛋白合成速率、蛋白含量及细胞表面积作为心肌肥大反应的指标,以凝胶内ＭＢＰ原位磷酸化测定ＭＡＰＫ活性,以免疫印迹法（Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｏｌｔｔｉｎｇ）分别测定ＭＫＰ－１及磷酸化ｐ４４ＭＡＰＫ、ｐ４２ＭＡＰＫ蛋白表达。结果发     

Gi耦联受体激活丝裂素活化蛋白激酶

Ｇｉ耦联受体激活丝裂素活化蛋白激酶丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ｍｉｔｏｇｅｎ－ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＭＡＰＫ）是细胞外不同信息分子引起细胞增殖、分化和肥大等生物效应的共同信息传递通路。目前对生长因子和细胞因子等物质激活ＭＡＰＫ的细胞内...     

JNK／SAPK信号传递途径与细胞应激反应

ｃ－ＪｕｎＮＨ２－末端激酶（ＪＮＫ）又称为应激活化蛋白激酶（ＳＡＰＫ）,是有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）家族成员之一。大量研究证实,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径在细胞应激反应中起重要作用。ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径的激活促进细胞凋亡发生,其机制与诱导ＦａｓＬ表达、调控凋亡相关基因差异表达和改变细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋环境与激活ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ家族在关。在某些情况下,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径的激活     

蛋白激酶与阿尔采末病

阿尔采末病（Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ‘ｓ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＡＤ）的典型病症之一是学习和记忆功能障碍。老年斑,淀粉样蛋白沉积及神经原纤维缠结（ＮＦＴ）是其大脑主要的病理学特征。动物在学习和记忆行为实验时记忆的获得与保持以及海马长时程增强效应（ＬＴＰ）的诱生均与蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）的活性呈明显的正相关,蛋白激酶可能通过信号转导途径调节β－淀粉样蛋白的前体蛋白剪切代城Ａβ,ｔａｕ蛋白的磷酸化是ＮＦＴ形成的主要     

PKC刺激与抑制对HeLa细胞G_1/S期进程的影响

蛋白激酶Ｃ（ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅＣ,ＰＫＣ）是一类分布广泛的丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在真核细胞的跨膜信号传递中发挥重要的作用［１］．而细胞周期进程是一个复杂的调控过程,受控于多种磷酸酶与磷酸激酶作用下的中心调控体系［２］．大量报道表明ＰＫＣ信号...     

A mechanism underlying stimulation and inhibition of protein kinase C by lyso-PC: A role of membrane physical state

ＰｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅＣｉｓａｃｒｕｃｉａｌｅｎｚｙｍｅｆａｍｉｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆｓｉｇｎａｌｔｒａｎｓｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｄｉｖｅｒｓｅｃｅｌｌａｃｔｉｏｎｓ[1].ＴｈｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌＰＫＣ(ｃＰＫＣ),ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｓｕｂｇｒｏｕｐｓ,ｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｃａｌｃｉｕｍａｎｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｓｅｒｉｎｅ,ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｉｓｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄｂｙｄｉａｃｙｌｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌｓ,ｕｎｓａｔｕｒ…     

蛋白激酶C的激活转位和它介导的信号通路

蛋白激酶Ｃ是一系列丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,已发现了至少十二种同功酶。在静止细胞中,它主要以非活化形式存在于胞浆中,由受体－Ｇ蛋白耦联的ＰＬＣβ激活便裂细胞膜上的磷脂而释放ＤＡＧ;与ＰＫＣ的结合引起了ＰＫＣ的别构激活;而通过其它信号途径激活的ＰＬＤ水解胞膜的磷脂酰胆碱（ＰＣ）产生的磷脂酸经磷脂酸酯酶产生的ＤＡＧ可能是ＰＫＣ持续激活的必要条件。在体外实验中,ＰＫＣ的持续激活是一些细胞分化所必须的。蛋白激酶Ｃ的激活首先引起了它转位到膜,有时转位到核,并在转位后继续保持磷酸化活性,同时对它的下游底物进行磷酸化导致它们的活化。ＰＫＣ可活化ＲａｆＳｅｒ／Ｔｈｒ蛋白激酶及ＮＦ－ｋＢ,介导细胞对外界的反应,包括对核基因表达的调节,引起细胞生长或分化等。由于Ｒａｆ可与活化的Ｒａｓ—ＧＴＰ结合从而定位到胞膜,说明蛋白激酶Ｃ与Ｒａｓ介导的Ｒａｆ－１／ＭＥＫ／ＭＡＰＫ信号通路间存在着“对话”。     

植物蛋白激酶C初探

植物蛋白激酶Ｃ初探陈星,肖尊安,张崇浩（北京师范大学生物系,北京１００８７５）关键词：绿豆黄化幼苗,猕猴桃子叶愈伤组织,蛋白激酶Ｃ蛋白激酶Ｃ（ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅＣ,ＰＫＣ）是一种哺乳动物中普遍存在的蛋白激酶,在肌醇磷脂双信使信号系统中,它占有...     

Selenium: potent stimulator of tyrosyl phosphorylation and activator of MAP kinase

Selenium, an essential biological trace element, is an integral component of several enzymes, and its use as a nutritional supplement has been popularized recently due to its potential role in low concentrations as an antioxidant and in higher concentrations as an anticancer agent. Selenium has also been reported to act as an insulin-mimetic agent with regard to normalization of blood glucose levels and regulation of some insulin-mediated metabolic processes. Little work, however, has been done concerning the pathway(s) by which this insulin-mimetic action occurs. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which selenate exhibits insulin-mimetic properties in two different insulin responsive cell types, primary rat hepatocytes and 3T3 L1 adipocytes. We found that two proteins associated with the insulin signal cascade, the β-subunit of the insulin receptor and IRS-1, increased in tyrosyl phosphorylation in the presence of selenium. The third identified selenium activated signal protein, MAP kinase, has been implicated not only in the insulin signal transduction pathway but also in other growth factor-mediated responses. Using an in-gel activity assay for MAP kinase, we demonstrated that both the p42 and p44 MAP kinases are activated when either hepatocytes or adipocytes are incubated in the presence of selenate. In addition to the activation of these specific proteins, we found that selenium also eventually profoundly affected overall tyrosyl phosphorylation. Our results therefore show that selenium not only increased the phosphorylation of proteins identified in the insulin signal cascade but also affected the overall phosphorylation state of the cell.     

Role of protein phosphorylation in neuronal signal transduction

Protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes in the nervous system. Studies in which purified protein kinases or kinase inhibitors have been microinjected into defined cells while a specific response is monitored have demonstrated that protein phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient to mediate responses of excitable cells to extracellular signals. The precise molecular mechanisms involved in neuronal signal transduction processes can be further elucidated by identification and characterization of the substrate proteins for the various protein kinases. The roles of three such substrate proteins in signal transduction are described in this article: 1) synapsin I, whose phosphorylation increases neurotransmitter release and thereby modulates synaptic transmission presynaptically; 2) the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, whose phosphorylation increases its rate of desensitization and thereby modulates synaptic transmission postsynaptically; and 3) DARPP-32, whose phosphorylation converts it to a protein phosphatase inhibitor and which thereby may mediate interactions between dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems. The characterization of the large number of additional phosphoproteins that have been found in the nervous system should elucidate many additional molecular mechanisms involved in signal transduction in neurons.     

Nuclear extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 translocation is mediated by casein kinase 2 and accelerated by autophosphorylation

The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] family. Upon stimulation, these kinases translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they induce physiological processes such as proliferation and differentiation. The mechanism of translocation of this kinase involves phosphorylation of two Ser residues within a nuclear translocation signal (NTS), which allows binding to importin7 and a subsequent penetration via nuclear pores. Here we show that the phosphorylation of both Ser residues is mediated mainly by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and that active ERK may assist in the phosphorylation of the N-terminal Ser. We also demonstrate that the phosphorylation is dependent on the release of ERK from cytoplasmic anchoring proteins. Crystal structure of the phosphomimetic ERK revealed that the NTS phosphorylation creates an acidic patch in ERK. Our model is that in resting cells ERK is bound to cytoplasmic anchors, which prevent its NTS phosphorylation. Upon stimulation, phosphorylation of the ERK TEY domain releases ERK and allows phosphorylation of its NTS by CK2 and active ERK to generate a negatively charged patch in ERK, binding to importin 7 and nuclear translocation. These results provide an important role of CK2 in regulating nuclear ERK activities.     

The binding of actin to p38 MAPK and inhibiting its kinase activity in vitro

Ineukaryocyte,themitogen-activatedproteinkinases(MAPKs)playcriticalrolesinmanysignaltransductionprocesses[1].p38signalpathwayisanimportantbranchoftheMAPKs[2].Oneoftheprimaryfunctionsofp38medicatestheinflammatorysignalbyphosphorylatingATF[3].Itisknownthatinhibitingthep38activitycanblockthesignaltransductionofinflammationandsub-sequentlyalleviateinflammatoryresponse[4].Inrecentyears,severalresearchgroupshavetriedtousesomespecificinhibitorsofp38forclinictrial[5—7].IthasbeendemonstratedthatP…     

促分裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号传导通路的研究进展

MAPK信号传导通路在真核生物细胞的生化和分化、细胞周期调节和细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要的作用。生物化学研究和分子生物学鉴定表明：在酵母和哺乳动物细胞中MAPK信号传导通路都有一个保守的三组分激活模件,该模件内的激酶引发了一系列的磷酸化级联反应。了解MAPK信号传导通路的组成部分、调控方式和作用机制,有助于对因信号传导通路的调节失控而引起的疾病进行预防和治疗。     

Interconversions between the 3Fe and 4Fe forms of the iron-sulfur clusters in the ferredoxin from Thermodesulfobacterium commune: EPR characterization and potentiometric titration

The amount of 3Fe clusters in Thermodesulfobacterium commune ferredoxin is strongly dependent upon the presence of oxygen during the purification. An average of one 3Fe cluster per monomer can be found when the purification is not strictly anaerobic. These clusters are converted into |4Fe-4S| clusters by adding dithionite at usual pH and without adjunction of Fe²⁺. The EPR potentiometric titration reveals the existence of several types of 3Fe clusters with negative midpoint potentials differing by more than 100 mV. When the |4Fe-4S| clusters are partially reduced the EPR signal is composed of two different rhombic components. The component with g_z = 2.04 could be related to a site implicated in the interconversion processes. In the fully reduced state, the spectrum presents the typical features of two interacting |4Fe-4S| clusters as those observed in two |4Fe-4S| bacterial ferredoxins. From the redox titration curves the midpoint potentials of these clusters are estimated at −395 and −435 mV.     

Auxin-regulated changes in protein phosphorylation in pea epicotyls

Auxins regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. However, the mechanism by which these hormones elicit diverse physiological processes is not clear. We present evidence for the role of auxin in protein phosphorylation and the possible involvement of calmodulin in auxin-induced changes. In the presence of auxin, phosphorylation of 23,000, 82,000, 105,000 and 110,000 molecular weight polypeptides markedly decreased whereas phosphorylation of 19,000, 24,000 and 28,000 molecular weight polypeptides increased. These results open up a new experimental approach in understanding the molecular mechanism by which auxins regulate various physiological processes in plants.     

mSIN1 protein mediates SGK1 protein interaction with mTORC2 protein complex and is required for selective activation of the epithelial sodium channel

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including growth, metabolism, and ion transport. mTOR is found in two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which phosphorylate distinct substrates and regulate distinct cellular processes. SGK1 is an mTORC2 substrate, which is a key regulator of epithelial Na(+) transport mediated by the epithelial sodium channel. Although it is known that SGK1 physically interacts with mTORC2, it is unknown which mTORC2 component mediates this interaction or whether this interaction plays a physiologically relevant role in specific activation of SGK1. Here we identify mSIN1 as the mTORC2 component that mediates interaction with SGK1 and demonstrate that this interaction is required for SGK1 phosphorylation and epithelial sodium channel activation. We used the yeast two-hybrid system coupled with random mutagenesis to identify a mutant mSIN1 (mSIN1/Q68H), which does not interact with SGK1. Expression of this mutant does not restore SGK1 phosphorylation to wild-type levels in mSIN1-deficient murine embryo fibroblasts. Furthermore, in kidney epithelial cells, mSIN1/Q68H has a dominant-negative effect on SGK1 phosphorylation and on SGK1-dependent Na(+) transport. Interestingly, this interaction appears to be specific in that another mTORC2 substrate, Akt, does not interact with mSIN1, and its phosphorylation and activity are unaffected by the Q68H mutation. These data support the conclusion that mTORC2 uses distinct strategies to phosphorylate different substrates and suggest a mechanism for mTORC2 specificity in the regulation of diverse cellular processes.