Research advance in sex pheromone of Hemiptera

本文主要从半翅目昆虫性信息素的提取鉴定方法、分泌部位、性信息素成分、在防治中的应用以及存在的问题等几个方面综述了半翅目昆虫性信息素的研究进展.     

雄性昆虫性信息素的研究进展

全面概述雄性昆虫性信息素的研究进展。主要从性信息素的释放机制及其作用、已发现的雄性昆虫性信息素及其化学结构进行阐述。通过不同部位释放的雄性昆虫性信息素种类是多样的,但其化学结构的差异又是细微的,雄性昆虫则利用这些差异来引诱雌性昆虫、促进交配和生殖隔离等。最后对雄性昆虫性信息素的研究作了展望。     

蛾类昆虫混合型性信息素研究进展

蛾类昆虫的种群繁衍离不开复杂的性信息素通讯系统,对蛾类性信息素化学结构的研究可以应用于害虫的种群监测和绿色防控。蛾类昆虫性信息素的多样性体现在组分的化学结构及不同组成,而性信息素组分根据化学结构又可以分为0型、Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型。一般而言,一种昆虫的性信息素组分只属于其中的一种类型。然而,近年来的研究显示越来越多的昆虫的性信息素组分属于混合型。因此,本文围绕使用混合型性信息素的昆虫,主要从性信息素的组成、分布、鉴定方法及行为功能等方面展开叙述,为深入认识蛾类昆虫丰富的性信息素通讯系统提供参考。     

植物源挥发物对昆虫信息素的增效作用及其增效机制

植物源挥发物和昆虫信息素是昆虫的重要信息物质,二者协同作用以调节昆虫的行为.通过增加触角电位、信息素接收神经元动作电位和脉冲频率,特异性植物源挥发物能显著增强昆虫性信息素和聚集信息素的引诱力.这种对昆虫信息素的增效作用受昆虫体内的章鱼胺及其受体介导.特异性植物源挥发物和章鱼胺受体结合,降低性信息素接收神经元对性信息素的反应阈值,增强性信息素接收神经元敏感性.这可能是植物源挥发物对昆虫信息素具有增效作用的主要机制.     

植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫性信息素的影响

在植物与昆虫的协同进化过程中,植物挥发物与昆虫性信息素的相互关系一直以来被认为是物种间的重要通信系统。这种相互关系表现为植物挥发物对昆虫生理和行为的影响上,影响昆虫性信息素的合成和昆虫对性信息素的行为反应。本文针对植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫性信息素的影响进行了综述。评述了寄主植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫性信息素或前体的合成及性信息素的产生与释放的影响,总结了寄主植物和非寄主植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫的求偶行为的调控作用及对蛾类昆虫性信息素的增效或抑制作用阐述了植物挥发物影响蛾类昆虫对性信息素行为反应的机理,并且讨论了目前存在的问题。     

昆虫性信息素研究进展

一、什么是昆虫性信息素性信息素(sexpheromone)是由一种昆虫产生和释放出来,引诱或激起同种异性昆虫交配的化学物质。昆虫性信息素按其作用方式可分为两种:一种是挥发性性信息素,有远距离的引诱效果,它广泛存在于鳞翅目昆虫及其它种类的昆虫中;另一种是非挥发性性信息素,须由接受的一性与释放的一性接触才能起作用,称之为性识     

昆虫性信息素微胶囊的研究进展

微胶囊是应用昆虫性信息素进行害虫治理的主要剂型之一。文章对昆虫性信息素微胶囊常用的制备方法进行总结,并介绍其在害虫控制方面的应用进展,探讨昆虫性信息素微胶囊制备及其田间应用效果的影响因子,并对今后昆虫性信息素微胶囊的发展作了展望。     

灰翅夜蛾属昆虫的性信息素研究概况

本文从雌蛾性信息素组分鉴定、雄蛾对性信息素的行为反应和性信息素的应用３个方面,综述了灰翅夜蛾属昆虫性信息的研究进展,并展望了此属昆虫性信息素的研究前景。     

螟蛾总科昆虫性信息素的种类、分泌及感受机制研究

本文从螟蛾总科昆虫性信息素分泌腺体及分泌节律、性信息素受体及结合蛋白、性信息素的结构及组成特点、近缘种相似性及种内变异等方面综述了螟蛾总科昆虫性信息素的研究进展。最后对需要进一步研究的问题提出了展望。     

草螟科昆虫性信息素组分结构及分布特点

草螟科昆虫的分布范围极其广泛,且大多数为农林重要害虫。利用性信息素对害虫进行监测或防治具有靶标明确、对环境无污染等优点,是害虫可持续综合治理的重要部分。本文对已鉴定性信息素组分的草螟科昆虫及其性信息素组分进行统计和分类,比较分析了已鉴定的草螟科昆虫性信息素组分的化学结构及其在不同亚科、属以及种之间的分布特点,以期为性信息素组分尚未得到鉴定或鉴定困难的草螟科昆虫的相关研究提供参考,同时也可为进一步探讨蛾类昆虫性信息素的进化提供依据。     

木蠹蛾性信息素研究的进展

综述了木蠹蛾性信息素研究及在综合防治措施中应用的最新进展,重点评述了木蠹蛾性信息素的结构鉴定与化学结构。至今有4种木蠹蛾的性信息素被鉴定,另外还筛选出2种木蠹蛾的性诱剂。在我国,对木蠹蛾的防治,应采取化学防治、生物防治及使用人工合成性信息素或性诱剂诱捕法和迷向法综合防治措施。     

天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂的研究与应用

由于目前所拥有的各种天牛防治方法都难以获得理想的防治效果,研发新型天牛控制技术势在必行。其中利用引诱剂是最具潜力的研究领域之一。对天牛的性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂3个方面的研究及应用作了综述。天牛雌、雄成虫均可释放性信息素进行两性间的通讯联系。天牛性信息素的分泌部位因天牛种类不同而存在着差异。雄、雌成虫触角上均有感受性信息素的感受器,但报道较多的是雄虫感受器。迄今已鉴定出13种天牛性信息素的化学结构。一般而言,天牛成虫的嗜食树种,对天牛具有较强的引诱作用,可作为诱饵树种使用。寄主植物的某些挥发性物质对天牛成虫也有独特的引诱效果。除此之外,对天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂研究与应用中存在的困难也进行了讨论,并对它们的应用前景做了展望。     

Spider sex pheromones: emission, reception, structures, and functions

Spiders and their mating systems are useful study subjects with which to investigate questions of widespread interest about sexual selection, pre- and post-copulatory mate choice, sperm competition, mating strategies, and sexual conflict. Conclusions drawn from such studies are broadly applicable to a range of taxa, but rely on accurate understanding of spider sexual interactions. Extensive behavioural experimentation demonstrates the presence of sex pheromones in many spider species, and recent major advances in the identification of spider sex pheromones merit review. Synthesised here are the emission, transmission, structures, and functions of spider sex pheromones, with emphasis on the crucial and dynamic role of sex pheromones in female and male mating strategies generally. Techniques for behavioural, chemical and electrophysiological study are summarised, and I aim to provide guidelines for incorporating sex pheromones into future studies of spider mating. In the spiders, pheromones are generally emitted by females and received by males, but this pattern is not universal. Female spiders emit cuticular and/or silk-based sex pheromones, which can be airborne or received via contact with chemoreceptors on male pedipalps. Airborne pheromones primarily attract males or elicit male searching behaviour. Contact pheromones stimulate male courtship behaviour and provide specific information about the emitter's identity. Male spiders are generally choosy and are often most attracted to adult virgin females and juvenile females prior to their final moult. This suggests the first male to mate with a female has significant advantages, perhaps due to sperm priority patterns, or mated female disinterest. Both sexes may attempt to control female pheromone emission, and thus dictate the frequency and timing of female mating, reflecting the potentially different costs of female signalling and/or polyandry to both sexes. Spider sex pheromones are likely to be lipids or lipid soluble, may be closely related to primary metabolites, and are not necessarily species specific, although they can still assist with species recognition. Newer electrophysiological techniques coupled with chemical analyses assist with the identification of sex pheromone compounds. This provides opportunities for more targeted behavioural experimentation, perhaps with synthetic pheromones, and for theorising about the biosynthesis and evolution of chemical signals generally. Given the intriguing biology of spiders, and the critical role of chemical signals for spiders and many other animal taxa, a deeper understanding of spider sex pheromones should prove productive.     

天牛成虫信息素及嗅觉感受机制研究进展

评述了天牛成虫信息素及嗅觉感受机制的研究进展。天牛雌、雄成虫均可释放性信息素,迄今已对31种天牛的性信息素进行了研究,其中完成组分鉴定的有13种。天牛性信息素包括长距离、短距离和接触性信息素3种类型。天牛性信息素存在变异现象,同种天牛分布在不同地区,其性信息素组分之间存在差异。触角是天牛感受性信息素的主要器官,也是判别成虫通讯方式的形态指标,性信息素发达的种类其触角常具显著的性二型现象。天牛利用寄主信息素（如萜烯类、醇类和酯类）寻找寄主。性信息素和寄主信息素在林间复合使用可提高诱捕率。天牛信息素还包括异种信息素、忌避信息素和产卵干扰素,能够提高天牛寄主定位效率。天牛触角嗅觉感受的神经细胞（RNs）有3类,气味信息经神经细胞群传输至中枢神经系统,神经信号按标记路线或交叉纤维样式输导。天牛气味结合蛋白（OBP）方面的研究尚未见报道。     

植食性金龟子信息化学物质的研究

金龟子信息化学物质包括性信息素、聚集信息素和植物源引诱剂。目前已鉴定出的性信息素大多集中于丽金龟科和鳃金龟科,犀金龟科只鉴定出了几种聚集信息素,有关植物源引诱剂方面的研究则集中于丽金龟科和花金龟科。本文总结了金龟子信息化学物质的化学结构特点,并评述了金龟子化学通讯中独特的手性性信息素相互拮抗作用及性信息素生物合成的研究。     

A single mutation alters production and discrimination of Drosophila sex pheromones

The evolution of communication is a fundamental biological problem. The genetic control of the signal and its reception must be tightly coadapted, especially in inter-individual sexual communication. However, there is very little experimental evidence for tight genetic linkage connecting the emission of a signal and its reception. We found that a single genomic transposon inserted in the desatl gene of Drosophila melanogaster simultaneously affected the emission and the perception of sex-specific signals. This mutation greatly decreased the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons on the cuticle of mature flies of both sexes. These substances represent the sex pheromones necessary for mate discrimination: control males could not discriminate the sex of mutant desatl flies. Moreover, mutant males were unable to discriminate the sex pheromones of con-trol flies. Expression of desatl was found in the peripheral tissues that produce and detect sex pheromones.Excision of the transposon rescued both the production and discrimination phenotypes, but the two effects did not always coincide. This indicates that the emission and perception of pheromones are coded by differ-ent products of the same gene, reflecting the pleiotropic activity of desatl .     

金龟子化学通讯与信息化学物质

本文综述了金龟子的化学通讯与信息化学物质研究与应用的新进展,重点评述了丽金龟科和鳃金龟科性信息素的鉴定与化学结构。迄今,已有14种金龟子的性信息素被鉴定,还有一些金龟子的聚集信息素和两性引诱剂被报道。对金龟子性信息素、聚集信息素和引诱剂等信息化学物质的应用也作了概述。     

Sex pheromone and visual trap interactions in mate location strategies and aggregation by host-alternating aphids in the field

Abstract. Field observations were made on the responses of males and gynoparae of three host-alternating aphid species, the blackberry-cereal aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank) to species-specific sex pheromones released from transparent and coloured water traps.Pheromone traps caught significantly more males than did control traps without pheromone, whereas transparent, light green, yellow and orange traps caught most insects.Measurements of the distance over which sex pheromones function indicated that male P.humuli detect the pheromone 2–6 m from the source and can fly upwind to a source in wind speeds of 0.7 m s^-1.In all three species significantly more gynoparae were caught in pheromone traps than in control traps, suggesting that pheromone released by adult sexual females may assist late-flying gynoparae to locate a suitable host plant on which to deposit their progeny.The response is relatively stronger for males than gynoparae, but the pheromones appear to act as both sex and aggregation pheromones.     

Insect pheromones

The evidence for intraspecies chemical communication in insects is reviewed, with emphasis on those studies where known organic compounds have been implicated. These signal-carrying chemicals are known as pheromones. There are two distinct types of pheromones, releasers and primers. Releaser pheromones initiate immediate behavioral responses in insects upon reception, while primer pheromones cause physiological changes in an animal that ultimately result in a behavior response. Chemically identified releaser pheromones are of three basic types: those which cause sexual attraction, alarm behavior, and recruitment. Sex pheromones release the entire repertoire of sexual behavior. Thus a male insect may be attracted to and attempt to copulate with an inanimate object that has sex pheromone on it. It appears that most insects are rather sensitive and selective for the sex pheromone of their species. Insects show far less sensitivity and chemospecificity for alarm pheromones. Alarm selectivity is based more on volatility than on unique structural features. Recruiting pheromones are used primarily in marking trails to food sources. Terrestrial insects lay continuous odor trails, whereas bees and other airborne insects apply the substances at discrete intervals. It appears that a complex pheromone system is used by the queen bee in the control of worker behavior. One well-established component of this system is a fatty acid, 9-ketodecenoic acid, produced by the queen and distributed among the workers. This compound prevents the development of ovaries in the workers and inhibits their queen-rearing activities. In addition, the same compound is used by virgin queen bees as a sex attractant.