Field evaluation of the resistance of different cotton varieties to mirid bugs

采用目测法调查棉田盲蝽混合种群发生数量,并结合盲蝽对棉花植株的危害程度,对162个供试棉花品种(系)进行了抗盲蝽鉴定及评价.共计筛选获得包括亚洲棉、灵-29、07生试6号等16个对盲蝽具有抗性潜力的棉花品种(系),以及辽阳多毛棉、冀丰989、08生试6号、大铃668、石抗338、HB56个对盲蝽敏感的棉花品种(系).初步建立了棉花品种(系)抗盲蝽田间鉴定与评价技术规程,为棉花抗盲蝽育种提供了种质资源及技术参考.     

学习经验处理的绿盲蝽对抗感棉花品种选择研究

【目的】在室内研究绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)分别对抗性和敏感棉花品种趋向选择性,为棉花抗盲蝽品种选育和绿盲蝽的综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】以洁净空气为空白对照,在室内采用"Y"型嗅觉仪观察记录不同学习经验处理的绿盲蝽对两对棉花品种:灵-29(抗)vs.科林08-23(感)、07生试6号(抗)vs.抗病单株-1(感)趋向选择性。【结果】有学习经验和无学习经验的绿盲蝽都趋向选择敏感棉花品种,抗性棉花品种对供试昆虫有显著驱避性;有/无学习经验的绿盲蝽都显著趋向选择绿盲蝽胁迫危害后代感性棉花品种。【结论】整体上,健康棉花处理下,绿盲蝽对抗性品种趋性选择明显低于敏感品种。但是对危害诱导的棉株处理,并未表现出一致的趋性。     

棉花品种抗绿盲蝽特性的田间光谱诊断

调查了生长期14个不同棉花品种上绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür的危害情况。亚洲棉表现为高抗,冀丰杂7号等12个品种表现为中抗,灵-17表现为敏感。田间采用ASD光谱仪对14个棉花品种生长期的冠层光谱进行了测定,发现相同品种不同时期的光谱反射率的一阶微分具有明显差异(P<0.05),在近红外717 nm波段处一阶微分光谱值与棉花抗绿盲蝽级别显著相关(R2=0.89,P=0.01),可较好的表征绿盲蝽危害指数,可利用这个波段的光谱指标对棉花品种的抗绿盲蝽特性进行初步诊断,为棉花抗盲蝽评价选育提供参考。     

三种棉盲蝽对不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及种群动态

【目的】明确我国华北地区棉盲蝽优势种对不同种棉花品种的选择偏好性,以及这几种盲蝽的种群动态及发生规律。【方法】2013和2014年通过小区随机排列田间系统调查的方法,比较分析了中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis(Jakovlev)、三点盲蝽Adelphocoris fasciaticollis(Reuter)和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对12个棉花品种的选择偏好性,种群动态及与温度的关系。【结果】3种盲蝽均对石亚系1号表现出明显偏好性,对N73Deltapine FO表现出明显的不偏好性。棉盲蝽在每年7月初开始危害,7月下旬及8月上旬盲蝽种群密度达到峰值,9月上旬种群密度逐渐降低,9月中下旬盲蝽迁出棉田。在本实验调查的温度范围内(17~35℃),盲蝽种群密度随着温度升高而增大。【结论】棉盲蝽对不同品种有明显选择偏好性,盲蝽种群大的地区推荐种植盲蝽厌食品种。     

绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对不同抗性和虫害处理棉花的选择趋性

研究绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum和中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis对不同抗性和虫害处理棉花的选择趋性,为棉盲蝽的综合治理提供理论依据。本研究以抗性棉花品种BR-S-10（抗性品种）和感性棉花品种科林08-15（感性品种）,以及绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽分别危害处理后的该两种棉花植株为试验材料,以纯净空气为空白对照,共成对设置15个气味源组合,采用“Y”型昆虫嗅觉仪室内研究了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对不同抗性和虫害处理棉花的选择趋性。结果表明,绿盲蝽显著选择感性品种、中黑盲蝽危害感性品种和绿盲蝽危害感性品种。中黑盲蝽显著选择绿盲蝽危害感性品种、中黑盲蝽危害感性品种和感性品种。总的来说,两种棉盲蝽趋向于选择敏感棉花品种,抗性棉花品种对供试昆虫有显著趋避性;绿盲蝽显著趋向选择中黑盲蝽危害感性品种和绿盲蝽危害感性品种,中黑盲蝽显著趋向选择绿盲蝽危害感性品种和中黑盲蝽危害感性品种。     

南疆棉田盲蝽类害虫种群数量动态

2002 ~2004年研究了南疆地区棉花盲蝽类害虫的发生和种群动态及棉花品种的影响。结果表明,危害棉花的盲蝽类害虫有牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis(L.)和苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus(Goeze) ,其中牧草盲蝽为主要为害种类,其数量占盲蝽类害虫的99.93 %。2002,2003和2004年,牧草盲蝽最高密度分别为56.0,105.3和53.7头/百株,而苜蓿盲蝽3年中最高密度<0.1头/百株。对转基因抗虫棉GK19(表达Cry1A杀虫蛋白)、SGK321(表达Cry1A/CpTI杀虫蛋白)和普通棉花泗棉3号、石远321的研究表明2种盲蝽在不同品种上的季节性数量动态没有显著性差别。     

棉花叶片性状（厚度和油点密度）与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系

为了明确棉花叶片性状（厚度和油点密度）与其对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum （Meyer-Dür）抗性的关系,以期为棉花抗盲蝽品种(系)选育提供理论依据,本研究选用对绿盲蝽有不同抗性的20个棉花品种(系)为材料,分别测定其叶片厚度、表皮层厚度和油点密度。结果表明：晋棉26、冀丰989、常D、亚洲棉对绿盲蝽表现为高抗;棉花叶片厚度、表皮层厚度和油点密度在不同生长期均有差异;棉花对绿盲蝽的综合抗性指数与其铃期叶片表皮层厚度和油点密度有显著相关性（y=20.673+0.415x,R²=0.305,P=0.012;y=1.049+0.049x,R²=0.207,P=0.044）。结果显示,在一定的生长期,叶片表皮层厚和多油点棉花品种可以减少绿盲蝽的危害。     

不同棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性鉴定

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一。我国对棉盲蝽研究基础比较薄弱,棉盲蝽的综合治理工作迫在眉睫。本实验通过田间调查,系统研究了棉盲蝽在不同时期对美中棉、荆7516-1、皖棉小黄花、海7124、SGK321、N73DelpatineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚叶棕絮和池州红叶棉8个不同棉花品种的为害情况,得到如下结论:皖棉小黄花对棉盲蝽的抗性较高且比较稳定,而N73DeltapineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚棉棕絮这2个棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性较低。     

Resistance of different cotton varieties to cotton mirids

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一.我国对棉盲蝽研究基础比较薄弱,棉盲蝽的综合治理工作迫在眉睫.本实验通过田间调查,系统研究了棉盲蝽在不同时期对美中棉、荆7516-1、皖棉小黄花、海7124、SGK321、N73 DelpatineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚叶棕絮和池州红叶棉8个不同棉花品种的为害情况,得到如下结论:皖棉小黄花对棉盲蝽的抗性较高且比较稳定,而N73 DeltapineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚棉棕絮这2个棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性较低.     

中黑盲蝽对不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及种群动态研究

本试验通过2011和2012两年的田间调查,初步研究了棉盲蝽对12个不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及其种群总体发生动态。调查发现,华北地区棉田主要盲蝽种类为中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis(Jakovlev),2011年中黑盲蝽比较偏好喜食的棉花品种是海7124,而不偏好的品种是N73DeltapineFO,2012年中黑盲蝽比较偏好喜食的棉花品种是苏联棉,而不偏好的品种是荆7516-1。分析中黑盲蝽的种群发生动态发现,中黑盲蝽于每年的6月底7月初开始在棉田出现,7月中下旬在棉田的种群发生数量达到高峰,并于8月底、9月上旬在棉田的种群发生数量达到最低。     

From lynx spiders to cotton: Behaviourally mediated predator effects over four trophic levels

Food web studies often examine density and behaviourally mediated effects of predators on herbivores, but are less likely to assess the plant targeted by the herbivore. We conducted a study that incorporated four trophic levels examining the effect of two generalist predators (damsel bugs, Nabis kinbergii Reuter; and lynx spiders, Oxyopes molarius L. Koch) on damage to cotton bolls caused by green mirids (Creontiades dilutus (Stål)). First we tested whether lynx spiders and damsel bugs could control mirid numbers and cotton boll damage in field cages. We found that in cages containing mirids and only lynx spiders, lynx spiders reduced both mirid numbers and boll damage. However, in cages which contained mirids and both predators (lynx spiders and damsel bugs) only mirid numbers were reduced. To explain the negative effect of damsel bugs on boll damage, we examined the interactions between lynx spiders, damsel bugs and mirids. We found that lynx spiders were better mirid predators than damsel bugs, and that lynx spiders attacked damsel bugs, but not vice versa. Behaviourally, mirids responded to increasing predator pressure regardless of whether the predators were lynx spiders or damsel bugs. However, damsel bugs seemed to alter the behaviour of lynx spiders because in their presence, a higher proportion of lynx spiders moved to the top of the plant, towards the damsel bugs but away from the bolls found lower on the plant. These results suggest that the most likely explanation for the increase in boll damage in the presence of damsel bugs was that lynx spiders moved to the top of the plant in the presence of damsel bugs, which then exposed the bolls lower down on the plant to mirid attack. This work emphasizes the importance of behaviourally mediated effects in food webs extending over four trophic levels.     

盲蝽类害虫种群密度与危害的调查方法

盲蝽是棉花、果树等作物上的一类重要害虫。盲蝽的卵产在植物组织中,若虫活动性和隐蔽性强,成虫善于飞行扩散。针对盲蝽各个虫态的习性,发展了田间种群发生与危害调查技术,为其种群监测提供了科学支撑。     

The olfactory responses of mirid bugs to six plant extracts and their volatiles

Many methods for management of mirid bugs, one of the major pest species in cotton fields, have been developed in recent decades. The use of attractive plant volatiles may be a safe and effective alternative compared with chemical pesticides. Very little is known about the responses of the bugs to some specific volatiles. In this study, the attractive effects for the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum were evaluated and compared among ethanol extracts obtained from six types of plants. The results showed that A. lucorum had the highest selection response rate to the extract from Allium tuberosum seeds and 70.51% of the adults tended to choose this odour source. Among 40 identified compounds of the volatiles comprising A. tuberosum seed extracts, diethyl phthalate and methyl levulinate had significantly higher attractive effects than that of cotton leaves, but the respective selection response rates were less than 65%. We found that when methyl levulinate and diethyl phthalate were mixed in volume ratios of 3:7 and 6:4, the selection response rates of A. lucorum for the mixtures were 54.67% and 63.65%, respectively. These response rates were significantly higher than those for the two compounds presented alone. Furthermore, the selection response rates of A. lucorum based on these mixtures reached 82.75% and 75.73%, respectively when compared with cotton leaves. The two volatile mixtures also showed a significantly higher attractive effect for Adelphocoris suturalis, with respective selection response rates at 74.58% and 77.80% when compared with cotton leaves. Moreover, the two attractants showed no difference between the responses of male and female mirid bugs. We concluded that an appropriate application of the attractants described herein has the potential to develop a safe and effective approach for the monitoring and control of mirid bugs in cotton fields.     

我国棉花盲蝽生物学特性的研究进展

近10年来,盲蝽在我国由次要害虫上升为了主要害虫,在棉花、枣、葡萄等多种作物生产上造成了严重危害。自2008年以来,在公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费项目的支持下,对盲蝽人工饲养技术、个体发育与繁殖、食性、寄主选择行为、取食行为、性信息素通讯行为、交配与产卵行为、飞行与扩散能力、滞育与越冬习性、年生活史等生物学特性进行了系统研究,为研发盲蝽预测预报和综合防治技术提供了必要的科学依据。     

盲蝽寄生蜂在美国的利用现状

盲蝽是一类世界性害虫,寄主广泛,主要为害棉花、苜蓿、果树和蔬菜等作物。在美国,对农业生产危害较严重的是美国牧草盲蝽Lygus lineolaris(Palisot de Beauvois),农民每年用于控制盲蝽的费用和盲蝽造成的损失达数亿美元,目前美国对牧草盲蝽的控制逐渐从化学防治转向生物防治。美国从欧洲引入用来防治欧洲长毛草盲蝽Lygus rugulipennis Poppius的寄生性天敌常室茧蜂属Peristenus Foerster,在东北部苜蓿地释放后,成功地控制了该地区牧草盲蝽数量,取得了巨大的经济和生态效益。美国同时对该类寄生性天敌的生理生态及生产应用技术等进行了大量的研究,这对我国开展盲蝽生物防治具有良好的借鉴作用。