Effects of transgenic Cry1Ac cotton on entomopathogenic fungi in soil

利用大蜡螟Galleria mellonella L.诱菌法对转Cry1Ac抗虫棉GK-12及其亲本棉花SM-3的根系区域土壤的虫生真菌种类和数量进行监测,评价转Cry1Ac基因对棉田土壤虫生真菌的影响.实验结果显示:检测到的虫生真菌种类,在转基因棉GK-12及其亲本棉SM-3之间无显著差异,均为球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)和金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae);在棉花开花初期、盛花期、结铃期或吐絮期,土壤虫生真菌数量在抗虫棉GK-12和亲本SM-3之间存在显著的差异,其他生育期无显著差异;在距棉花主根不同距离(5cm\15cm\25cm)的区域,土壤虫生真菌数量和种类在抗虫棉GK-12和亲本SM-3之间无显著差异.     

六株虫生真菌的生物学特性及其对油茶象甲的致病力

为了筛选防治油茶象甲的虫生真菌菌株,本研究测定了不同绿僵菌(Ma09、Ma25、Ma05、Mac985)和白僵菌(Bb01、Bb02)菌株的生长速度、产孢量以及孢子萌发率,采用孢悬液浸渍法测定了上述菌株对油茶象甲成虫和幼虫的致病力。结果表明,Ma09、Ma05、Bb01、Bb02菌株的菌落直径分别为63.13、62.55、61.99、61.90 mm(25℃、15 d),生长速度显著快于其余菌株(P0.05);Ma25、Bb01、Ma09菌株的产孢量分别为3.04×10~8、2.88×10~8、2.85×10~8孢子/cm~2,显著高于其余菌株(P0.05);Bb01和Ma09菌株的孢子萌发率较高,分别达到97.80%和96.40%。不同菌株对油茶象甲成虫和幼虫致病力差异显著,其中Bb01和Ma09在1×10~7孢子/mL时,对油茶象甲成虫的LT_(50)分别为4.64 d和4.93 d,处理后15 d累计校正死亡率均达到100.00%,僵虫率分别为76.00%和78.67%;对幼虫的LT_(50)分别为2.15 d和3.48 d,10 d累计校正死亡率均达到100.00%,僵虫率分别为81.00%和86.31%。本研究筛选的Bb01和Ma09菌株具有生长快、产孢量大、孢子萌发率高、对油茶象甲致病力强等特性,在油茶象甲的生物防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

耐低水活度高毒力虫生真菌菌株选育

以球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus为研究对象,利用紫外线诱变芽生孢子和低水活度条件胁迫筛选,选育出突变株Bb07240、Pf01120和Pf01160,它们在低水活度（或相对湿度）下的生长和萌发均明显优于其相应的初始菌株。生物测定表明,突变株对桃蚜的毒力明显高于其初始菌株。     

两种虫生真菌酯酶同工酶酶谱多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对不同来源的22株球孢白僵菌和21株粉拟青霉酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究,由酯酶图谱可知同种不同菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性,可作为菌株亲缘关系的可靠的遗传标记。遗传距离进行聚类分析,结果表明球孢白僵菌、粉拟青霉不同菌株间亲缘关系的远近与寄主范围无任何相关性,与菌株来源地在某些菌株间存在一定的相关性。     

金龟子绿僵菌羧基转运蛋白基因MaJEN1及其启动子的克隆与分析

用YADE法扩增了球孢白僵菌T—DNA插入突变体T12中与T—DNA左边界相连的基因组序列。在此基础上得到了金龟子绿僵菌的羧基转运蛋白的全长cDNA,MaJEN1。MaJEN1全长1695bp,其中含有长为1524bp的开放阅读框(0RF),编码508个氨基酸的蛋白。氨基酸序列与粗糙脉孢霉和啤酒酵母菌的羧基转运蛋白JEN1相似性分别为69％和31％。采用PCR扩增得到了MaJEN1的基因组序列GMaJEN1,序列分析发现,GMaJEN1含有两个内含子。Southern杂交发现GMaJEN1在金龟子绿僵菌基因组上为单拷贝。利用RT—PCR法对MaJEN1的表达特性进行了分析,结果表明MaJEN1在蟑螂壳诱导培养基中表达,在该培养基中的表达受葡糖糖抑制。进一步采用YADE法得到了长为1626bp的GMaJEN1上游序列,其中含有可能的葡萄糖抑制调控序列。     

黄绿绿僵菌Mf82菌株对不同虫态褐飞虱的毒力

对水稻重要害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens目前市场上尚无一种理想的微生物杀虫剂。昆虫病原真菌具有从体壁侵入的能力因而对刺吸性害虫的防治具有优势。为此, 本研究选用不同原寄主和来源地的3种昆虫病原真菌（金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、 黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana）的12个不同菌株, 以1 100孢子/mm²孢子悬浮液进行室内毒力测定。结果表明： 在参试的不同菌种12个菌株中, 黄绿绿僵菌Mf82菌株对褐飞虱成虫致病力最高, 10 d累计校正死亡率为83.5%, 致死中时（LT₅₀）为4.6 d。其不同浓度孢子液对褐飞虱3个发育阶段有不同程度的致病力, 毒力大小顺序为成虫>高龄若虫>低龄若虫。黄绿绿僵菌孢子液对各处理稻株褐飞虱产卵痕部位、 卵粒均有侵染作用, 10 d侵染率分别为66.7%和51.2%, 卵龄越低, 侵染效果越好, 卵龄为0.5 d时侵染率最高。本研究表明黄绿绿僵菌Mf82菌株对褐飞虱成虫、 若虫和卵均有较强的致病性, 是一株极具应用潜力的生防真菌。     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421和球孢白僵菌ZJU435对红火蚁毒力及聚硅氧烷的增效作用研究

为探索红火蚁Solenopsis invicta的生物防治方法,本文系统评估了金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana ZJU435对红火蚁的毒力以及聚硅氧烷对其的增效作用,并评估了两株虫生真菌对红火蚁的田间防治效果。结果显示,以处理第10天时的死亡率计算,金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421对红火蚁工蚁的致死中浓度LC50为9.16×106孢子/mL;以8×108孢子/mL的死亡率计算,其对红火蚁工蚁的致死中时LT50为3.534 d。以处理第10天时的死亡率计算,球孢白僵菌ZJU435对红火蚁工蚁的致死中浓度LC50为1.5×105孢子/mL;以1×109孢子/mL的死亡率计算,其对红火蚁工蚁的致死中时LT50为0.218 d。混入0.5 μL/mL及以上浓度的聚硅氧烷可显著提高低浓度金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421及球孢白僵菌ZJU435对红火蚁毒力。田间试验结果显示,混入0.5 μL/mL聚硅氧烷的3.2×107孢子/mL金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421和4×107孢子/mL球孢白僵菌ZJU435对红火蚁的综合防效分别为83.99%和90.44%,低于商品制剂0.1%茚虫威饵剂的综合防效93.89%。研究结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421和球孢白僵菌ZJU435对红火蚁具有较高毒力,在红火蚁生物防治中具有较高开发潜力。     

白僵菌生物防治林中虫生真菌群落结构分析

对白僵菌生物防治林中虫生真菌群落的结构研究表明,长期接种式释放白僵菌的马尾松林中虫生真菌共有属7种.球孢白僵菌的数量占绝对优势,为总数的63.22%;拟青霉次之,占25.86%;绿僵菌占9.20%;轮枝孢仅占1.72%.从寄主昆虫的多样性来看,球孢白僵菌和环链拟青霉的Brillouin多样性指数分别为3.56和2.315,均匀度分别为0.81和0.865;粉拟青霉和蜡蚧轮枝孢的多样性指数分别为1.71和0.862,均匀度为0.963和1.000而黄绿绿僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌和玫烟色拟青霉多样性和均匀度指标均较低.不同季节中被白僵菌侵染的寄主昆虫多样性指数呈现出春秋高、夏季低的趋势,反映了白僵菌种群的季节性变化.     

转基因(Cry1Ac)抗虫棉对土壤微生物的影响

对不同种植年限的转基因(Cry1Ac)抗虫棉田土壤中主要微生物数量变化进行了测定,结果表明：（1）种植转基因抗虫棉后对土壤微生物细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的影响趋势基本相似;（2）种植抗虫棉1年后,土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量将有所增加,连续4年达到高峰,然后数量开始下降,连续种植7年后,棉田微生物数量接近于种植1年的棉田;（3）种植1年后又种植非转基因棉花的棉田,土壤微生物数量低于种植1年抗虫棉的棉田,与种植非转基因棉的数量无明显差异。由此可见,种植转基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物数量有一定的影响。     

Selection of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Abstract:  The western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte (Col., Chrysomelidae), a serious pest of maize, has been recently introduced into Europe. Several approaches for its control are presently under investigation including microbial agents. During a field survey in Hungary in 2005, naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi were found to attack this pest. These novel isolates together with standard isolates were tested for virulence against D. v. virgifera larvae and adults. Twenty strains of Metarhizium anisopliae , Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii were used in bioassays in the laboratory. Larvae and adults were dipped into a spore suspension with a concentration of 1 × 10⁷ conidia (con.)/ml. They were kept for 14 days at 22°C (±2°C) and 70% relative humidity. The number of infected larvae and adults were counted and infection rates were calculated. Adults were significantly more susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi than larvae. The most virulent isolate infected about 47% of larvae ( M. anisopliae Ma2277), whereas the infection rate in adults was up to 97% ( M. anisopliae Ma2275). Isolates of M. anisopliae caused significantly higher mortalities than isolates of B. brongniartii and B. bassiana . Most of the adult beetles were killed within 12 days. Isolates from D. v. virgifera were more virulent than those from other hosts.     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉对棉蚜生命表参数及种群动态的影响

为研究新型转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉对棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover生命表参数及种群动态的影响。2010—2011年以常规棉中棉所49为对照,对新型转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉在室内进行了生物测定和田间进行了系统的调查。结果表明,和常规棉相比,转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花上棉蚜的净增值率降低81.69%,差异达显著水平;内禀增长率和周限增长率分别降低65.00%和13.01%,但差异不显著;平均世代周期和种群加倍时间分别增加5.54%和154.19%,后者差异达显著水平。和常规棉相比,2010年转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花百株苗蚜、伏蚜和秋蚜的数量分别降低10.79%、37.18%和17.49%,差异均未达显著水平;2011年转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花百株苗蚜的数量增加2.03%,伏蚜和秋蚜的数量分别降低37.41%和64.03%,差异均未达显著水平。     

Persistence of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato and Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato in Vermont (USA) forest soil

Persistence of granular formulations of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato, strains GHA726 and ERL1170, and Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato, strains ERL824 and ERL701, applied to forest soil was documented. One formulation was prepared by producing fungi on millet and at application adding cooked, dried millet to provide additional nutrients for fungal growth. The other was made by producing fungi on corn starch ‘packing peanuts’, a biodegradable packaging material, adding additional packing peanuts as a nutrient base. The trial was conducted in three sites in a forest predominating in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in Underhill, VT, USA. In each site, 33 dominant sugar maples were randomly selected. A 1-m² plot located 1 m from the bole of the tree was established. Soil samples were collected before application, and 1 h, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 wk post-application. Fungal levels were estimated based on number of colony-forming units (CFUs). A significant increase in CFUs was observed 2 wk post-application in plots treated with isolates GHA726, ERL1170 and ERL824 as a result of fungal reproduction on nutrients in the formulations. Evidence of greater persistence for the B. bassiana than the M. anisopliae isolates was observed, based on CFU levels over time. Isolates formulated with millet proliferated more than those on packing peanuts. Use of entomopathogenic fungi in forest soil has potential for managing soil-dwelling insect pests such as pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens, and the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, though the type of formulation and the specific isolate used must be selected carefully.     

Effects in vitro of nine fungicides on growth of entomopathogenic fungi

The effects of nine fungicides were evaluated in vitro on the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Conidiobolus coronatus, C. thromboides, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces farinosus, P. fumosoroseus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Verticillium lecanii. The susceptibility of the fungi to the fungicides varied. The dithiocarbamate derivations zineb + copper oxychloride, and mancozeb completely inhibited germination of C. coronatus, C. thromboides, B. bassiana, P. farinosus, M. anisopliae and V. lecanii. The fungicides triadimefon, copper oxychloride, metalaxyl, sulfur, sulfur + nitrothal‐isopropyl and hymexazol exhibited various effects on the fungi. Usually, fungistasis was more pronounced at 15°C than at 25°C and the inhibitory effects were in direct proportion to the dosage of active ingredient (recommended field rate, 10‐fold higher and 10‐fold lower). In a few combinations, fungi partially overcame or even recovered from the initial inhibition of growth which might have resulted from delayed germination. In other cases, inhibition of growth occurred only after a delay and its intensity increased with time. Stimulation of fungal growth when it occurred was rarely permanent. Generally, adverse effects were much greater against the entomophthoraleans C. coronatus and C. thromboides than against the Hyphomycetes. Extrapolation of the results to practice and to the field situation is difficult. Nevertheless, the data presented give an idea of possible side‐effects in nature.     

Laboratory and glasshouse evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum

Forty isolates of entomopathogenic fungi from six genera were assessed against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in a single dose, direct application laboratory bioassay on tomato leaflets. Only three isolates caused greater mortality than the control: these were Metarhizium anisopliae 442.99, Hirsutella spp. 457.99, and Verticillium lecanii 450.99. These isolates were assessed in a multiple dose bioassay, together with three isolates cultured from commercial biopesticides as follows: Beauveria bassiana 432.99 (cultured from 'Naturalis-L', Troy Biosciences, Phoenix, TX, USA); Hirsutella thompsonii 463.99 (cultured from 'Mycar', Abbott Laboratories USA); and V. lecanii 19.79 (used in 'Mycotal' Koppert BV, The Netherlands). Beauveria bassiana 432.99, H. thompsonii 463.99, M. anisopliae 442.99, and V. lecanii 450.99 were all pathogenic to T. urticae in this bioassay. In addition, it was found that the mortality caused by B. bassiana 432.99 and Naturalis-L was increased when the mites were exposed to tomato leaflets sprayed previously with conidia suspensions, compared to spraying the mites directly. In a glasshouse experiment, sprays of B. bassiana 432.99, H. thompsonii 463.99, M. anisopliae 442.99, V. lecanii 450.99 and Naturalis-L reduced T. urticae populations in a tomato crop grown according to commercial practice. Naturalis-L reduced T. urticae numbers by up to 97%. In a second glasshouse experiment, single sprays of Naturalis-L and the acaricide fenbutatin oxide (Torq) were compared as supplementary treatments to release of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis. Supplementary sprays of fenbutatin oxide reduced the numbers of T. urticae nymphs (80% reduction), while Naturalis-L reduced numbers of T. urticae adults, nymphs and eggs (98% reduction in all three cases). It is concluded that Naturalis-L has the potential to be used against T. urticae on glasshouse tomato crops.     

Investigation of native isolates of entomopathogenic fungi for the biological control of three citrus pests

The pathogenicity of 15 isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, five isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and one isolate of M. flavoviride (Gams and Rozsypal) were tested under laboratory conditions against the subterranean life stages of the citrus pests, Ceratitis rosa Karsch, C. capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). When these citrus pests were treated with a concentration of 1×10⁷ conidia mL^?1, fungal isolates had a significantly greater effect on the adults of C. rosa and C. capitata than they did on the puparia of these two fruit fly species. Further, C. rosa and C. capitata did not differ significantly in their response to entomopathogenic fungi when adult and pupal mycosis were considered. Depending on fungal isolate, the percentage of T. leucotreta adults which emerged from fungal treated sand ranged from 5 to 60% and the percentage of pupae with visible signs of mycosis ranged from 21 to 93%. The relative virulence of the four most promising fungal isolates, as well as the commercially available B. bassiana product, BroadBand® (Biological Control Products, South Africa), were compared against one another as log-probit regressions of mortality against T. leucotreta which exhibited a dose-dependent response. The estimated LC₅₀ values of the three most virulent B. bassiana isolates ranged from 6.8×10⁵ to 2.1×10⁶ conidia mL^?1, while those of the least pathogenic ranged from 1.6×10⁷ to 3.7×10⁷ conidia mL^?1.     

航天诱变对昆虫病原真菌的生物学效应

8个昆虫病原真菌菌株经过航天搭载后,有5个菌株的孢子在航天搭载后全部死亡,菌株M2029和MR8的存活率仅约10-7,菌株M189的存活率可达到20%以上。分离得到航天诱变的单菌落菌株,检测表明航天诱变使昆虫病原真菌的形态、生长速度、产孢量、致病力等多项生物学特性发生了不同程度的变异,变异率高,变异趋向有正负双向性。测定结果表明航天诱变菌株HM189-68s、HM189-32c、HM189-127和HM189-17的生长特性和致病力优于原始菌株。航天诱变为选育生物防治优良菌株提供了新途径。