Effects of Soil Properties and Flooding on the Mobility and Transformation of Mercury in a Temperate Riparian Wetland

Three fractions of mercury (mobile, semi-mobile, and non-mobile mercury) were detected in the soil of an estuarine wetland in Nansi Lake, which is on the east route of China's South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The correlations between these mercury fractions and soil properties were examined under different levels of toxicity. Furthermore, the effects of two flooding conditions (permanent flooding and seasonal flooding) on mercury mobility were analyzed. Results showed that soil pH was negatively correlated with mobile mercury, whereas semi-mobile mercury was positively correlated with total aluminum, iron, and manganese. Moreover, free alumina was positively correlated with all three fractions of mercury. Our study suggests that high contents of soil acid and free alumina might promote wetlands as “sinks” for mercury sequestration, along with low concentrations of organic matter and manganese. In addition, seasonally flooded wetland might limit the production of toxic mobile mercury more than permanently flooded wetland. Large areas of seasonally flooded wetlands in the watershed are permanently flooded by the water transfer project, which elevates the water level during the dry season. As a result, the potential toxicity of mercury may increase in the watershed during water transfer, which should gain more attention.     

三江平原不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳组分及含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对土壤干扰的反应较快,是土壤有机碳早期变化的敏感性指标。近50年来,三江平原湿地土壤有机碳库受农事活动影响较大。为了探讨不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳主要组分土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和易氧化有机碳(Easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的分布差异及主要影响因子,选择了三江平原洪河自然保护区4种典型的湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)为研究对象。分析了不同湿地类型土壤可溶性有机碳,微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在0—30 cm土层内的分布特征和分配比例及其与有机碳、土壤养分和酶活性指标(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶)之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4种湿地类型土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。不同湿地类型之间土壤活性有机碳含量在0—30 cm土层内存在显著性差异(P0.05),相对于长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地而言,未淹水的小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地具有较高的DOC,MBC和EOC含量。(2)土壤DOC、MBC和EOC占有机碳比例分别为0.27%—0.63%,1.27%—5.94%和19.63%—41.25%。土壤DOC所占比例呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大的比例均出现在10—20 cm。MBC所占比例在土壤剖面上则未表现出一致的变化规律,而EOC所占比例则随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。(3)土壤DOC占SOC比例以小叶章湿地最高,MBC和EOC占SOC的比例则以小叶章+沼柳湿地最高。而长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地则具有更低的DOC,MBC和EOC比例。(4)综合分析表明,4种湿地类型土壤DOC,MBC和EOC两两之间存在极显著相关性关系,它们除了与碳氮比相关性不显著外,与土壤有机碳,全氮,全磷养分和酶活性指标间相关性均达到极显著水平,尤其是与有机碳和全氮的相关性系数更高,此外DOC与纤维素酶,MBC与过氧化氢酶相关性更大。由此可见,土壤碳氮磷养分和酶活性是影响土壤活性有机碳组分分布的重要因素。     

Legacy phosphorus in subtropical wetland soils: Influence of dairy, improved and unimproved pasture land use

Wetlands provide various ecosystem services. One of these services includes nutrient storage in soils. Soils retain and release nutrients such as phosphorus (P). This dynamic can be controlled by soil characteristics, overlying water quality, environmental conditions and historical nutrient loading. Historical nutrient loading contributes to a legacy of P stored in soils and this may influence present day P dynamics between soil and water. We quantified P characteristics of wetland soils and determined the availability and capacity of soils to retain additional P loadings. We sampled surface (0-10) and subsurface (10-30) wetland soils within dairy, improved and unimproved pastures. Surface soils had much greater concentrations of organic and inorganic P. Wetland soils in dairy had greatest concentrations of Ca and Mg, probably due to inputs of inorganic fertilizer. They also had much greater total P, inorganic P, and P sorption capacity; however, these soils were P saturated and had little capacity to retain additional P loading. Improved and unimproved pasture wetland soils had greatest amounts of organic P (>84%) and a capacity to store additional P loadings. Using multivariate statistics, we determined that rather than being different based on land use, wetland soils in improved and unimproved pasture were dissimilar based upon organic matter, organic P fractions, residual P, and soil metal (Fe and Al) content. The legacy of stored P in soils, particularly wetland soils from dairies, combined with best management practices (BMPs) to reduce nutrient loading to these systems, could contribute to a short-term release of soil-stored P to overlying wetland water.     

Simulated environmental effects of wetland restoration scenarios in a typical Canadian prairie watershed

Wetland conservation and restoration contribute to improved watershed functions through providing both water quantity benefits in terms of flood attenuation and water quality benefits such as retention of sediment and nutrients. However, it is important to quantify these environmental benefits for informed decision making. This study uses a “hydrologic equivalent wetland” concept in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to examine the effects of various wetland restoration scenarios on stream flow and sediment at a watershed scale. The modeling system was applied to the 25,139 ha Broughton’s Creek watershed in western Manitoba in Canada. As a representative prairie watershed, the Broughton’s Creek watershed experienced historic wetland losses from 2,998 ha in 1968 to 2,379 ha in 2005. Modeling results showed that if wetlands in the Broughton’s Creek watershed can be restored to the 1968 level, the peak discharge and average sediment loading can be reduced by 23.4 and 16.9%, respectively at the watershed outlet. Based on wetland and stream drainage areas estimated by the model and empirical nutrient export coefficients, the corresponding water quality benefits in terms of reductions in total phosphorus and nitrogen loadings were estimated at 23.4%. The modeling results are helpful for designing effective watershed restoration strategies in the Broughton’s Creek watershed. The developed methodology can be also applied to other study areas for examining the environmental effects of wetland restoration scenarios.     

沙丘微地形生境蚁丘分布特征及其对恢复过程的响应

为了阐明沙丘微地形生境蚁丘特征及分布规律对沙丘固定过程的响应规律,以科尔沁沙地为研究区,选择不同固沙阶段沙丘的4个方位（西北、东南、西南、东北）布设调查样地,测定了不同样地的蚁丘密度、直径和高度,分析了不同样地蚁丘特征及空间分布规律。结果表明：（1）流动沙丘背风向（即东南方位）蚁丘密度显著高于其他方位,但从流动沙丘到半流动沙丘,背风向（即东南方位）蚁丘密度显著低于其他方位;从半固定沙丘开始,半固定和固定沙丘微地形对蚁丘密度分布的影响较小。（2）在流动沙丘、半流动沙丘、半固定沙丘,不同微地形生境中蚁丘直径和高度均呈现出相似的分布规律,即东南方位均小于其他方位。在固定沙丘,蚁丘高度表现为东南方位亦较低,但蚁丘直径表现为西南和东北方位显著小于西北方位。（3）在流动沙丘,西北、西南和东南方位上蚁丘空间分布均表现为均匀分布型,而在半流动、半固定和固定沙丘,4个方位上蚁丘空间分布均表现为聚集分布型。（4）相关性分析表明,不同固沙阶段不同微生境下蚁丘密度、高度、直径与植物密度、多样性间的相关性不同。随着固沙阶段演替,不同微生境下蚁丘特征与植物密度、多样性的相关性增强。研究表明,在科尔沁沙地,随着流动沙丘固定和生境逐渐恢复,沙丘不同空间方位上蚁丘密度分布差异缩小,而蚁丘直径和高度仍存在沙丘微地形间显著差异性,并且蚁丘空间方位上均呈现聚集分布状态。     

Hydrologic processes in a southern Ontario wetland

A 12 month investigation on the hydrology of a southern Ontario wetland was completed. The mass flux of water and concentrations of total phosphates, ortho-phosphates, and chlorides were measured in all components of the hydrologic budget; over 800 grab samples were analyzed.The study showed that both groundwater recharge and discharge could occur within a wetland; data on these opposing flows must be quantified in order to develop effective long-term wetland management strategies and to accurately determine nutrient budgets. The study concluded that theoretical formulae may greatly underestimate summer evapotranspiration rates for hydrophyte dominated marshes. Storm inputs of physio-chemical parameters were found to be very significant, accounting for 32 to 51 percent of the total surface water loadings; failure to measure and/or model these inputs would have greatly distorted the study findings. Finally, since flow rates and concentrations of the chemical parameters were less variable at the wetland outflow, it was concluded that the wetland moderates event response inputs into stable response outputs.Over the study period total phosphate imports were double that of total phosphate exports while the ortho-phosphate discharge from the wetland was 22 percent more than the inputs. This indicates that the wetland is transforming sediment-bound phosphate to plant available ortho-phosphate, thus contributing to downstream eutrophication problems.     

沙质草地生境中大型土壤动物对土地沙漠化的响应

沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤动物群落结构变化是沙漠化生物过程中的一个重要方面,对于掌握沙漠化过程中生物退化规律和提出合理沙漠化防治对策具有重要指导作用。选取处于不同沙漠化阶段的流动沙地、半流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和丘间低地5种生境类型,采用手拣法对其大型土壤动物群落进行了调查。共获得36个动物类群,属于8目32科,优势类群为蚁科,常见类群有22个类群,两个类群的个体数共占群落个体总数的93.33%;稀有类群有13个类群,其个体数占群落个体总数的6.67%。结果显示,丘间低地、固定沙地、半固定沙地和半流动沙地大型土壤动物群落个体数量、类群数和多样性显著高于流动沙地(P<0.05);固定沙地大型土壤动物生物量显著高于其它生境类型(P<0.05);沙质草地严重沙漠化显著地影响大型土壤动物多样性及其生物量。并且,不同土壤动物类群个体对不同沙漠化阶段生境的适应性存在一定差异,产生了不同的响应模式。土壤有机碳和酸碱度以及土壤含水量差异是影响大型土壤动物类群分布与生长的主要因素。研究表明,固定沙地是大型土壤动物的适宜沙地生境,具有较多的个体数量和较高的生物量;丘间低地、半固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地影响大型土壤动物存活,其个体数量和生物量较低。     

青藏高原海北高寒湿地土壤呼吸对水位降低和氮添加的响应

近20年来, 青藏高原高寒湿地经历了明显的气候变化, 从而导致多数湿地水位下降和氮沉降的增加。对于湿地生态系统来说, 水位下降意味着土壤通气性能的改善, 可能会导致土壤呼吸的增加; 而氮沉降的增加可能会降低土壤微生物生物量和pH值, 从而可能抑制土壤呼吸。为此, 在青海海北高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站利用中宇宙(Mesocosm)实验方法, 探讨了青藏高原高寒泥炭型湿地土壤呼吸对水位降低和氮添加的响应。结果表明: (1)水位降低显著增强了土壤呼吸, 而氮添加对土壤呼吸的影响依赖于水位的变化: 对照水位下, 氮添加显著抑制土壤呼吸; 而水位降低时, 氮添加对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响。(2)土壤呼吸速率与地上生物量、枯落物累积量之间呈显著正相关关系, 而与根系生物量无显著相关关系。(3)水位降低显著提高了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性, 而氮添加对其无显著的影响。因此预测: 随着氮沉降的升高, 高寒泥炭湿地土壤CO₂的排放量将会减少; 然而随着暖干化背景下水位的降低, 青藏高原高寒湿地会排放更多的CO₂。     

Impact of Yangtze River Water Transfer on the Water Quality of the Lixia River Watershed,China

To improve water quality and reduce the negative impacts of sudden inputs of water pollution in the Lixia River watershed, China, a series of experimental water transfers from the Yangtze River to the Lixia River were conducted from 2 December 2006 to 7 January 2007. Water samples were collected every six days at 55 monitoring sites during this period. Eight water parameters (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), potassium permanganate index (COD_Mn), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), electrical conductivity (EC), and water transparency (WT)) were analyzed to determine changes in nutrient concentrations during water transfers. The comprehensive pollution index (Pi) and single-factor (Si) evaluation methods were applied to evaluate spatio-temporal patterns of water quality during water transfers. Water quality parameters displayed different spatial and temporal distribution patterns within the watershed. Water quality was improved significantly by the water transfers, especially for sites closer to water intake points. The degree of improvement is positively related to rates of transfer inflow and drainage outflow. The effects differed for different water quality parameters at each site and at different water transfer times. There were notable decreases in NH₄ ⁺-N, DO, COD, and COD_Mn across the entire watershed. However, positive effects on EC and pH were not observed. It is concluded that freshwater transfers from the Yangtze River can be used as an emergency measure to flush pollutants from the Lixia River watershed. Improved understanding of the effects of water transfers on water quality can help the development and implementation of effective strategies to improve water quality within this watershed.     

Responses of soil respiration to reduced water table and nitrogen addition in an alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

近20年来, 青藏高原高寒湿地经历了明显的气候变化, 从而导致多数湿地水位下降和氮沉降的增加。对于湿地生态系统来说, 水位下降意味着土壤通气性能的改善, 可能会导致土壤呼吸的增加; 而氮沉降的增加可能会降低土壤微生物生物量和pH值, 从而可能抑制土壤呼吸。为此, 在青海海北高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站利用中宇宙(Mesocosm)实验方法, 探讨了青藏高原高寒泥炭型湿地土壤呼吸对水位降低和氮添加的响应。结果表明: (1)水位降低显著增强了土壤呼吸, 而氮添加对土壤呼吸的影响依赖于水位的变化: 对照水位下, 氮添加显著抑制土壤呼吸; 而水位降低时, 氮添加对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响。(2)土壤呼吸速率与地上生物量、枯落物累积量之间呈显著正相关关系, 而与根系生物量无显著相关关系。(3)水位降低显著提高了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性, 而氮添加对其无显著的影响。因此预测: 随着氮沉降的升高, 高寒泥炭湿地土壤CO₂的排放量将会减少; 然而随着暖干化背景下水位的降低, 青藏高原高寒湿地会排放更多的CO₂。     

不同人为干扰下纳帕海湖滨湿地植被及土壤退化特征

以滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨退化湿地为研究对象,对比分析了人为隔断水源补给、牛羊过度放牧和家猪拱地三种人为干扰下湿地植被和土壤退化特征。结果表明：三种干扰方式下,纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落类型多样性、物种丰富度、物种数、Shannon-Wiener指数、沼生植物重要值以及土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、含水率、毛管孔隙度变化规律为：人为隔断水源补给＞牛羊过度放牧＞家猪拱地,而土壤容重和全钾含量变化规律完全相反。Pearson相关性分析表明,不同人为干扰下相同土壤指标之间相关性质和相关强度不同;CCA分析表明植物群落种类组成和分布与土壤含水率和全磷含量显著相关。以原生湿地样点为对照,人为隔断水源补给、牛羊过度放牧和家猪拱地样带土壤退化指数分别为-7.40%、-14.53%、-45.01%。认为纳帕海湖滨湿地退化是三种干扰协同作用结果,但作用程度不同,其顺序为家猪拱地＞牛羊过度放牧＞人为隔断水源补给。     

Soil and Hydrological Drivers of Typha latifolia Encroachment in a Marl Wetland

Aggressive species competition by Typha latifolia in wetland systems on marl-derived soils may threaten the unique vegetation in these areas. We examined historic water and land use, soil chemistry, soil genesis, and topography in a wetland (Harewood Marsh) that is under encroachment by T. latifolia. An earthen road that bisects the wetland and active pastures in and around the wetland were also considered in the study due to their potential influence on wetland hydrology and nutrient inputs. Historic land uses and trends in surface water patterns were determined via aerial photography. In addition local landowners and city officials were contacted for information about historic water use in the area around the marsh. Soils were augered and sampled in seven locations in the wetland, and at each auger site, vegetation was described. Six wells were installed near the earthen road and weekly water depth measurements were taken from January 2002 to January 2003. In February 2002, 10 A-horizon soil samples (per transect) were taken from three 150-m transects that spanned areas with and without T. latifolia. Results indicate that T. latifolia encroachment is facilitated by a rising water table (the result of the termination of a local municipal water supply source) and N and P inputs, most likely from cattle grazing on the wetland. An increase in the numbers of rare plant species associated with marl wetland habitats appears to have also occurred and is believed partly due to current wetter conditions. Our study provides insight into the dynamics of T. latifolia encroachment in a unique marl wetland habitat and demonstrates how local factors controlling nutrient and hydrologic dynamics can have significant effects on changes in plant community composition.     

Effects of hydrology on spatial patterns of soil development in created riparian wetlands

Surficial soil development was studied in four wetland basins created on the floodplain of the Des Plaines River near Chicago, Illinois, USA. These studies determined changes in the spatial distribution of plant-available nutrients as a result of establishing two different wetland hydrologic regimes. Three wetland basins had mineral soils and one an organic soil. A geostatistical analysis including kriging of collected data indicated that all soil parameters showed significant changes in their spatial structure as a result of the water inputs and unidirectional flows. The degree of spatial variability as indicated by autocorrelation in the soil data (i.e., points closer to one another are more similar than points further apart due to the influence of landscape processes) declined for all parameters except Mg⁺². Temporal changes in the spatial patterns of extractable phosphorus (P) and percent organic carbon (OC) tended to be inverse; P declined in areas where OC increased and vice versa. The spatial pattern of these changes was dissimilar in the mineral soils as compared to the organic soil and was related to patterns of primary productivity. Zones of P uptake and OC accumulation were also related to wetland hydrology and primary productivity. Changes in the distribution of nutrients, particularly P, may be viewed as a result of nutrient spirals within the wetlands. By comparison, the reorganization in the concentrations of K⁺ and Ca⁺² appear to have been mediated by cation exchange processes. The formation of new concentration gradients was strongly related to both flow pathways and the different water inflow rates. The formation of concentration gradients in exchangeable cations was not reflected in the average concentrations within each basin. Mean values changed significantly in only a few instances. Reducing data in this way missed important biogeochemical changes occurring within the experimental wetland basins. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高寒湿地退化对植物群落特征与土壤特性的影响

以黄河首曲湿地为研究对象,基于野外采样数据和不同退化程度（无明显退化ND;轻度退化LD;中度退化MD;重度退化HD）,分析植物群落、土壤特性及其关系。结果表明,随湿地退化程度增加,禾本科重要值呈减少趋势而毒杂草重要值呈增加趋势,且植物高度、盖度及地上生物量显著降低;重度退化程度下Patrick物种丰富度指数最低,表明植物群落结构由复杂趋向简单。土壤有机碳、全氮随退化程度增加均显著降低,碳氮比与pH值则呈相反变化,表明高寒湿地退化不利于养分的积累,且土壤逐渐呈碱性。pH、有机碳及全氮为高寒湿地响应退化的理化因子;湿地不同退化程度影响植物群落的土壤因子略有不同,且尤以电导率最为明显,这与土壤养分状况相关。湿地退化过程中植物群落的生长、结构发生改变,植物与土壤理化性质相互作用进而影响湿地生态功能。因此,探究植物群落与土壤理化特征可为修复退化湿地提供依据。     

呼伦贝尔草原辉河湿地不同淹水状态的土壤碳氮磷特征比较

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量比是生态系统过程及其功能的重要特征。为了比较不同淹水状态下草原区河岸湿地土壤生态化学计量特征差异,探讨用土壤生态化学计量特征来表征草原河岸湿地的退化状态,以呼伦贝尔草原辉河河岸湿地为研究对象,分别选择完全退化和未退化河岸湿地,从中选取常年淹水区域(W)、年际干湿交替区域(WD)以及河岸带边缘多年未曾淹没的干燥区域(D)为观测样地,对比研究退化与未退化草原河岸湿地土壤C、N、P化学计量比在不同淹水状态下的表征。结果表明:(1)随着淹水状态的改变,不论是退化河岸湿地还是未退化河岸湿地,不同淹水状态下的土壤C/N、C/P、N/P均差异显著(P0.05);(2)退化河岸湿地的C/N、C/P和N/P的平均值分别为9.05、273.08和28.25,与未退化河岸湿地相比(7.85、95.48、11.41)值显著升高;(3)相关性分析结果显示,土壤总磷与有机碳、全氮显著正相关,与C/N、C/P、N/P负相关,这可能是限制退化河岸湿地土壤养分元素循环的主要因素。研究结果表明:呼伦贝尔草原辉河河岸湿地不同淹水状态的土壤碳、氮、磷特征差异明显(P0.05),尤其是土壤C/P和N/P。与未退化河岸湿地相比,退化河岸湿地的C/N、C/P、N/P均明显高于未退化河岸湿地(P0.05),因此可以将土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量比特征作为草原区河岸湿地退化的评价指标。     

科尔沁沙丘-草甸梯级生态系统土壤温室气体通量特征及其影响因素

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对科尔沁半干旱地区典型的沙丘-草甸梯级生态系统中半流动沙丘和草甸湿地的温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)通量进行了观测,分析了生长季温室气体的动态变化及其与环境影响因子的关系.结果表明: 生长季半流动沙丘和草甸湿地CH₄通量均整体表现为吸收,平均值分别为-52.7和-34.7 μg·m^-2·h^-1,介于-176.1～49.8 μg·m^-2·h^-1之间变化,8月22日半流动沙丘CH₄吸收值达到生长季最大值;8、9月降雨集中时段内草甸湿地CH₄通量表现为持续排放,与半流动沙丘呈明显差异.N₂O通量在7月21日达到生长季最大值,半流动沙丘N₂O通量的月均值表现为7月>8月>9月>6月>5月.土壤温湿度是影响CO₂和CH₄通量的关键因子,N₂O通量主要受土壤温度的影响.样地土壤温度敏感性(Q₁₀)表现为半流动沙丘(1.009)<草甸湿地(1.474),半流动沙丘土壤受到水分胁迫,导致其温室气体通量对土壤温度变化的敏感性明显低于草甸湿地.     

Groundwater influence on the water balance and nutrient budget of a small natural wetland in Northeastern Victoria,Australia

Despite the critical role of water movement in the nutrient dynamics of wetlands, few wetland studies of nutrient imports, exports and cycling have been based on comprehensive water balance studies. In particular, many investigations have underestimated the importance and role of groundwater movement. Nutrient loads entering and leaving a 2 ha reed swamp in the Kiewa Valley, North-east Victoria showed the swamp to be a nutrient source within the landscape under both base flow and storm flow conditions. During a dry period between February 1994 and January 1995 the wetland itself exported 230 kg of Total Nitrogen (115 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and 24 kg of Total Phosphorus (12 kg⁻¹ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Investigations confirmed that the wetland was a significant discharge area, and that groundwater accounted for 97% of the surface water and 50% of the Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus load leaving the system. A further 30% of Total Nitrogen and 26% of Total Phosphorus leaving the wetland was not attributable to rain/dust, surface water inputs or groundwater, and most likely resulted from the flushing of previously stored nitrogen and phosphorus. A fire which burnt most of the wetland area in September 1994 had little immediate impact on nutrient loads leaving the system. The study illustrates the complexity of assessing the nutrient dynamics and hydrology of natural wetlands, and raises questions with respect to the use of such systems for the interception of diffuse source nutrient loads within rural catchments.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for a tropical watershed impacted by agricultural land use: Guayas, Ecuador

Large-scale changes in land use are occurring in many tropical regions, with significant impacts on nitrogen and phosphorus biogeochemistry. In this study we examine the relationships between land use, anthropogenic nutrient inputs, and riverine nutrient exports in a major agricultural watershed of the Pacific coast of South America, the Guayas River basin of Ecuador. We present comprehensive nutrient budgets for nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) for the Guayas River basin and 10 sub-watersheds. We quantify the four major anthropogenic nutrient fluxes into and out of the region: N and P fertilizer application, N fixation by leguminous crops, net import/export of N and P in agricultural products (food and feed), and atmospheric deposition. We also estimate inputs of N from biological N fixation in forests and of P from weathering sources in soils and bedrock. The sum of these sources represents net inputs of N and P to each watershed region. Overall, synthetic fertilizers are the largest input to the Guayas Basin for N (53%) and P (57%), and the largest outputs are N and P in crops. Losses of N and P in river export account for 14–38% of total N and P inputs, and there is significant accumulation of N and P, or unmeasured forms of N and P export, in most of the sub-basins. Nutrient balances are indicative of the sustainability of land use practices in a region, where a negative balance of N or P indicates nutrient depletion and subsequent loss of soil fertility, yield, and economic viability. Although the nutrient balance of the entire Guayas Basin is positive, there are negative or near zero balances in two sub-watersheds with extensive banana, coffee and permanent crops. In these basins, degradation of soil quality may be occurring due to these net nutrient losses. Our data show that nutrients are leaving the basin primarily as export crops, with riverine losses of nutrients smaller than crop exports. Nonetheless, there is a direct relationship between nutrient inputs and river outputs, suggesting that agricultural management practices in the basin may have direct impacts on N and P delivery to the highly productive Guayas estuary.     

滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程

采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,研究了滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程.结果表明: 纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落可以划分为4个群丛,群落演替规律为水生植物群落→沼泽植物群落→沼泽化草甸植物群落→草甸植物群落.随植物群落演替,群落盖度、密度、多样性指数、物种丰富度和地上生物量均增大,群落高度减小;植物水分生态型演替规律为水生植物→沼生植物→湿生植物→中生植物.随群落演替,湿地水体矿化度、硬度和碱度均降低,氨氮和总磷含量升高,总氮和硝态氮含量变化不明显;土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量逐渐降低,全磷和全钾含量逐渐升高,速效氮和速效磷含量先增大后减小.CCA分析表明,群落结构和物种组成主要受水分梯度影响,土壤pH、全磷和湿地水的总氮、氨氮对湿地植物物种分布和群落演替影响显著.     

青海三江源地区风沙土养分及微生物区系

采用常规方法研究了青海三江源地区风沙土的养分状况及微生物区系.结果表明,从流动、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的演化过程中,土壤有机质含量明显增加,固定风沙土的有机质含量分别为流动和半固定风沙土的5.9和3.8倍;土壤氮素和磷素含量的变化趋势与有机质基本一致,均呈递增趋势;土壤钾素含量和土壤pH无明显变化规律.随着植被发育、流沙固定及土壤养分状况改善,风沙土中的微生物数量和区系组成也发生了显著变化.固定和半固定风沙土中的细菌、真菌及放线菌数量均明显高于流动风沙土,其细菌数量分别约为流动风沙土的4.0和2.8倍,真菌数量分别约为19.6和6.3倍,放线菌数量分别约为12.4和2.6倍;真菌种类数明显增加,放线菌区系组成也变得复杂.即随着风沙土由流动变为固定,土壤微生物生态系统中微生物的生物多样性增强,微生物组成趋于多样化.风沙土中的微生物数量与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮及速效磷含量显著或极显著相关,与土壤全磷、全钾、速效钾含量及土壤pH之间相关性未达显著水平.