大百合组织培养与快速繁殖(简报)

以大百合(Cardiocrinum giganteum)鳞茎内层鳞片及包裹的心叶叶柄为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,配合较高浓度(1.0～3.0mg/L)6-BA及较低浓度(0.1～1.0mg/L)NAA,均能诱导出芽并增殖;在MS NAA 0.5mg/L培养基上生根率达90%。     

大百合种子休眠特性及休眠破除

对哀牢山自然保护区大百合种子休眠原因、休眠破除方法进行了研究,为大百合的种子繁殖提供理论与技术依据.结果表明:大百合种子休眠的主要原因是胚发育不全,种子休眠类型为复杂的形态生理休眠.温度是影响胚生长和分化的主要因素,经高温到低温的变温[25℃/15℃(60 d)→15℃/5℃(60 d)→4℃(50 d)]层积处理,种子可完成后熟而萌发,所需时间约170 d,比自然条件下层积所需时间缩短了11～12个月.     

大百合小孢子发生和雄配子体发育研究

用常规石蜡切片技术和压片法对大百合小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行观察。结果表明：花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层组成,花药壁发育方式为单子叶型,药室内壁部分细胞发育后期发生纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程的胞质分裂为连续型,四分体多数为左右对称型,偶有四面体型。成熟花粉为2细胞型,具1个萌发沟。经TTC法检验,成熟花粉生活力为86.3%。从小孢子的发生及雄配子体发育的整个过程看,未见异常现象,能形成大量正常的成熟花粉。     

大百合的离体快繁和鳞茎的诱导

1 植物名称 大百合(Cardiocrinum giganteum)。     

光照和温度对大百合种子萌发的影响

研究了不同光照和温度条件对大百合种子萌发的影响。结果表明:光照对大百合种子的萌发有明显促进作用,可提高种子萌发率。种子萌发率以24 h光照20℃恒温最佳。避光条件下温度对大百合种子萌发有影响,其种子萌发最适温度为20℃,11 d开始萌动,3周左右萌发完全,随着温度的升高或降低其种子萌发率下降。萌发前经不同预处理的大百合种子的萌发率不同。同一果实内中部种子萌发最好,上部种子次之,下部种子最差,上、中、下三部分种子萌发率与其千粒重呈正相关。     

Seed dormancy and germination in the giant Himalayan lily (Cardiocrinum giganteum var. giganteum): an assessment of its potential for naturalization in northern Japan

Understanding the potential for ornamental plant species to become naturalized in a nonnative habitat requires information on seed germination in order to help predict responses of the species to the natural environmental conditions of its new habitat. Cardiocrinum giganteum var. giganteum, which is native to the Himalayas, has been introduced as an ornamental plant in temperate regions of the world, and was categorized recently as invasive in New Zealand. Seed germination requirements of the species were determined under natural conditions in Hokkaido, Japan, to assess its potential to become naturalized in this region of Japan. Mature seeds were collected from its native range in the Indian Himalayas. At maturity in autumn, seeds had underdeveloped embryos, which grew in the second autumn and winter after exposure to summer temperatures. Radicles and cotyledons emerged in late winter and spring. Thus, an 18?C19?month period was required from dispersal to seed germination. Under laboratory conditions, this period could be shortened to 10?C11?months in a 25/15?°C (120?days)????15/5?°C (90?days)????0?°C (90?days)????15/5?°C (60?days) temperature sequence. GA₃ did not substitute for the above temperature requirements. These temperature requirements for seed germination of C. giganteum var. giganteum are very similar to those of its native Japanese congener C. cordatum var. glehnii. Seeds of both taxa have deep simple morphophysiological dormancy. The close similarity in the requirements for regeneration from seeds of the two taxa suggests that the seed stage of the life cycle is not an impediment to the naturalization of the giant Himalayan lily in northern Japan.     

Pollen Wall Development in Gibasis (Commelinaceae)

The development of the one and-inline of the pollen wall aredescribed for Gibasis karwinsk yana and G. venustula. Duringthe tetrad stage the appearance of electron-opaque depositionsor tri-partite plates at discrete sites between the plasma membraneof the spore and the inward surface of the callose special wallare the first indications of exine development. The sulcus rapidlydifferentiates being composed of discrete exine granules ona thin foot layer. Probacula in non-apertural areas developin an electron-opaque granular layer situated between the plasmamembrane, which is highly convoluted, and the callose specialwall. A foot layer is formed from electron-opaque lamellae atthe plasma membrane. Exine pattern is clearly established withinthe tetrad. After release of the spores from the tetrad an intimate associationis rapidly developed between the plasma membrane of the periplasmodialtapetum and the newly-formed exine. Compacted electron-opaquematerial is found at the interface between membrane and theexine and vesicular material is added from the tapetum. Theincrease in volume that occurs in both spore and anther is accompaniedby considerable vacuolation. Intine development begins just prior to pollen grain mitosisand continues rapidly at the aperture. The thin foot layer becomesdiscontinuous. Further intine deposition takes place after mitosisand a bilayer is apparent in mature grains. The matrix of thislayer contains conspicuous electron-opaque platelets. The exineof the mature spore stains less intensely than in the youngspore and the interbacula spaces are filled with material fromthe degenerate tapetum. Gibasis karwinskyana, Gibasis venustula, Commelinaceae, exine, intine, tapetum, pollen wall, ultrastructure     

植物花粉壁的发育

文章介绍植物花粉壁形成机制及其细胞生物学功能和与其相关基因的研究进展。     

Pollen development in male sterile mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and male fertile seashore mangosteen (Garcinia celebica L.)

Protoplasma - Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is an economically important tropical fruit, yet the reproductive biology of this dioecious plant is complex. Male trees are not known, and female...     

Pollen development in a submerged plant,Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. (Hydrocharitaceae)

Exine structure and its developmental program in a submerged plant,Ottella alismoides (L.) Per. were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Verrucate protrusions initiate on microspore plasma membrane at early tetrad stage. The verrucate protrusions develop into spines during free microspore stage. A foot layer is formed by accumulation of lamellated structure. The pollen grains ofOttelia alismoides are inaperturate, not omniaperturate, because of the well-developed foot layer. The inaperturate pollen grains ofOttelia are characterized by the spinous protrusions and the granular foot layer.     

暖地大叶藓化学成分的研究

从真藓科大叶藓属植物暖地大叶藓Rhodobryum giganteum(schwaegr.)Par.的乙醇提取物中分离得到9个化合物,通过波谱分析鉴定其分别为麦角甾-7,22-双烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(1),乌苏酸(2),琥珀酸(3),尿嘧啶(4),棕榈酸(5),槲皮素(6),碳二十九烷(7),β-谷甾醇(8),胡萝卜苷(9).化合物1～9均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

Wall development and its autofluorescence of sterile and fertileVicia faba L. Pollen

Summary The ultrastructural changes of the pollen wall of three types of fertile and one of sterileVicia pollen were related to the autofluorescence of the pollen wall, measured by a microspectroscopic method. Till the liberation of the microspores from the tetrad, the spectrum of the ectexine shows sometimes two maxima and has a very low intensity. After this period the endexine is formed and its spectrum has one maximum with a high intensity. The differences of the pollen wall between the sterile and fertile pollen exist of the presence of one spectral maximum during the tetrad stage, a thick endexine and the absence of the intine in the sterile pollen. The different types show much differences during the tetrad stage in the callose wall as well as the ectexine. The autofluorescence illustrates the complexity and specificity of the pollen wall development.     

Pollen morphology and ontogeny of Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt in China

The study observed the pollen morphology and ontogeny of Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt and explored the development and structure of its anther wall using conventional paraffin section and histochemical techniques. The results showed that it has four anthers, consecutive cytokinesis, tetragonally arranged microspore tetrads, two-celled mature pollen grains, and a secretory tapetum. Fascicular crystals were found in the connective tissues and anther wall during pollen ontogeny. The distribution of carbohydrates and lipids changes regularly in the process of pollen development and is related to their physiological activities such as cell division and material synthesis. Under a light microscope, its pollen grains are ellipsoid and have a sulcus and exine with fine, reticulate ornamentation.     

The Apertural Wall in Pollen of Linum grandiflorum

The apertural wall in tricolpate pollen of Linum grandiflorumwas investigated in order to understand its functioning duringdesiccation and rchydration. Whole and sectioned pollen grainswere studied with light or electron microscopy and by cytochemicalmeans. The areas of the apertures were examined in fresh drypollen, in grains moistened on agar gel or removed from compatiblestigmas, and in pollen from mature undehisced anthers The intine was found to consist of an inner ß-glucanlayer and an outer pectic layer. At the apertures the pecticlayer is thickened and overlaid by a ß-glucan layer.The pectinaceous intine stains red with basic fuchsin. The presenceof a third wall layer, the medine, was not confirmed. The aperturalintine thickenings possess considerable imbibitional capacityand at rehydration they appear as swollen lenticular bodies A procedure is described for obtaining intact exine free grains(EFG's) and whole, separated exines of L. grandiflorum. Invariably,the released EFG's consisted of protoplasts encased in the cellulosicintine. In most grains the outer intine remained attached tothe separated exine In L. grandiflorum the outer wall of the aperture expands whilethe protoplast and endintine are still infolded. Apparently,the exintine becomes detached from the endintine during desiccationand re-attaches at rehydration. It is suggested that the transientdetachment controls the influx of water into the vegetativecell Except for morph-specific exine processes no differences instructure of the aperture wall or its functioning at rehydrationwere observed between pin and thrum grains Pollen wallM, apertures, exintine, exine free grains, rehydration, desiccation, Linum grandiflorum     

Pollen Wall Ontogeny of Felicia muricata (Asteraceae: Astereae)

Pollen wall development in Felicia muricata Thunb. Nees (Asteraceae)was investigated by electron microscopy after addition of thelypophilic dye malachite green to the primary fixative. Pollenwall formation commences with the deposition of fibrillar electrondense units which represent future interbacular spaces. Radiallyarranged trilammelate structures develop between the fibrillarunits. Sporopollenin is deposited in the trilammelate structures.After release of the microspores from the tetrad, formationof interbacular spaces is accompanied by disintegration of fibrillarunits. Endexine formation occurs on white lines of unit membranedimensions. Intine formation follows the pattern described formost angiosperms. Observation of bead-like globules and pollenkittwith a membraneous structure is presumed to be related to theaddition of malachite green to the fixative.Copyright 1993,1999 Academic Press Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees, pollen, pollenkitt, ultrastructure, fixation     

Pollen development in orchids

Summary Cytokinesis in microsporocytes of moth orchids is unusual in that it occurs simultaneously after meiosis, the cytoplasm does not infurrow in the division planes, and cell plates are deposited in association with centrifugal expansion of phragmoplasts. Microtubules radiating from the nuclear envelopes appear to be of fundamental importance in establishment of division planes. Primary interzonal spindles develop between sister nuclei and interaction of radial microtubules triggers development of secondary interzonal spindles between non-sister nuclei. From three to six or more phragmoplasts, depending upon the arrangement of nuclei in the coenocyte, develop from these postmeiotic arrays. The phragmoplasts consist of co-aligned microtubules and F-actin organized into bundles that are broad proximal to the mid-plane and taper distally. Ultrastructure of the phragmoplast/cell plate reveals that abundant ER is associated with vesicle aggregation and coalescence. Cell plates are deposited in association with phragmoplasts as they expand centrifugally to join the parental wall and/or fuse with one another in the interior of the cell.Abbreviations CLSM confocal laser scanning microscope/microscopy - FITC flnorescein isothiocyanate - PPB preprophase band of microtubules - TEM transmission electron microscope/microscopy     

Extensin-like Glycoproteins in the Maize Pollen Tube Wall

We recently described the cloning and characterization of Pex1, a maize pollen-specific gene with an extensin-like domain. Here, we report that antibodies raised against a Pex fusion protein and a Pex synthetic peptide recognize a protein doublet with an apparent molecular mass of ~300 kD as well as larger proteins in pollen extracts. These proteins were not detected in extracts of seedling, endosperm, ear, silk, root, leaf, wounded leaf, meiotic tassel, or young microspore. After deglycosylation, only the protein doublet was detected by the anti-Pex antiserum, suggesting that the higher molecular mass proteins represent a glycosylated form of the Pex proteins. The anti-Pex antiserum was also used in immunolocalization experiments with in vitro-germinated pollen. With the aid of a confocal light microscope, the Pex proteins were localized to the pollen tube wall. The Pex proteins could not be removed with high salt, SDS, or chaotropic or reducing agents, suggesting a very tight association with the pollen tube wall. Immunocytochemical analysis at the ultrastructural level localized the Pex proteins to the intine in mature pollen and to the callosic sheath of the pollen tube wall in germinated pollen. Localization to the pollen tube wall strongly suggests that the Pex proteins play a role in pollen tube growth during pollination.