Reproductive morphology ofMegaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi (Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implications

To confirm the taxonomic treatment ofMegaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi, an endemic genus and species in Korea, we compared its reproductive morphological characteristics with those ofTrollius and other genera within the Ranunculaceae. Although its external morphology might suggest thatMegaleranthis differs fromTrollius, Calathodes, and etc., we found no distinctly different features in this genus. Likewise, previous studies of their pollen structures, chromosome data, and petal morphology have indicated no differences betweenMegaleranthis andTrollius. In fact, related genera share similar characteristics, such as a tetrasporangia anther, glandular tapetum, simultaneous cytokinesis, an anatropous and bitegmic ovule, embryo sac formation of thePolygonum type, exarillate and copious albuminous seed, and several apocarps. Although the unique feature of having both tenuinucellate and crassinucellate ovules simultaneously may initially seem particular toMegaleranthis, it is present in other genera of the same family. Therefore, based on this evidence of reproductive morphology and other information, we suggest thatM. saniculifolia is closely related toTrollius, and should be included within that genus, i.e., asT. chosenensis Ohwi. Nevertheless, we have tentatively placedMegaleranthis within its own monotypic and endemic genus until definitive data become available.     

New insights into pollen morphology and its implications in the phylogeny of Sanguisorba L. (Rosaceae; Sanguisorbeae)

Pollen morphology of 13 species of the genus Sanguisorba (Rosaceae) was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen morphology divided the genus into two main groups: (A) tricolporate with tapered colpus tips, and (B) either tricolporate with opened colpus tip or hexacolporate. The former group was further subdivided into those without vestibulum (A1: S.?alpina, S.?dodecandra, and S.?filiformis) and those with vestibulum (A2: S.?agrimonoides, S.?ancestroides, S.?annua, S.?cretica, S.?minor, and S.?verrucosa), whereas the latter group was subdivided into those with colpus narrow and similar to the A1 type (B1: S.?canadensis and S.?diandra), those with colpus and mesocolpus somewhat equally wide and forming hexacolporate aperture (B3: S.?albiflora, S.?armena, S.?media, S.?menziesii, S.?parviflora, S.?stipulata, and S.?tenuifolia), and those with colpus intermediate between the B1 and B3 types (B2: S.?hakusanensis, S.?microcephala, S.?obtusa, S.?officinalis, S.?polygama, and S.?sitchensis). It is suggested that the A1 type aperture would have evolved to the A2 type as a specialized form and the B types (B1 to B3) in a direction in which the hexacolporate aperture was derived. Implications of pollen morphology for infrageneric classification of Sanguisorba are discussed and the results are compared with molecular phylogenetic studies.     

铁线莲属威灵仙组修订

对铁线莲属铁线莲亚属 Clematis subgen. Clematis 中的欧洲铁线莲 C. vitalba L.演化干的原始群威灵仙组sect. Clematis 进行了全面修订,确定此组共含有73种和45变种。写出了威灵仙组的分类学简史及地理分布;对威灵仙组中各亚组的亲缘和主要区别特征以及铁线莲亚属欧洲铁线莲演化干中各群的亲缘关系进行了讨论。将威灵仙组分为5个亚组,写出了分亚组检索表和各亚组的分种检索表,以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。在5亚组中,欧洲铁线莲亚组(钝萼铁线莲亚组) subsect. Clematis 为此组的原始群,其主要特征：藤本;小叶通常草质或纸质,通常边缘具齿,有时全缘;萼片4,外面的毛长1 mm以下;花药长圆形、椭圆形或狭长圆形,稀条形,药隔顶端不突起,稀稍突起。此亚组的瘦果两侧扁压,但多数不扁平,不具边缘,只在短毛铁线莲 C. puberula Hook. f. &; Thoms.强烈扁压,扁平,周围具宽边缘。在铁线莲属中,除短毛铁线莲外,特产朝鲜的 C. brachyura Maxim. (sect. Pterocarpa Tamura)也具有近似这种进化类型的瘦果。铁线莲组的其他4个亚组各含有较进化的特征,可能均自欧洲铁线莲亚组演化而出：单种的厚叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Crassifoliae (Tamura) Tamura为藤本;小叶革质,全缘,很像威灵仙亚组的小叶;雄蕊花丝皱缩,花药宽长圆形或长圆形。单种的长毛铁线莲亚组subsect. Baominianae (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang为藤本;小叶纸质,具齿;花大,具6枚萼片;萼片外面的毛长1.6-3 mm; 花药长圆形。棉团铁线莲亚组subsect. Angustifoliae 的主要特征：茎直立;花常具5-6枚萼片。威灵仙亚组subsect. Rectae Prantl的主要特征：藤本,稀茎直立;小叶常革质,全缘,稀具齿;萼片通常4枚,稀较多,外面的毛长在1 mm以下;花药条形,有时狭长圆形,药隔顶端常突起。此亚组的威灵仙系ser. Rectae Prantl具有进化类型的瘦果,其瘦果强烈扁压,扁平,有膨胀的框状边缘。主要分类学处理为：(1)披针叶铁线莲 C. lancifolia Bur. &; Franch.、准噶尔铁线莲 C. songarica Bunge、 C. ispahanica Boiss.、银叶铁线莲 C. delavayi Franch.和 C. phlebantha Williams 5种过去被Tamura和其他学者与灌木铁线莲 C. fruticosa Turcz.等同置于灌木铁线莲组sect. Fruticella Tamura中,但这5种的花构造(萼片水平方向开展,白色,边缘不展宽;花丝条形或狭条形)与灌木铁线莲(萼片斜上方开展,黄色,在花开放后边缘展宽成狭翅;花丝较宽,条状披针形)不同,而与棉团铁线莲 C. hexapetala Pall.的花构造相似。据此,本修订将此5种从灌木铁线莲组移到威灵仙组的棉团铁线莲亚组subsect. Angustifoliae Tamura中。(2)在欧洲铁线莲群 C. vitalba group与威灵仙群C. flammula group之间有不少过渡类型,因此,这两个群不易区分。根据这种情况,本修订将这两个群作为亚组处理,同置于威灵仙组sect. Clematis 中,而未采用Tamura和Grey_Wilson将这两个群分别置于两个亚属中,以及Johnson将这两个群分别置于两个组中的分类学处理。描述了2新系、6新种和1新变种;建立了5个新等级。     

铁线莲属威灵仙组修订(续)

对铁线莲属铁线莲亚属 Clematis subgen. Clematis 中的欧洲铁线莲 C. vitalba L.演化干的原始群威灵仙组sect. Clematis 进行了全面修订,确定此组共含有73种和45变种。写出了威灵仙组的分类学简史及地理分布;对威灵仙组中各亚组的亲缘和主要区别特征以及铁线莲亚属欧洲铁线莲演化干中各群的亲缘关系进行了讨论。将威灵仙组分为5个亚组,写出了分亚组检索表和各亚组的分种检索表,以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。在5亚组中,欧洲铁线莲亚组     

Notes on the genus Clematis (Ranunculaceae)

( 1 ) Nine species and 4 varieties are described as new, and 2 new ranks, 1 new combination, and 1 new name are proposed. (2) Clematis dioica L. ssp. virginiana (L.) Kuntze var. bahamica Kuntze, C. bahamica (Kuntze) Britton, C. orbiculata Correll, C. brasiliana DC. var. laxa St. Hilaire, C. perulata Kuntze, C. barrancae Jones, C. discolor Gardn., C. laxiflora Baker, C. bathiei Lévl., and C. mauritiana Lam. var. sulfurea Viguier & Perrier are reduced into synonymy. (3) A new classification for the varieties of C. chinensis Osbeck is proposed. (4) The specific status of C. flukenetii DC. is discussed and confirmed. (5) The differences between C. acapulcensis Hook. & Arn., the South American population of which has been misidentified as C. affinis St. Hilaire, and its close ally, C. affinis St. Hilaire, are given. (6) The taxonomical confusion made by Viguier and Perrier about the species belonging to sect. Meclatis subsect. Wightianae distributed in Madagascar and adjoining islands is clarified, and an enumera-tion of them with a key is given.     

铁线莲属研究随记(Ⅴ)

(1)描述了9新种,4新变种;做出了2新等级,1新组合和1新名称。(2)归并了以下拉丁学名： Clematis dioica L．ssp．virginiana(L．)Kuntze var．bahamica Kuntze,C．bahamica (Kuntze) Britton,C．orbic- ulata Correll,C．brasiliana DC．var．laxa St．Hilaire,C．perulata Kuntze,C．barranacae Jones,C．discolor Gardn., C．laxiflora Baker,C．bathiei Lévl．和C．mauritiana Lam．var．sulfurea Viguier &; Perrier。(3)对威灵仙C．chinensis Osbeck的5个变种进行了分类;特产日本的C．fujisanensis Hisauti &; Hara与C.chinensis 极为相近,主要区别在于具较大的花,但有时花与C.chinensis的花同样大,由于区别不大,在本文中被 降级作变种处理;与其近缘、具强烈退化花序、特产华东的C．anhweiensis M．C．Chang也随之被处理为 变种。(4)瑞典学者Johnson在最近出版的铁线莲属专著中将特产西印度群岛东部的C．Flukenetii DC． 归并于特产美国东南部的C．catesbyana Pursh;本文不同意他做出的归并,并列出了这两个种的明显区 别特征,确认后者是一个应该得到承认的独立的种。(5)根据墨西哥标本描述的C．acapulcensis Hook． &; Arn．原知分布于中美一带,而其在南美的居群和一小叶多毛的新变种(var．puberula)过去长期间被误 定为其近缘种C．affinis St．Hilaire;这个混乱在本文中得到澄清,同时,本文给出了这二近缘种的区别 特征。(6)Viguier和Perrier两位学者在上世纪四十年代末研究马达加斯加一带的黄花铁线莲组-怀特铁 线莲亚组(sect．Meclatis subsect．Wightianae)植物时做出了不少错误鉴定：(a)将特产马达加斯加的具三 出复叶的C．mauritiana Lam. var．mauritiana,var．coriacea和C．microcuspis Baker,以及具单叶的C．ac- tinostemmatifolia W．T．Wang均鉴定为分布于非洲大陆的C．simensis Fresen., 并将后者作为分布于亚洲和欧洲的C．orientalis L．的亚种处理;(b)将特产马达加斯加具三出复叶的C．laxiflora Baker和具一回羽状复叶的C．ibarensis Baker鉴定为特产印度南部的C．wightiana Wall.,也将后者作为C．orientalis的亚种处理;(c)将特产科摩罗(Comoros)具二回羽状复叶的C．comoresensis W．T. Wang鉴定为C．brachiata Thunb.,也将后者作为C．orientalis L．的亚种处理;(d)将C．ibarensis Baker(具一回羽状复叶和两性花)这一拉丁学名用在了另一特产马达加斯加具2～3回羽状复叶和单性花、应属于单性铁线莲组sect． Aspidanthera的种(C．rutoides W．T．Wang)之上;(e)将另一特产马达加斯加具一回羽状复叶和单性花、 也属于单性铁线莲组的C．edentata Baker(＝C．insidiosa Baill．)降级作为这两位学者曲解的C．ibarensis Baker的亚种处理;(f)将特产马达加斯加的C．dissecta Baker归并到属于茴芹叶铁线莲组(sect． Pseudanemone)的C．pimpindllifolia Hook．中。此次本文第五部分继去年第一、二部分之后对上述混乱情况做出了完全澄清,并给出了分布于马达加斯加及其邻近岛屿的怀特铁线莲亚组8种植物的检索表;由于C．ibarensis Baker的定义被上述两位学者严重误解,本文根据较多具花、果的标本写出了此种完整、正确的形态描述。     

铁线莲属研究随记(VI)(英文)

讨论了Clematis eriopoda Maxim.和sect.Atragenopsis Boiss.的地位,认为这二分类群均应成立;描述了2新种,1新变种;过去长期被归并的卷萼铁线莲C.tubulosa得到恢复;Clematisheracleifoliavar.ichangensis被转移改作卷萼铁线莲的变种;首次给出光叶铁线莲Clematisglabrifolia的果实的形态描述。     

Sensitive phylogenetics of Clematis and its position in Ranunculaceae

Ranunculaceae are a nearly cosmopolitan plant family with the highest diversity in northern temperate regions and with relatively few representatives in the tropics. As a result of their position among the early diverging eudicots and their horticultural value, the family is of great phylogenetic and taxonomic interest. Despite this, many genera remain poorly sampled in phylogenetic studies and taxonomic problems persist. In this study, we aim to clarify the infrageneric relationships of Clematis by greatly improving taxon sampling and including most of the relevant subgeneric and sectional types in a simultaneous dynamic optimization of phenotypic and molecular data. We also investigate how well the available data support the hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships in the family. At the family level, all five currently accepted subfamilies are resolved as monophyletic. Our analyses strongly imply that Anemone s.l. is a grade with respect to the Anemoclema + Clematis clade. This questions the recent sinking of well‐established genera, including Hepatica, Knowltonia and Pulsatilla, into Anemone. In Clematis, 12 clades conceptually matching the proposed sectional division of the genus were found. The taxonomic composition of these clades often disagrees with previous classifications. Phylogenetic relationships between the section‐level clades remain highly unstable and poorly supported and, although some patterns are emerging, none of the proposed subgenera is in evidence. The traditionally recognized and horticulturally significant section Viorna is both nomenclaturally invalid and phylogenetically unsupported. Several other commonly used sections are likewise unjustified. Our results provide a phylogenetic background for a natural section‐level classification of Clematis.     

铁线莲属大叶铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科Ranunculaceae铁线莲属Clematis的大叶铁线莲组sect. Tubulosae进行了修订, 确定此组含9种2变种和3变型, 对此组的分类简史和地理分布做了介绍, 研究了此属大多数种的花粉形态, 写出此组组下分类群的形态特征、地理分布等, 并附有全部种的插图。此组9种被划分为2亚组, 其中原始群羽叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Pinnatae(有2种, 1种分布于中国河北和东北, 另1种产日本)在木质藤本习性、花构造、花粉形态(具3沟)等方面与威灵仙组sect. Clematis颇为近似, 区别主要在于萼片在开放初期近直立, 以后平展, 雄蕊花丝被毛, 此亚组可能源于威灵仙组。进化群大叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Tubulosae(有7种, 分布于我国东部、北部和台湾, 朝鲜和日本)为直立多年生草本、小亚灌木或小灌木, 花通常杂性, 萼片直立(花萼呈筒状, 稀呈坛状), 顶端或上部反曲, 雄蕊常有毛, 花粉通常具散孔, 只在1种(原始种大叶铁线莲C. heracleifolia)具3沟, 此亚组可能由羽叶铁线莲亚组演化而来。     

铁线莲属翅果铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis中单型的翅果铁线莲组sect .Pterocarpa进行了分类学修订,写出了此组及其惟一种,翅果铁线莲C.brachyura的分类学简史和形态描述,给出此种的插图。根据其体态及花构造近似亚洲东部的辣蓼铁线莲C.mandshuricaRupr .和圆锥铁线莲C.ternifloraDC.(二种均为威灵仙组sect .Clematis的成员) ,推测翅果铁线莲可能源自威灵仙组。     

Lectotypification and description of Clematis viticella L. (Ranunculaceae)

The typification of Clematis viticella L. is discussed, and a lectotype designated from the Clifford Herbarium (BM). A standard specimen for C. viticella 'Purpurea Plena Elegans' has also been selected. Data from hybridization experiments and studies of natural distribution suggest that Clematis campaniflora Brotero is better treated as a subspecies, i.e. as C. viticella subsp. campaniflora (Brotero) Font Quer ex O. Bolòs & Vigo, than as either a species or variety.     

云南铁线莲属植物地理分布及区系特征

依照王文采和李良千最新系统,云南有铁线莲属(Clematis)植物59种24变种,分属于3亚属6组,是中国该属种类分布最多的省份。横断山区可能是该属的起源、分化和特有中心,而滇西、滇西南以及滇东南地区也与该属的分化有一定联系。云南铁线莲属植物特有现象较为突出:含中国特有的56种(含变种),占云南总种数的67·2%;云南特有16种(含变种),占云南分布的中国特有种的35·0%。云南铁线莲属植物与国内邻近的四川关系最为密切,西藏的关系最弱;与国外邻近的缅甸具有一定的联系。     

铁线莲属菝葜叶铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科Ranunculaceae铁线莲属Clematis的菝葜叶铁线莲组sect. Naraveliopsis进行了全面修订, 确定此组共含21种1亚种和1变种; 写出此组的分类学简史和地理分布, 并讨论了此组在铁线莲属中的系统位置; 将此组划分为3亚组, 写出分亚组、分种检索表, 以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等, 并附有多数种的墨线图。根据对此组植物形态特征的分析, 观察到以下重要演化趋势: (1)叶从单叶演变到二回羽状复叶或二回三出复叶; (2)花从两性到单性, 从无退化雄蕊到有退化雄蕊; (3)雄蕊从无毛到有毛; (4)药隔突起从短(0.5-0.7 mm)到长(8.5-10 mm)。根据上述演化趋势,花两性、雄蕊被毛、退化雄蕊存在的荔波铁线莲亚组subsect. Liboenses(1种,特产贵州荔波)和花由两性变为单性的亚组subsect. Macgregorianae(2种,特产菲律宾)被认为是菝葜叶铁线莲组的进化群。在原始的菝葜叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Smilacifoliae(花两性,雄蕊无毛; 18种,广布亚洲热带地区)中,具单叶,花无退化雄蕊,药隔突起较短的菝葜叶铁线莲C. smilacifolia和滇南铁线莲C. fulvicoma被认为是较原始的种,而具三出复叶和退化雄蕊的C. vietnamensis和丝铁线莲C. loureiriana,以及具羽状复叶和长药隔突起(长达10 mm)的C. papillosa等3种则被认为是此亚组的进化种。自中南半岛北部山地向西经云贵高原南部至喜马拉雅东部山区集中分布有菝葜叶铁线莲组的13种植物,这一山区地带被认为是此组的分布中心。在此山区地带中,菝葜叶铁线莲的分布区和滇南铁线莲的分布区重叠部分的山区可能是此组的起源中心。     

铁线莲属绣球藤组修订

笔者在中国科学院植物研究所标本馆和欧、美一些著名植物标本馆研究了铁线莲属植物标本之后,完成了此属绣球藤组的修订,确定此组含有22种和23变种。本文还提供了组下分类群的检索表、各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。笔者曾在2000年根据此组的重要形态特征的演化趋势制定出一个新分类系统,此系统在本修订中继续得到应用。此组重要形态特征的演化趋势的原始状态是：萼片平展,呈倒卵形,顶端圆形或钝,外面边缘无狭短绒毛带;雄蕊花药呈长圆形或狭长圆形,药隔顶端不突出;花组成具花序梗和2枚分生苞片的聚伞花序,生于当年生枝叶腋。衍生状态是：萼片斜上展或近直立,变狭呈长圆形、长椭圆形、披针形或倒披针形,顶端急尖、渐尖或渐狭,外面边缘出现狭短绒毛带(仅文山铁线莲一种);雄蕊花药呈条形,药隔顶端有小突起;花组成具花序梗和2苞片合生形成总苞的聚伞花序,或花单生,只具花梗,而无花序梗和苞片,自老枝的腋芽中生出。在铁线莲属近300种植物中,具有上述原始特征的只有6种：短梗铁线莲C．brevipes、美花铁线莲C．potaninii、绣球藤C．montana、薄叶铁线莲C．gracilifolia、丽叶铁线莲C．venusta和金毛钱线莲C．chrysocoma。这6种中有5种特产我国西南部横断山区一带,只1种(绣球藤)分布较广,东自我国台湾省向西经过我国亚热带山区分布到喜马拉雅西部。此外,简要回顾了本组的分类历史,绘出本组分布区图,以及讨论了铁线莲属中具花序梗和二苞片的聚伞花序在此属各演化路线中出现的简化成仅具花梗单花的现象。     

四川铁线莲属二新种

描述了自四川东南部发现的毛茛科铁线莲属二新种:黄荆铁线莲和古蔺铁线莲。     

铁线莲属对枝铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis L.的对枝铁线莲组sect. Brachiatae进行了全面修订,确定此组共含24种和4变种(包括2新种),写出了此组的分类学简史和地理分布,对其在铁线莲属中的系统位置和起源以及组下分类进行了讨论;还写出了组下分类群检索表,以及每系和每种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。本组各种的花构造相当一致：萼片4,镊合状排列,水平开展,白色,通常呈长圆形、卵形或披针形,只在2进化种呈宽椭圆形,外面边缘上密被短绒毛;雄蕊花丝狭条形,被柔毛,花药通常长圆形或狭长圆形,无毛,药隔顶端通常不突出;心皮密被柔毛。上述花构造与威灵仙组欧洲铁线莲亚组sect. Clematis subsect. Clematis 的花构造极为相似,与后者的区别仅在于本组被毛的雄蕊花丝。本组是在1992年由黄花铁线莲组sect. Meclatis (萼片4,通常向斜上方开展,黄色,卵形、长圆形或披针形;花丝由于下部变宽而呈狭披针形,被柔毛)中分出建立的,可能与黄花铁线莲组有亲缘关系,并可能同自威灵仙组欧洲铁线莲亚组演化而出。本组的叶变异较大,自单叶至三出复叶、1-3回羽状复叶,最后到3-4回羽状细裂,表现出一明显演化趋势。根据叶的上述特征,以及萼片形状,本组被划分为2系。第1系,对枝铁线莲系ser. Wightianae: 叶为单叶、三出复叶或1-2(-3)回羽状复叶,萼片呈长圆形至披针形,含22种,其中20种分布于科摩罗、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、非洲大陆和阿拉伯半岛西南部,另2种分别分布于印度南部和喜马拉雅山区西部。第2系,细裂铁线莲系ser. Dissectae: 叶3-4回羽状全裂,萼片呈宽椭圆形,含2种,特产马达加斯加。本组各种植物中具单叶的只有1种,即盒子草铁线莲C. actinostemmatifolia (特产科摩罗)。特产马达加斯加的伏毛铁线莲C. strigillosa和特产毛里求斯及马达加斯加的毛里求斯铁线莲C. mauritiana的叶全部为三出复叶。特产非洲大陆中部的扎伊尔铁线莲C. zaireensis的叶多数为三出复叶,有少数叶为具5枚小叶的羽状复叶;此种与产马达加斯加的伏毛铁线莲相近缘,但比后者进化,可能系由后者或后者的近缘种演化而来,并代表了非洲大陆对枝铁线莲组的原始类型,因为非洲大陆该组的其他13种均具1-2回羽状复叶。此外,特产印度南部的怀特铁线莲C. wightiana具1回羽状复叶,特产喜马拉雅山区西部的浓香铁线莲C. graveolens则具2-3回羽状复叶。根据上述,推测科摩罗、马达加斯加和毛里求斯这一群岛地区可能是对枝铁线莲组的起源中心。     

铁线莲属茴芹铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis L.的茴芹铁线莲组sect.Pseudanemone进行了分 类学修订,确定此组包含约16种、3亚种和2变种;写出了此组的分类学简史和地理分布,讨论 了此组在铁线莲属的系统位置;将此组划分为3系,写出了分系、分种检索表,以及各种植物 的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。（2）本组植物的花具4枚平展的萼 片,雄蕊花丝条形,被柔毛。在铁线莲属中,这样的花构造与对枝铁线莲组sect.Brachiata e的花较为相似。但本组植物为直立的亚灌木或小灌木,萼片常部分镊合状排列,部分覆瓦状 排列,通常呈卵形或宽卵形,内面常密被短柔毛或短绒毛,雄蕊花药通常条形,较长,常长 达5-9.5mm。因为具有这些较为特化的特征,此组遂比对枝铁线莲组为进化（在对枝铁线莲组 ,所有的种均为木质藤本植物,萼片4枚镊合状排列,通常呈长圆形,内面常被短柔毛,但不 被短绒毛,雄蕊花药通常长圆形,较短,长1-3mm）,可能由后者演化而来,因此,茴芹铁线 莲组和对枝铁线莲组一样,也是属于铁线莲属中欧洲铁线莲演化干的一个成员。（3）如前所 述,本组的萼片常部分镊合状排列,部分覆瓦状排列。在铁线莲属中,绣球藤组sect.Cheir opsis特产日本的单型亚组subsect.Williamsianae和单性铁线莲组sect.Aspidanthera特产新 西兰的亚组subsect.Hexapetalae的萼片卷叠式也有类似情况,这说明在铁线莲属中不同演化 干上出现的部分萼片呈覆瓦状排列的情况应当是次生的,而不是原初的现象。（4）根据萼片 的毛被和花药的长度,本组被划分为3系:第1系,茴芹铁线莲系ser.Pimpinellifoliae,是本 组的原始群,含7种,特产马达加斯加中亚山区,其特征为萼片薄纸质,内面无毛或多少疏被 短柔毛,花药条形或狭长圆形,长2.2-4mm。第2系,绒毛铁线莲系ser.Villosae,含3种,特 产非洲大陆中部及南部,其特征为萼片常较厚,呈纸质或亚革质,内面密被短绒毛或密短柔 毛,花药通常条形,有时狭长圆形,长2.5-4（-5）mm。第3系,黄果铁线莲系ser.Chrysoca rpae,含6种,特产非洲大陆中部之南,其特征为萼片较厚,呈纸质或亚革质,内面通常被密 短柔毛或短绒毛,只1种无毛,花药条形,在多数种长5.8-7mm,在特产扎伊尔南部的C.kata ngensis则长8-9.5mm,是茴芹铁线莲组中最长的花药。     

A revision of Clematis sect. Atragene （Ranunculaceae）

Clematis sect. Atragene is revised in this paper based on the examination of a large number of herbarium specimens, extensive field observations, and morphometric analyses. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the section are given, the relationships among the species are discussed, and the evolutionary trends of some characters in the section are evaluated. The staminodes of the plants in this section may have evolved from the outer stamens with petaloid filaments and gradually disappearing anthers. Subsequently, they may have evolved in two different ways. One possibility is that the staminodes elongate and become lanceolate, as long as sepals, and their apices turn into attenuate. The other is that the staminodes are spathulate, but not elongating, as long as stamens, and their apices turn into retuse from obtuse and rounded. The evolutionary trend of sepals may be from thin to thick in texture, and the veins from non-prominent to prominent. As a result, five new series are established and nine species, two subspecies and nine varieties （including three new ranks） are recognized in this section. An identification key is provided, and each taxon is described and illustrated. Clematis sibirica and Clematis ochotensis are treated as subspecies of Clematis alpina due to their subtle differences and lack of, or few, overlapping distributions. Clematis fusijamana and Clematisfauriei are recognized as varieties of C. alpina ssp. ochotensis for the continuous variation of the velutinous strips on the sepal margins. Clematis iliensis is treated as variety of C. alpina ssp. sibirica for the continuous variation of leaf division types. Extensive variations in sepal color and basal caruncle size support degrading Clematis chiisanensis as a variety of Clematis koreana. The North American ser. Occientales may be primitive, whereas ser. Macropetalae may be the most advanced taxon in this section. Ser. Alpinae and ser. Koreanae are closely related to each other. However, the systematic position of ser.     

A revision of Clematis sect. Brachiatae (Ranunculaceae)

Clematis sect. Brachiatae is revised in this paper. Twenty-four species and four varieties are recognized. They are keyed, described, and illustrated in most cases, and classified into two series. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the section are given, and its systematic position and origin are discussed. A western Himalayan species, C. graveolens Lindl., which has long been misplaced in the C. orientalis group (sect. Meclatis), is transferred to sect. Brachiatae on the basis of its floral structure being identical with that of C. brachiata Thunb. and its allies. Two new combinations, sect. Brachiatae Snoeijer ser. Wightianae (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang and ser. Dissectae (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang, are made, and two species, C. zaireensis W. T. Wang and C. bowkeri Burtt Davy, are described as new.     

The metareticulate pollen morphology of Alternanthera Forssk. (Gomphrenoideae,Amaranthaceae) and its taxonomic implications

Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae) is a diverse genus largely restricted to the American Tropics that belongs to the alternantheroid clade containing C₄ and C₃–C₄ intermediate species. This research focuses on the study of pollen characters by studying 13 species, representatives of the two major clades and subclades of Alternanthera. General palynological comparisons were conducted with light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for exine ultrastructure. Twenty-five characters were measured and described for Alternanthera and among these, 14 pollen characters were used to discriminate pollen groups using cluster analysis and canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP). Pollen form and ornamentation, pores number, spines length, number of ektexinous bodies and nanospines on the ektexinous bodies on pore membranes, arrangement of nanopores and spines on structural elements, and metareticula form were taxonomically important and therefore used to construct the first palynological key to the alternantheroid clade species. Our study indicates that the seemingly subtle morphological variation of pollen is useful for recognising three main pollen types within Alternanthera. The much needed palynological terminology for describing the mesoporium in the metareticulate pollen of Amaranthaceae is provided.