历山森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

采用多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数对山西历山森林群落物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为：青榨槭＋五角枫林>青榨槭＋鹅耳枥林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>华山松＋红桦林>油松＋栎林>白桦林>侧柏＋栓皮栎林>红桦林>华山松林>侧柏林>油松林>红桦＋山杨林;森林群落灌木层多样性指数和丰富度指数大于草本层和乔木层,而均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;海拔1 000～1 920 m之间,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill多样性指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈正相关(P<0.05),海拔大于1 920 m则呈现负相关;这些指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈现出“中间高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上物种多样性高而低海拔和高海拔物种多样性低.这主要是由于在中海拔（约1 900 m）地段水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致.     

地带性森林群落物种多样性的比较研究

在群落调查以及文献收集的基础上,对暖温带地区、暖温带和亚热带过渡地区、亚热带地区以及热带地区的典型地带笥植被不同群落类型群落多样性进行了分析和研究。结果发现这４类地区物种多样性的变化具有一定的规律性,具体表现在热带地区群落乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性为最高,然后依次是亚热带地区、秦蛉地区和东灵山地区;灌木层的物种丰富度和多样性则以亚热带地区为最高,其次是秦岭地区,热带地区的则仍高于东灵山地区;灌木层     

太行山南段森林群落物种多样性研究

分别用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数对山西太行山南段森林群落的物种多样性及其与环境的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)3个植被型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:落叶阔叶林>温性针阔叶混交林>温性针叶林.(2)落叶阔叶林中各群系的物种多样性指数的顺序为:漆树 青麸杨林>鹅耳枥 青榨槭林>青檀林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>白桦林>红桦林>山杨 白桦林.(3)温性针叶林中各群系的物种多样性指数的顺序为南方红豆杉林>油松林>白皮松林>侧柏林.(4)物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;多样性指数的趋势则为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;各群落灌木层物种均匀度指数大于乔木层和草本层,乔木层均匀度与草本层相差不明显.(5)各群落多样性指数在海拔梯度上表现出明显的规律,呈单峰曲线变化,即中等海拔高度上的群落物种多样性较高,而高海拔和低海拔多样性较低,这主要是由于在中海拔(大约1 500 m)地段水热条件组合较好、人类活动干扰较少所致.     

濒危植物永瓣藤所在群落物种多样性初步研究

永瓣藤(Monimopetalum chinense)是卫矛科(Celastraceae)的一个中国特有单型属植物,被列为国家二级稀有濒危保护物种。以11个样地调查资料为基础,从物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数等方面对濒危植物永瓣藤所在群落物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明:永瓣藤所在群落物种多样性较高,植物群落结构复杂,物种丰富;从平均值来看,物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数灌木层>草本层>乔木层,物种均匀度指数草本层>灌木层>乔木层;乔木层物种贫乏,物种多样性较低,优势树种突出;永瓣藤受人类活动干扰较大,森林的乱砍滥伐和旅游的不合理开发给该物种带来严重的威胁。     

贵州部分森林群落物种多样性初步研究

 本文根据贵州省178个森林群落样地的数据研究了群落物种的多样性。测定的指标有群 落物种丰富度,群落Simpson多样性指数和群落均匀度。测定结果表明;不同垂直带生物气 候条件下的森林群落有不同的多样性。相同垂直带生物气候条件下,基质生境相同时,不同森林植被亚型的群落的多样性近似,基质生境不同时,群落多样性则不同;同一群落类型的各个样地的多样性也有变化,结构不同的群落个体,其多样性指数不同,演替趋势也不同。乔木第二亚层的多样性普遍地高于乔木第一亚层。同一演替系列中,越接近顶极阶段多样性越高。多样性指数与群落物种丰富度,均匀度呈紧密的正相关,与群落个体总数没有相关。认为多样性测定在比较、说明群落的结构、类型、组织特征、生境、演替等方面有一定意义。     

翅果油树群落结构多样性

群落结构多样性的研究可以为实施更加有效的生物多样性监测、保护与持续利用提供科学依据。采用扩展形式的Shannon指数和基于方差的结构多样性指数(STVI)对山西省翅果油树群落进行了结构多样性研究。结果表明:两个结构多样性指数表现出较为一致的变化趋势,均可反映山西翅果油树群落的结构多样性差异;群落类型、物种组成、空间结构,以及生境条件、环境因子和人为干扰强度等是影响翅果油树群落结构多样性的主要因素;STVI结构多样性指数克服了在计算多样性时将直径和高度划分等级时的主观性,并且能更好地描述一个较大的结构序列,因此运用价值更大。     

群落均匀度分形分析

修正了Frontier和Ricotta等关于有效物种丰富度指数A与物种丰富度指数S之间幂律关系的定义．探讨了A与S之间分形关系的生态学意义．认为分形维数D是群落均匀度测度值在物种数S不断增加的过程中．向其逼近的一个理论值;提出了利用双对数坐标上建立的A与S拟合直线的方程．对群落均匀度的4种变化趋势进行描述的方法。以广东黑石顶自然保护区森林演替系列为例．研究了针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林样带上．随着样带观察长度的逐渐增加群落均匀度的变化情况。结果表明．230m长的混交林样带只存在一个线性无标度区间．群落均匀度随样带长度的不断增加而逐渐降低．向分形维数D=0．810趋近。170m长的常绿阔叶林样带存在两个线性无标度区问．在0～25m的尺度域内．随着样带长度的逐渐增加均匀度不断降低．向分形维数D=0．525逼近;在30～170m的尺度域内．随着样带观察长度的增加．群落均匀度也逐渐增加．向分形维数D=0．920趋近。     

山西桑干河流域湿地植被物种多样性研究

以109个样方调查数据为基础,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西桑干河流域湿地植物群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并用方差分析和多重比较的方法研究了各群落之间多样性指数的差异程度。研究结果表明：各植被类型的物种多样性指数大小排列依次为：柽柳—委陵菜群落＞柽柳+沙棘—鹅观草群落＞柽柳—鹅绒委陵菜群落＞柽柳—芦苇群落＞芦苇+水蓼+莎草群落＞芦苇+苔草群落＞百里香+铁杆蒿群落＞香蒲+水蓼群落＞水葱+轮藻+眼子菜群落＞藨草+莎草+泽泻群落＞水葱+藨草+芦苇群落＞狐尾藻+香蒲群落＞慈姑+芦苇群落＞水蓼+慈姑群落＞水莎草+水稗群落。对12种多样性指数进行比较后发现,R₀、H′和E₄优于其他指数。     

山西翅果油树群落优势种群分布格局研究

 应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、Green指数、聚集强度、Poisson分布和负二项分布的X2拟合检验等方法,研究了山西翅果油树群落优势种群的分布格局,并用相关分析比较了6个指数间的关系,结果表明：翅果油树分布格局呈随机型,其余22个优势种的分布格局皆为聚集型,这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关,以及与物种的竞争排斥作用有密切联系。在判定物种分布格局的8种方法中,以方差／均值比率、Poisson分布和负二项分布的X2拟合检验联合运用效果较好,不仅生态学意义明确,而且结果具有严格的统计学意义。     

山西绵山森林植被的多样性分析

本文采用物种丰富度指数、Ｈｉｌ的多样性指数（Ｎ１和Ｎ２）和Ａｌａｔａｌｏ的均匀度指数对山西绵山森林植被的多样性进行了分析。结果表明：１）随海拔升高物种丰富度和多样性下降,而均匀度上升。２）各植被类型的多样性指数和均匀度指数的顺序为：蒙椴、槭杂木林＞辽东栎林＞山杨林＞白桦林＞红桦林＞油松林＞侧柏林＞云杉林＞华北落叶松林。３）群落的多样性明显受灌木层和草本层多样性的影响。     

历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落植物多样性研究

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落多样性进行研究。结果表明 :1 )同一群落内 ,多样性指数存在一定的波动范围 ;不同群落间 ,物种多样性也存在差异 ,但其并不一定具有统计学意义。由此表明 ,群落之间存在差异 ,同时也存在着连续性。 2 )海拔高度是决定本区多样性分布格局的主导因子 ,随着群落分布海拔高度的增加 ,多样性呈一致的上升趋势 ,即多样性与海拔呈正相关关系。 3)群落物种多样性对海拔的敏感性由大到小的次序为草本层 >乔木层 >灌木层 ,其中乔木层的丰富度指数、草本层均匀度指数与海拔有着极显著的正相关关系 ,而乔木层的多样性指数、草本层的丰富度指数与海拔有着极显著的负相关关系 ,灌木层的多样性与海拔没有显著的相关性。 4)群落中不同结构、不同层次对群落总体多样性的贡献是不同的 ,两种测定方法所产生的总体多样性之间呈显著相关关系 ,表明给定加权参数的测定方法没有影响客观生态意义的反映 ,同时也更好地反映出群落结构对于群落多样性的功能差异     

植物群落多样性与可入侵性关系研究进展

综述了植物群落的多样性和可入侵性关系的研究进展.对模型研究、观察性研究和实验性研究得出植物群落的多样性和可入侵性关系不同结论的原因进行了分析,并提出了该方面进一步研究的建议.模型研究的群落多样性形成机制单一、群落状态达到平衡、物种特征差异不明显等简化前提假设,削弱了其结论的可信性.观察性研究的尺度不同导致不同结论,在小尺度上的主要影响因素可能是群落内部的生物因素,但在较大尺度上很多外部因素共同影响多样性和可入侵性,会导致两者出现正相关.实验性研究通常是在小尺度下进行,排除了外部因素的干扰,但是在人工组建群落多样性梯度时,会出现取样效应、相同物种多样性的群落丰富度和密度不同等问题.未来研究应重点考虑的几个方面,即观察性研究与实验相结合,分析不同尺度上入侵的机理和过程;平衡实验设计,避免抽样效应等误来源;模型与实验设计相耦合.     

长沙黄花国际机场鸟类群落物种多样性分析

为了获得长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范工作所需的鸟类基础性资料,从2005年9月~2006年8月,通过对机场地区5种生境类型鸟类群落的调查与监测,记录到鸟类112种,属16目32科。其中46种属东洋界种类、45种属古北界种类、21种属广布种;留鸟46种、夏候鸟25种、冬候鸟29种、旅鸟12种。经RB频率指数测算,鸟类群落的优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)和树麻雀(Passer montanus)。按鸟类生境分布系数划分,广布型的鸟类有44种,是该区鸟类群落组成的主体。鸟类群落的Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数为1.607,均匀性指数为0.784。     

Plant community response to loss of large herbivores: comparing consequences in a South African and a North American grassland

Loss of biodiversity poses one of the greatest threats to natural ecosystems throughout the world. However, a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of species losses from upper trophic levels is still emerging. Here we compare the impacts of large mammalian herbivore species loss on grassland plant community structure and composition in a South African and North American grassland. Herbaceous plant communities were surveyed at sites without large mammalian herbivores present and at sites with a single species of herbivore present in both locations, and additionally at one site in South Africa with multiple herbivore species. At both the North American and South African locations, plant communities on sites with a single herbivore species were more diverse and species rich than on sites with no herbivores. At the multi-herbivore site in South Africa, plant diversity and richness were comparable to that of the single herbivore site early in the growing season and to the no herbivore site late in the growing season. Analyses of plant community composition, however, indicated strong differences between the multi-herbivore site and the single and no herbivore sites, which were more similar to each other. In moderate to high-productivity ecosystems with one or a few species of large herbivores, loss of herbivores can cause a significant decrease in plant diversity and richness, and can have pronounced impacts on grassland plant community composition. In ecosystems with higher herbivore richness, species loss may also significantly alter plant community structure and composition, although standard metrics of community structure may obscure these differences.     

Ecological effects of forest roads on plant species diversity in Caspian forests of Iran

Current research includes the effects of asphalt forest roads on changes of plant cover and tree regeneration from asphalt forest roads edges towards its inner parts in two compartments of Nave Asalem forests located in the north of Iran. For this reason, in each side of road, 6 sample plots (20 m × 20 m) were established for measuring plant species diversity. In each sample plot, ground vegetation and tree regeneration were assessed within nine 2 × 2 m micro plots. In total, 12 sample plots and 108 μ plots were established. Results indicated that the road positions were effective on plant species diversity. The highest diversity and evenness indices value were observed down of the road compared to the up of the road position for herbal and tree regeneration layers. The same results were found also for herbal richness indices. Up of road position had the greatest value of richness indices in comparison to the other road position for tree regeneration layer. Also, the results showed that diversity, richness, and evenness indices were decreased with the increasing of distance from the road side for herbs and tree regeneration layers. This study indicated that roads can increase plant biodiversity; that is, tree regeneration density.     

Faunal structures associated with patches of mussels on East Asian coasts

Aggregations of mussels harbor a variety of associated animals and make it possible for diverse species to coexist at the shore. Species composition and diversity of the associated fauna are controlled by the position of mussel beds or patches, e.g. tidal level, age structure of mussels, quality of ambient water and by mussel species. When patches of mussels were surrounded by algal growth, a difference in the species composition of the associated fauna was recognized between the patches and algal mats. Mechanisms promoting coexistence are discussed. Biodeposit production by mussels may affect the environment both within the bed and the ambient waters. Reducing sediments showing low Eh values caused by the accumulation of biodeposits was observed in calm waters where the polychaete Capitella capitata, an indicator for organic enrichment, occurred both in the intertidal mussel bed and the subtidal sandy bottom communities. In a shallow subtidal sandy bottom of the Gulf of Thailand, where heavy bioturbation by the spatangoid urchin Brissus latecarinatus was occurring, small patches of the mussel Modiolus metcalfi increased species diversity and equitability in this habitat. Species composition was different between mussel patches and pure sandy bottoms. Electronic Publication     

Richness, Abundance, and Complementarity of Fruit-feeding Butterfly Species in Relict Sacred Forests and Forest Reserves of Ghana

Sacred forest groves in Ghana are centuries old protected areas that were once part of continuous forest cover but now mostly exist as relict forest patches embedded in an agropastoral landscape. We conducted a year-long survey of the fruit-feeding butterfly fauna of four sacred groves and two forest reserves in the moist semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana to characterize resident species diversity and complementarity among communities. Joint analysis of frugivorous butterfly diversity at these six forest fragments, which ranged in size from 6 to 5000 ha, was used to evaluate the conservation potential of these ancient indigenous reserves. A total of 6836 individuals were trapped across all sites, representing 79 species and five subfamilies. Community diversity was characterized in terms of, (a) number of species accumulated versus sampling effort, (b) rarefied species richness, (c) nonparametric richness estimates, (d) species evenness, (e) Simpson’s Index of Diversity, and (f) complementarity of communities. Diversity of the fruit-feeding butterfly communities, quantified in terms of both species evenness and rarefied species richness, was higher at the larger forest reserves than at the small sacred forest groves. Additionally, although all sites had species trapped only at that site, the 5000-ha forest reserve harbored a resident community that was clearly distinctive from and more diverse than the other communities including the other forest reserve. Hence, our findings add to the burgeoning body of data that indicates large reserves are the foundation of successful conservation programs. Nonetheless, we found these small forest patches contribute to biodiversity conservation in at least three ways and these are identified and discussed. We also identify a number of species that appear more or less vulnerable to dynamics of forest fragmentation based on changes in their relative abundance across sites and we interpret these data in the context of potential indicator species and theoretical predictions of at-risk species.