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1.
黄土高原森林群落物种多度的分布格局   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
任萍  王孝安  郭华 《生态学杂志》2009,28(8):1449-1455
选用物种多度统计模型(对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型)和物种多度生态位模型(分割线段模型、生态位重叠模型、随机分配模型)研究了黄土高原子午岭马栏林区不同演替阶段3种森林群落物种多度分布格局的变化。结果表明:(1)物种分布统计模型拟合显示,演替初期的白桦(Betula platyphylla)林,物种丰富,但分布不均匀;演替中期的天然油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林,油松优势地位明显,林下灌木和草本植物数量少但分布集中;演替顶极的辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林,物种分布均匀且集中,枯立木形成的林隙较多。(2)在物种多度生态位模型拟合中,3种群落均能被较好地拟合。说明在演替过程中,影响物种分布的自然和人为因素较多,不能简单地选择一个生态位模型来解释。因此,研究森林群落物种分布时,最好采用多个模型进行拟合。  相似文献   

2.
为揭示物种多度格局随尺度的变化规律,探讨多度格局形成的机理及生态学过程,作者以古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林24 ha固定监测样地为背景.采用断棍模型(broken stick model)、对数正态模型(Iognormal distribution model)、生态位优先占领模型(preemption model)、Zipf模型(Zipf model)、Zipf-Mandelbrot模型(Zipf-Mandelbrot model)及中性理论模型(neutral model),对不同尺度下的物种多度分布格局进行拟合,并采用AIC检验和卡方检验选择最优拟合模型.结果表明,不同尺度上适合的物种一多度曲线模型不同;在取样边长为10 m和20 m时,除中性模型外的5个模型均不能被拒绝,它们均适合小尺度下的格局,这表明存小的尺度上生态位过程对物种一多度曲线的格局贡献较大;在取样边长为40 m时,最适合的模型为对数正态模型;取样边长为60 m和80 m时,Zipf-Mandelbrot模型为最优拟合模型;在取样边长为100 m时,尽管Zipf-Mandelbrot模型有最小的AIC值,但卡方检验拒绝了除中性模型外的5个模型;中性理论模型除了边长为10 m和20 m尺度以外,在其他尺度上均比前面5种模型的预测效果更好.因此在研究物种多度分布规律时必须注意空间尺度的影响.研究结果表明随着尺度的增加,中性过程成为决定物种一多度曲线格局的主要生态过程.  相似文献   

3.
山西霍山油松林的物种多度分布格局   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
高利霞  毕润成  闫明 《植物生态学报》2011,35(12):1256-1270
物种多度格局分析对理解群落结构具有重要的意义。该文首次选用描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(生态位优先模型NPM、分割线段模型BSM、生态位重叠模型ONM)、生物统计模型(对数级数分布模型LSD、对数正态分布模型LN)以及中性理论模型NT, 对山西霍山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林的物种数量关系进行了拟合研究, 并采用卡方(χ2)检验、Likelihood-ratios (L-R)检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验和赤池信息量准则(AIC)选择最适合模型, 结果表明: (1)描述乔木层物种多度格局的最优生态位模型为NPM (3种检验方法均接受该模型, p > 0.05, 且该模型具有最小的 AIC值), ONM的拟合效果次之, 不服从BSM; 三种生态位模型均可较好地拟合灌木层物种多度格局; ONM是草本层最佳生态位模型, BSM、NPM拟合效果较差; LSD可以描述油松林各层物种多度结构; LN可以很好地解释灌草层物种数量关系; NT不能解释油松林任何层次的物种多度结构。(2)霍山油松林乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性均明显小于草本层; 该群落物种富集种少而稀疏种多, 且群落的均匀度相对较小。(3)从该区油松林种-多度分布来看, 同一个模型可以拟合不同的物种多度数据, 相同的数据可以由不同的模型来解释。因此, 研究森林群落物种分布时, 应采用多个模型进行拟合, 同时选用多种方法筛选最优模型。  相似文献   

4.
利用断棍模型(BSM)、生态位优先占领模型(NPM)、优势优先模型(DPM)、随机分配模型(RAM)和生态位重叠模型(ONM),对石灰岩山地淡竹林演替序列3类群落15个样地的种 多度关系进行拟合,并利用卡方(x2)和赤池信息量准则(AIC)检验.结果表明: 淡竹纯林、竹阔混交林和阔叶林最优物种多度分布格局模型分别为:DPM(x2=35.86,AIC=-69.77)、NPM(x2=1.60,AIC=-94.68)和NPM(x2=0.35,AIC=-364.61);BSM对混交林和阔叶林的拟合效果较好,对淡竹纯林的拟合欠佳;RAM和ONM对3类群落的拟合均不能接受;在淡竹纯林向阔叶林演替过程中,物种数逐渐增加,多度分布均匀,物种多度分布格局由DPM向NPM转变.由生境过滤作用主导转换成种间竞争作用主导是淡竹林演替序列物种多度格局变化的主要原因.采用多种模型和检验方法综合分析群落演替内、外因素变化,将有助于深入理解群落演替的生态过程.  相似文献   

5.
物种多度格局研究进展   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
物种多度格局研究始于20世纪30年代,是种群生态学和群落生态学研究的起点。物种多度格局研究主要在两个水平上进行:1)初期研究主要集中于群落水平,希望在不同群落之间发现一个共同的整体格局来描述群落的组织结构。常用模型包括几何级数、对数级数、对数正态和断棍模型,不同模型代表了不同的生态学过程。2)目前转向重视物种水平,并以物种多度的区域分布规律及其生态学机制研究为主。物种分布区多度关系有正相关、无相关和负相关3种形式。局部多度高的物种一般趋于广布,而局部多度低的物种趋于受限分布。物种多度区域分布的生态位模型预测为单峰型,还经常会出现“热点地区”;而异质种群模型预测为双峰型。物种多度的区域分布主要由环境资源特性、物种生态位和扩散过程等因素决定。3)物种多度格局的时间变化与空间变异类似,代表了这些生态学过程的时间异质性。4)物种多度格局的尺度变化经常表现出自相似性,但该规律并非一直存在,因为生物多样性由不同尺度上的不同生态学过程决定。5)多度(稀有度)是物种保护的基本依据,而群落多度模型能够指示生态学和干扰过程变化对群落结构的影响。物种多度格局的模型手段仍需改进,机制研究尚不系统,应用研究亟待扩展,对于物种多度格局的深入理解将为揭示生物多样性分布机制和有效保护提供帮助。  相似文献   

6.
应用群落物种相对多度分布的几何级数分布模型,对数级数分布模型,对数正态分布模型,分割线段模型和Weibull模型,对观光木群落物种相对多度分布进行了对比研究,结果表明,对于乔木层物种,其相对多度分布可用对数级数分布,对数正态分布,Weibull分布,几何级数分布和分割线段模型来拟合,而对于灌木层物种相对多度分布则可用对数级数分布,对数正态分布和Weibull分布加以拟合,研究结果为观光木群落物种多样性保护提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

7.
天童常绿阔叶林中常绿与落叶物种的物种多度分布格局   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
物种多度分布是对群落内不同物种多度情况的数量描述, 作为理解群落性质的基石, 其形成机制受到广泛关注。常绿与落叶物种是两类有着不同物候性状与生长策略的物种集合, 它们普遍共存于常绿阔叶林中。在天童20 ha常绿阔叶林动态监测样地内, 虽然常绿物种在物种多度和胸高断面积等指标上占有绝对优势, 但其在物种丰富度上却不及落叶物种。分析两者在常绿阔叶林中的物种多度分布特征, 能够为理解常绿阔叶林内物种多样性的维持机制提供一个全新的视角。为此, 我们基于天童样地的植被调查数据, 一方面利用累积经验分布函数对两类生活型植物的物种多度分布进行描述, 使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验(K-S检验)判断其差异性; 另一方面, 采用纯统计模型、生态位模型和中性理论模型对二者的物种多度分布曲线进行拟合, 并基于K-S检验的结果以及AIC值进行最优模型的筛选。结果显示: (1)常绿与落叶物种的物种多度分布曲线间并无显著差异。(2)在选用的3类模型中, 中性理论模型对于两类物种多度分布曲线的拟合效果都最好, 而生态位模型的拟合效果则一般。从上述结果可以看出, 尽管常绿与落叶物种在物种数量和多度等方面均存在差异, 但它们却有着近似的物种多度分布格局以及相近的多样性维持机制。然而, 鉴于模型拟合的结果只能作为理解群落多样性构建机制的必要非充分条件, 故而只能初步判定中性过程对于常绿与落叶物种的物种多样性格局影响更大, 却不能排除或衡量诸如生态位分化等其他过程在两类生活型多样性格局形成中的贡献。  相似文献   

8.
冯云  马克明  张育新  祁建  张洁瑜 《生态学报》2007,27(11):4743-4750
多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明:在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。  相似文献   

9.
多物种集合的种-多度关系模型研究进展   总被引:17,自引:3,他引:17       下载免费PDF全文
彭少麟  殷祚云  任海  郭勤峰 《生态学报》2003,23(8):1590-1605
种 -多度关系是群落结构研究最基本的方面之一。Preston最早描述的物种“常见性和罕见性的分布”是群落中种 -多度关系的一般特性。自从 Motomura开创性地提出一个几何序列模型用于描述这种特性后 ,生态学家已建立了许多拟合种 -多度关系的经验模型和理论模型 ,主要包括对数序列分布、对数正态分布等统计模型 ,几何序列模型、分割线段模型等生态位模型以及反映群落动态和环境制约作用的动态模型 ,还有其中一些模型的扩展模型。近年来 ,种 -多度关系研究领域已大大拓宽 ,如“群落”的内涵已延伸为“多物种集合”,物种“多度”的测度推广到“广义多度”。尽管种 -多度关系研究已取得很大进展 ,仍有一些问题尚待解决 ,诸如多度指标选择、种 -多度分布时空变化规律及其机制以及种 -多度关系模型的选择、检验、解释与应用。  相似文献   

10.
冯云  马克明  张育新  祁建  张洁瑜 《生态学报》2007,27(11):4743-4750
多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明:在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。  相似文献   

11.
热带山地雨林中捕获鼠形啮齿类6种,社鼠(Rattus niviventer)是优势种,相对丰盛度为81.18%;亚热带中山湿性阔叶林中捕获8种,中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)为优势种,相对丰盛度为73.63%。两种森林类型鼠形啮齿类种类数目间并无显著差异。 热带山地雨林6种鼠形啮齿类平均密度为13.21只/公顷,平均生物量为711.43克/公顷;亚热带中山阔叶林中5种平均密度为20.25,平均生物量530.19。两种森林中鼠形啮齿类的平均密度差异显著,但生物量平均值却无明显差别。 群落中生物量分布极不均匀,社鼠和中华姬鼠的生物量分别在两种森林中各自占鼠形啮齿类总生物量的77.37%与70.43%。  相似文献   

12.
An international project, DIWPA-IBOY, took place for simultaneously observing biodiversity throughout the Western-Pacific and Asian regions in 2001–2003, as one of the core projects for International Biodiversity Observation Year, a crosscutting network activity of DIVERSITAS (an international programme of biodiversity science). DIWPA-IBOY provides extensive data on species diversity obtained by the standardized method. Under this project, 51,742 individuals of Lepidoptera and 11,633 of Coleoptera were collected by light traps from the Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University, one of the core DIWPA-IBOY sites, in the cool-temperate region of northern Japan. Based on these data, this study examined the relative abundance distribution (RAD) to evaluate the amount of rare species in the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera communities. The beta diversities between sampling seasons, forest strata, and trap sites were also assessed to evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of species composition in these communities. In the analysis of the RAD, the best-fit model was selected from the log-Normal, Zipf–Mandelbrot, and Zipf models differing in the tail length of the RAD, i.e., the proportion of rare species. To explore the beta diversity between samples, the abundance-based Jaccard index with an unseen species estimator was calculated, and then a hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted. As a result of RAD analysis, the Coleoptera community was regarded as containing a larger proportion of rare species than the Lepidoptera community. The seasonal compartmentalization of the community, deduced from the beta-diversity analysis, was finer in Lepidoptera (seven assemblages recognized) than in Coleoptera (three assemblages). The spatial (vertical and horizontal) compartmentalization was negligible in both communities. The coincidence of the larger proportion of rare species and the lower beta diversity between seasons in the Coleoptera community was explained by the longer life spans of beetles compared to moths, based on the assumption that the length of life span acts as a temporal agent for mass effect on the analogy of the migration rate as a spatial agent for mass effect.  相似文献   

13.
意大利威尼托大区刺叶栎林的生物多样性研究   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
意大利威尼托大区刺叶栎(Quercusilex L.)林物种多样性指数和物种多度分布的研究表明:1.Menhinick 指数、Shannon 指数、Brillouin 指数、Sim pson 指数、Pielou 均匀度指数、Brillouin 均匀度指数、PIE的V 均匀度指数、PIE的V均匀度指数和McIntosh 均匀度指数较为适用。它们反映从加尔达湖区到FocidelTagliam ento、Bosco Nordio、ColliEuganei刺叶栎林的物种多样性指数依次降低。2. 几何分布最适用于威尼托的刺叶栎林的物种多度分布,Log-norm al分布也较适合。物种多度分布模型反映在生物多样性上,其结果与物种多样性指数一致。3. 生物多样性并非绝对随群落演替的顺向发展而增加。在演替早期,由于无明显优势种,物种的优势度较低,物种多样性指数较高。随着演替的进行和优势度的增加,多样性变小。演替的进一步进行,由于群落结构的复杂及物种的增加,多样性又将随演替发展而增加  相似文献   

14.
    
The species diversity indices and the species abundance distribution of Ouercus ilex L. woods in Veneto, Italy were studied. The results are as follows: 1. The Menhinicht s index, Shannont s index, Brillouin’s index, Simpsont s index Piulout s evenness, V′ evenness of PIE, V evenness of PIE, Mclntosh evenness could be used to study the diversity of O. ilex woods in Veneto. They showed that from the area of Lago ki Garda, to Foci del Tagliamento, Bosco Nordio, and Colli Euganei, the value of species diversity indices decreased gadually. 2. The geometric series of species abundance distribution dould be used best to study the diversity of O. ilex woods, and the log-normal distribution of species abundance distribution could also be a good index used to study did. The results of the study of species abundance distribution were the same as those of species diversity indices. 3. Diversity did not always increase in succession. In the earlier stage of succession, the diversity usually was relatively large owing to the invasion of many species and the lack of dominance. In the subsequent stage, the diversity was relatively minimized as the dominance increases. In the late stage, the diversity would increase as the structure of community became complicated and the number of species increased.  相似文献   

15.
应用Simpson和Shannon多样性指数及其相应的均匀度,对阔叶红松林及其次生白桦林的高等植物物种多样性进行了对比研究.结果表明,对于木本植物,次生白桦林物种多样性高于阔叶红松林;而对于草本植物,情况正好相反.但在次生白桦林中,无论木本植物还是草本植物,占优势的物种都是一些常见种,而许多阔叶红松林中的珍稀或特有物种在次生白桦林中数量很少,有些甚至完全消失.对群落各种群多度分布的检验表明,2种森林类型中,无论木本植物还是草本植物,各种群的多度分布都遵从对数级数分布.  相似文献   

16.
Aggregations of mussels harbor a variety of associated animals and make it possible for diverse species to coexist at the shore. Species composition and diversity of the associated fauna are controlled by the position of mussel beds or patches, e.g. tidal level, age structure of mussels, quality of ambient water and by mussel species. When patches of mussels were surrounded by algal growth, a difference in the species composition of the associated fauna was recognized between the patches and algal mats. Mechanisms promoting coexistence are discussed. Biodeposit production by mussels may affect the environment both within the bed and the ambient waters. Reducing sediments showing low Eh values caused by the accumulation of biodeposits was observed in calm waters where the polychaete Capitella capitata, an indicator for organic enrichment, occurred both in the intertidal mussel bed and the subtidal sandy bottom communities. In a shallow subtidal sandy bottom of the Gulf of Thailand, where heavy bioturbation by the spatangoid urchin Brissus latecarinatus was occurring, small patches of the mussel Modiolus metcalfi increased species diversity and equitability in this habitat. Species composition was different between mussel patches and pure sandy bottoms. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

17.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Parks, as one specific type of urban open space, play important roles in the conservation of urban biodiversity and provision of recreational services for local residents. As there is a lack of specific insight into park plant species composition in relation to park features, 24 sample parks within the inner city of Beijing, the capital of China, were studied by stratified random plot sampling of their tree, shrub, and herbaceous communities, respectively, in order to investigate how human activities have influenced park green cover configuration and floristic characteristics. The quantitative correlation of species richness and the park green cover indices (patch size, shape, etc.) were studied. The importance value index for plant species (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species) of each park was calculated. The two-way indicator species analysis approach (TWINSPAN) was applied to classify the 24 parks into different groups based on their species assemblages. Two-hundred and eighty-eight species were recorded within the 24 study parks, belonging to 184 genera and 72 families dominated by Gramineae, Compositae, and Leguminosae. Among all the recorded species, 41% are exotic. The species occurrence, abundance and diversity vary significantly among different parks. Besides the positive correlation (R=0.505, P<0.05) between herbaceous species abundance and the park green cover size, no other significant relations were found between the species abundance and other indices of park green cover configuration. Remarkably, the TWINSPAN classification resulted in a good discrimination between park functional types and the variation in their species assemblage. For the parks of similar age (development history) or landscape design, their species assemblages show more similarity. The methodology adopted and results can be employed to improve baseline information on urban plant ecology and support the setting of priorities for future park management and vegetation protection.  相似文献   

18.
The processes underlying parasitoid community structure are little known. Stochastic niche-apportionment models provide one route to underlying assemblage rules in this and other groups. Previous work has applied this approach to parasitoids found on single host species in single populations. However, parasitoid communities are known to extend across multiple hosts and scales. The patterns of relative abundances generated by five niche-apportionment models were compared to those observed in assemblages of two sub-families of the Ichneumonidae, the Diplazontinae and Pimplinae, at landscape and patch scales, Yorkshire, UK. Three of the five models produced patterns that were significantly different to the observed pattern for all taxonomic levels at both spatial scales. The Diplazontinae fit the random fraction (RF) model at the landscape scale in broadleaved woods. This suggests that hierarchical structuring and biotic interactions may play a role in the structuring of Diplazontinae assemblages at this scale. In contrast the Pimplinae fit the RF model only at the patch scale and only at one site. However, the Pimplini tribe (all chiefly parasitoids of Lepidoptera) fit the random assortment (RA) model at both the landscape and the patch scales, whilst the Ephialtini tribe (wide range of hosts) fit no model at either scale. The ecological interpretation of the RA model suggests that the Pimplini tribe is an unsaturated assemblage, where some of the total available resources are unused. Our results show, through the fit of mechanistic niche-apportionment models, that the processes that may structure ichneumonid parasitoid assemblages are not consistent across taxa and spatial scales.  相似文献   

19.
    
During the period fromlate May through December 1981, tree-dwelling beetles were regularly surveyed at three deciduous oak and two evergreen forests in the vicinity of Gifu City. Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae were abundant in these forests. The species diversity and the seasonal succession of species were most apparent in May and June. The three deciduous oak forests, with many species and high equitability, showed more diverse community structure, but fewer individuals, when compared with the two evergreen forests. Furthermore, the species compositions of the deciduous oak forests were seasonally and spatially more heterogeneous than those of the evergreen forests. A few dominant species, however, had a strong influence on the community structure. The relationship between the diversity index and sample size was examined. The diversity index changed with the sample size, and the range of the variation diminished as the sample size increased. However, equilibrium was not reached even in the largest sample size used in this study (20 samples). There was a significantly high correlation (P<0.001) in diversity index between the smaller sample sizes (5, 10, 15) and the largest. It was, therefore, shown that community structures can be compared on the basis of the diversity indices from samples of constant size, even when the samples are small. Contribution No. 108 from Lab. Ent., Fac. Agr., Gifu Univ.  相似文献   

20.
为加强木林子高山矮曲林的保护,采用样地调查法,对其群落基本结构和物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明,矮曲林中共有木本植物19科31属53种,青冈(Quercus glauca)是群落的优势种,壳斗科(Fagaceae)和杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)是矮曲林群落的优势科。群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为1.411、0.559和0.522,受环境影响,矮曲林群落多样性水平较低,多数植物在演替中被环境淘汰。该群落区系起源古老,深受热带区系的影响,具有温带区系的性质,表现出明显的亚热带到温带过渡的特性。在群落中,整体径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,自然更新良好,优势种青冈的径级结构与群落整体相似,在演替过程中占据优势地位。这为木林子高山矮曲林的保护和科学管理以及后期建设提供理论依据。  相似文献   

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