山西霍山油松林的物种多度分布格局

物种多度格局分析对理解群落结构具有重要的意义。该文首次选用描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(生态位优先模型NPM、分割线段模型BSM、生态位重叠模型ONM)、生物统计模型(对数级数分布模型LSD、对数正态分布模型LN)以及中性理论模型NT, 对山西霍山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林的物种数量关系进行了拟合研究, 并采用卡方(χ²)检验、Likelihood-ratios (L-R)检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验和赤池信息量准则(AIC)选择最适合模型, 结果表明: (1)描述乔木层物种多度格局的最优生态位模型为NPM (3种检验方法均接受该模型, p > 0.05, 且该模型具有最小的 AIC值), ONM的拟合效果次之, 不服从BSM; 三种生态位模型均可较好地拟合灌木层物种多度格局; ONM是草本层最佳生态位模型, BSM、NPM拟合效果较差; LSD可以描述油松林各层物种多度结构; LN可以很好地解释灌草层物种数量关系; NT不能解释油松林任何层次的物种多度结构。(2)霍山油松林乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性均明显小于草本层; 该群落物种富集种少而稀疏种多, 且群落的均匀度相对较小。(3)从该区油松林种-多度分布来看, 同一个模型可以拟合不同的物种多度数据, 相同的数据可以由不同的模型来解释。因此, 研究森林群落物种分布时, 应采用多个模型进行拟合, 同时选用多种方法筛选最优模型。     

长白山不同演替阶段针阔混交林群落物种多度分布格局

为解释长白山温带森林群落构建和物种多度格局的形成过程, 该文以不同演替阶段的针阔混交林监测样地数据为基础, 采用中性理论模型、生物统计模型(对数正态分布模型)和生态位模型(Zifp模型、分割线段模型、生态位优先模型)拟合森林群落物种多度分布, 并用χ ²检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验和赤池信息准则(AIC)选择最佳拟合模型。结果显示: 中性模型能很好地预测长白山温带森林不同演替阶段植物群落的物种多度分布。在10 m × 10 m尺度上, 5种模型均可被χ ²检验和K-S检验接受, 但中性模型拟合效果不如对数正态分布模型、Zifp模型、分割线段模型和生态位优先模型, 表明小尺度上中性过程和生态位过程均能解释群落物种多度分布, 但生态位过程的解释能力相对较大。而在中大尺度上(30 m × 30 m、60 m × 60 m和90 m × 90 m), 中性模型为最优拟合模型, 并且随着研究尺度增加, 生态位模型和生物统计模型逐渐被χ ²检验拒绝, 表明中性过程在长白山针阔混交林群落物种多度分布格局形成中的作用随着研究尺度增加而逐渐增大。该文证实了中性过程在长白山温带针阔混交林群落结构形成中具有重要作用, 但未否认生态位机制在群落构建中的贡献。因此, 温带森林群落构建过程中中性理论和生态位理论并非相互矛盾, 而是相互融合的。在研究森林群落物种多度分布时, 应重视取样尺度和演替阶段的影响, 并采用多种模型进行拟合。     

黄土高原森林群落物种多度的分布格局

选用物种多度统计模型（对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型）和物种多度生态位模型（分割线段模型、生态位重叠模型、随机分配模型）研究了黄土高原子午岭马栏林区不同演替阶段3种森林群落物种多度分布格局的变化。结果表明：（1）物种分布统计模型拟合显示,演替初期的白桦（Betula platyphylla）林,物种丰富,但分布不均匀;演替中期的天然油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林,油松优势地位明显,林下灌木和草本植物数量少但分布集中;演替顶极的辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）林,物种分布均匀且集中,枯立木形成的林隙较多。（2）在物种多度生态位模型拟合中,3种群落均能被较好地拟合。说明在演替过程中,影响物种分布的自然和人为因素较多,不能简单地选择一个生态位模型来解释。因此,研究森林群落物种分布时,最好采用多个模型进行拟合。     

闽北地区森林群落物种多样性的测定

采用8个物种多样性指数对闽北地区的8个森林群落类型物种多样性进行测定,并选用4个种一多度关系模型(对数正态分布、Weibull分布、对数级数分布、生态位优先占领模型)分析其物种-多度关系,把多样性指数与对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型的有关参数进行线性回归,以分析多度模型参数描述物种多样性的可行性。结果表明：(1)多数物种多样性指数对群落的测度是一致的,(2)对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型对8个群落的物种多度拟合效果很好;(3)对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型有关模型参数与部分物种多样性指数的线性关系达显著或极显著水平。通过闽北地区8个类型森林群落物种多样性指数测定,使生物多样性较准确地数量化,同时还说明采用改进单纯形法进行非线性分布函数的拟合是简单有效的,可推广应用。     

长白山阔叶红松林草本层物种多度分布格局及其季节动态

草本层是森林生态系统的重要组成部分, 对维持森林生物多样性具有重要意义。本文以长白山阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林25 ha固定监测样地为研究平台, 运用不同的统计模型(对数正态模型和对数级数模型)及机理模型(包括生态位模型: 断棍模型和生态位优先占领模型; 中性模型: 复合群落零和多项式模型和Volkov模型), 对不同季节草本物种多度分布进行拟合。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov和AIC检验确定最优模型, 以揭示草本层物种多度分布格局随季节的变化规律, 探讨草本层物种组成与结构背后的生态学过程。结果表明: (1)草本层物种多度分布季节差异明显。春季各多度级物种数差异不大, 夏季中间种较多, 秋季则是稀有种较多; (2)模型拟合结果显示, 不同季节草本层物种多度分布的最优拟合模型相近。统计模型中对数级数模型表现最优, 机理模型中中性模型的拟合效果优于生态位模型。复合群落零和多项式模型较好地拟合了春夏季草本物种多度分布, Volkov模型较好地拟合了秋季草本物种多度分布。综上所述, 尽管长白山阔叶红松林草本植物不同季节的物种多度分布格局不尽一致, 但其背后的构建机制相似, 中性随机过程在草本层物种多样性维持过程中显得更为重要。     

不同海拔高程梯度下鄱阳湖典型草洲植物群落物种-多度分布格局的模型拟合

基于恒湖农场茶叶港草洲4个样带、19个样地（5 m×5 m）沿海拔高程（高高程-湖边、中高程-洲滩中间、低高程-洲滩边缘）调查得到的植被数据,用4种生态位模型拟合研究该区域不同海拔高程段植物种-多度分布格局。结果表明：（1）随着海拔高程下降,群落偶见种不断减少,且平均盖度均较低;常见种数目保持不变,其中优势种灰化薹草（Carex cinerascens Kukenth）平均盖度、平均高度持续升高,在群落中保持较高的优势地位;（2）3个高程段内生态位优先占领模型对群落物种-多度分布格局有较高的拟合优度（P < 0.05,AIC值分别为-149.41、-61.11、-25.63）,断棍模型、重叠生态位模型、优势优先模型总体上拟合效果较差（P < 0.05,但AIC值均较大）。为研究区植物群落生物多样性的保护和构建机制的探索提供了一定参考。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林不同生境群落物种多度分布格局

为解释塔里木荒漠河岸林群落构建和物种多度分布格局形成的机理, 本文以塔里木荒漠河岸林2个不同生境(沙地、河漫滩) 4 ha固定监测样地为研究对象, 基于两样地物种调查数据, 采用统计模型(对数级数模型、对数正态模型、泊松对数正态分布模型、Weibull分布模型)、生态位模型(生态位优先占领模型、断棍模型)和中性理论模型(复合群落零和多项式模型、Volkov模型)拟合荒漠河岸林群落物种多度分布, 并用K-S检验与赤池信息准则(AIC)筛选最优拟合模型。结果表明: (1)随生境恶化(土壤水分降低), 植物物种多度分布曲线变化减小, 群落物种多样性、多度和群落盖度降低, 常见种数减少。(2)选用的3类模型均可拟合荒漠河岸林不同生境群落物种多度分布格局, 统计模型和中性理论模型拟合效果均优于生态位模型。复合群落零和多项式模型对远离河岸的干旱沙地生境拟合效果最好; 对数正态模型和泊松对数正态模型对洪水漫溢的河漫滩生境拟合效果最优; 中性理论模型与统计模型无显著差异。初步推断中性过程在荒漠河岸林群落构建中发挥着主导作用, 但模型拟合结果只能作为推断群落构建过程的必要非充分条件, 不能排除生态位过程的潜在作用。     

坡位对北京东灵山辽东栎林物种多度分布的影响

海拔与坡位是气象因子和立地因子的综合表现.坡位影响环境因子在空间上的分布状况,与海拔共同营造物种生存的小生境,形成群落多度格局.本文选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),对北京东灵山辽东栎林的乔、灌、草3个层沿海拔梯度分别在上、中、下坡位进行群落多度格局调查.结果表明:在乔木层,从低海拔到高海拔、从下坡位到上坡位,能很好地反应群落多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;能很好地拟合灌木层群落多度格局的生态位模型依次是NPM、BSM、RAM,DPM在高海拔地段拟合的效果也很好;BSM在草本层的拟合效果最好,其次是NPM和ONM.协方差分析表明,海拔和坡位都没有对辽东栎林的群落多度格局产生显薯影响.     

不同利用方式下典型草原植物群落物种多度分布格局

物种多度格局是群落结构的重要反映,它描述了群落内不同物种个体数量的分布情况,能更好的体现出物种关系和作用机制。根据物种的多度格局追溯物种的作用机制过程是揭示群落本质的重要方式。试验以内蒙古典型草原为研究对象,采用生态位重叠模型(ONM)、生态位优先占领模型(NPM)、断棍模型(BSM)、优势优先模型(DPM)和随机分配模型(RAM)共5种生态位模型与群落植物物种进行拟合,按照拟合程度分析放牧、割草两种利用方式下植物群落物种多度分布格局。旨在探究不同利用方式下物种之间的多度关系,利用具有不同生态学意义的数学模型探讨各个利用方式下植物群落的真实分布,以达到运用模型研究群落结构的目的,进而揭示不同利用方式下典型草原群落结构变化,为草地合理利用提供依据。结果表明:刈割区、放牧区和围封区的物种数分别为33种、16种和29种,相较于围封对照区,刈割区的物种数增加了12%,而放牧区的物种数减少了44.8%。群落优势种大针茅、糙隐子草、知母、羊草和黄囊薹草在刈割区、放牧区及对照区的出现频度分别占整个群落物种总频度的88.33%、81.47%和75.6%。放牧、割草利用下最优拟合模型分别为随机分配模型RAM(χ~2=92.99,AIC=168.86,BIC=171.18)和生态位优先占领模型NPM(χ~2=22.29,AIC=246.17,BIC=250.27),而对照所表现的最优拟合模型也为生态位优先占领模型NPM(χ~2=90.51,AIC=321.32,BIC=325.81);生态位优先占领模型NPM对放牧利用下的拟合效果也较好,随机分配模型RAM对于割草和围封两种利用方式的吻合度较差。     

石灰岩山地淡竹林演替序列的群落物种多度分布格局

利用断棍模型(BSM)、生态位优先占领模型(NPM)、优势优先模型(DPM)、随机分配模型(RAM)和生态位重叠模型(ONM),对石灰岩山地淡竹林演替序列3类群落15个样地的种 多度关系进行拟合,并利用卡方(x²)和赤池信息量准则(AIC)检验.结果表明: 淡竹纯林、竹阔混交林和阔叶林最优物种多度分布格局模型分别为：DPM(x²=35.86,AIC=-69.77)、NPM(x²=1.60,AIC=-94.68)和NPM(x²=0.35,AIC=-364.61);BSM对混交林和阔叶林的拟合效果较好,对淡竹纯林的拟合欠佳;RAM和ONM对3类群落的拟合均不能接受;在淡竹纯林向阔叶林演替过程中,物种数逐渐增加,多度分布均匀,物种多度分布格局由DPM向NPM转变.由生境过滤作用主导转换成种间竞争作用主导是淡竹林演替序列物种多度格局变化的主要原因.采用多种模型和检验方法综合分析群落演替内、外因素变化,将有助于深入理解群落演替的生态过程.     

Multi-scale analysis on species diversity within a 40-ha old-growth temperate forest

In order to better explore the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity,data collected from a 40-ha undisturbed Pinus forest were applied to the Individual SpecieseArea Relationship model (ISAR) to determine distribution patterns for species richness.The ecological processes influencing species abundance distribution patterns were assessed by applying the same data set to five models:a LogNormal Model (LNM),a Broken Stick Model (BSM),a Zipf Model (ZM),a Niche Preemption Model (NPM),and a Neutral Model (NM).Each of the five models was used at six different sampling scales (10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,40 m×40 m,60 m×60 m,80 m×80 m,and 100 m×100 m).Model outputs showed that:(1) Accumulators and neutral species strongly influenced species diversity,but the relative importance of the two types of species varied across spatial scales.(2) Distribution patterns of species abundance were best explained by the NPM at small scales (10 me20 m),whereas the NM was the best fit model at large spatial scales.(3) Species richness and abundance distribution patterns appeared to be driven by similar ecological processes.At small scales,the niche theory could be applied to describe species richness and abundance,while at larger scales the neutral theory was more applicable.     

北京东灵山辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林沿海拔梯度的物种多度分布

多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明:在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。     

Non‐linearities in bird responses across urbanization gradients: A meta‐analysis

Urbanization is one of the most extreme forms of environmental alteration, posing a major threat to biodiversity. We studied the effects of urbanization on avian communities via a systematic review using hierarchical and categorical meta‐analyses. Altogether, we found 42 observations from 37 case studies for species richness and 23 observations from 20 case studies for abundance. Urbanization had an overall strong negative effect on bird species richness, whereas abundance increased marginally with urbanization. There was no evidence that city size played a role in influencing the relationship between urbanization and either species richness or abundance. Studies that examined long gradients (i.e. from urban to rural) were more likely to detect negative urbanization effects on species richness than studies that considered short gradients (i.e. urban vs. suburban or urban vs. rural areas). In contrast, we found little evidence that the effect of urbanization on abundance was influenced by gradient length. Effects of urbanization on species richness were more negative for studies including public green spaces (parks and other amenity areas) in the sampled landscapes. In contrast, studies performed solely in the urban matrix (i.e. no green spaces) revealed a strong positive effect on bird abundance. When performing subset analyses on urban–suburban, suburban–rural and suburban–natural comparisons, species richness decreased from natural to urban areas, but with a stronger decrease at the urban–suburban interface, whereas bird abundance showed a clear intermediate peak along the urban–rural gradient although abundance in natural areas was comparable to that in suburban areas. This suggests that species loss happens especially at the urban–suburban interface, and that the highest abundances occur in suburban areas compared to urban or rural areas. Thus, our study shows the importance of suburban areas, where the majority of birds occur with fairly high species richness.     

北京东灵山辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林沿海拔梯度的物种多度分布

多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型（断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM）,分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明：在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。     

Carabid Beetle and Spider Assemblages along a Forested Urban–Rural Gradient in Southern Finland

To investigate the effects of urbanization on carabid beetles (Carabidae) and ground dwelling spiders (Araneae) a study was completed along a 20km urban–rural forest gradient in the Helsinki–Espoo area of southern Finland. To study changes in assemblage structure, abundance and species richness, these taxa were collected in the year 2000 using pitfall traps, which had been placed in four forest sites within each of the urban, suburban and rural zones. We expected to find changes in the abundances and species richnesses in the two taxa across the urban–rural gradient, but did not find any. Our second and third hypotheses, stating that generalist species and small-bodied species should gain dominance along the gradient from rural to urban sites, were partly supported as carabid specialists were more characteristic of suburban and rural environments whereas generalists were more likely to be collected from rural areas compared to suburban or urban sites. Furthermore, medium to large-sized carabid individuals were more likely to be collected in the rural sites compared to urban forests. We found no evidence for significant changes in spider abundance or species richness across the urban–rural gradient in relation to body size or habitat specialization. We suggest that urbanization does not have significant effects on the total abundances and species richnesses in these two taxa. However, individual species responded differently to urbanization, and there were significant differences in the specialization and body sizes of carabids across the gradient.     

Distribution of twelve moist forest canopy tree species in Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire: response curves to a climatic gradient

Abstract. The occurrence and abundance of 12 canopy tree species from the moist tropical forests of West Africa have been studied in relation to a climatic gradient. We focused on environmental factors related to water availability: annual amount of rainfall, the length of the dry season, and cumulative water deficit. Species occurrence and abundance data are used for 39 forest sites in Liberia and southwest Côte d'Ivoire. Species responses are modelled using a set of five increasingly complex models, ranging from a no-trend model to a skewed bell-shaped response curve. The study species show different distribution patterns. Most of them suggest a close relationship to climatic conditions. Fitting of species occurrence data to each of the three climatic factors results in most cases in simple models. In only one out of 36 cases a bell-shaped response curve is needed to describe the data. Four of the 12 species show no response to the climatic factors when only occurrence is evaluated. When abundance data are used, in 33 of the 36 cases significant response models are found. In general these are much more complex than in the cases of species occurrence data: in 10 of the 36 cases a bell-shaped response model is found to describe the data best. This is in contrast with the widespread belief that species response curves are bell-shaped: within the forest zone in the area studied this is not generally the case. The importance of the three climatic factors for the distribution of the species is evaluated: for four species mean annual rainfall is the most important variable, for four species the length of the dry period, and for one species cumulative water deficit. Consequently, the assumption that mean annual rainfall is the most important factor determining tree species distribution in West African forests is not correct. Species response models to climatic factors show where species have their geographical optima. Implications for forest management are briefly discussed.     

中国暖温带若干灌丛群落多样性问题的研究

 暖温带灌丛的生物多样性的研究表明：1．灌丛群落的均一度指数同优势度指数的相关性较丰富度指数同变化度指数的相关性为高;在众多的多样性指数中,D4(Shannon信息度指数)和D6(Gini指数)因最大限度地包含了其它各类多样性指数的信息而被采用。2．灌丛群落的物种多样性指数值随着演替的进行,没有表现出降低的趋势。3．生物多样性较高的荆条灌丛和辽东栎萌丛的物种多度分布是对数分布,而生物多样性较低的鬼见愁灌丛和毛榛灌丛的物种多度分布是几何分布,处于中间的三桠绣线菊灌丛的物种多度分布是Broken-Stick分布;没有正态对数分布类型。     

Responses of species abundance distribution patterns to spatial scaling in subtropical secondary forests

To quantify and assess the processes underlying community assembly and driving tree species abundance distributions(SADs) with spatial scale variation in two typical subtropical secondary forests in Dashanchong state‐owned forest farm, two 1‐ha permanent study plots (100‐m × 100‐m) were established. We selected four diversity indices including species richness, Shannon–Wiener, Simpson and Pielou, and relative importance values to quantify community assembly and biodiversity. Empirical cumulative distribution and species accumulation curves were utilized to describe the SADs of two forests communities trees. Three types of models, including statistic model (lognormal and logseries model), niche model (broken‐stick, niche preemption, and Zipf‐Mandelbrodt model), and neutral theory model, were estimated by the fitted SADs. Simulation effects were tested by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Results found that the Fagaceae and Anacardiaceae families were their respective dominance family in the evergreen broad‐leaved and deciduous mixed communities. According to original data and random sampling predictions, the SADs were hump‐shaped for intermediate abundance classes, peaking between 8 and 32 in the evergreen broad‐leaved community, but this maximum increased with size of total sampled area size in the deciduous mixed community. All niche models could only explain SADs patterns at smaller spatial scales. However, both the neutral theory and purely statistical models were suitable for explaining the SADs for secondary forest communities when the sampling plot exceeded 40 m. The results showed the SADs indicated a clear directional trend toward convergence and similar predominating ecological processes in two typical subtropical secondary forests. The neutral process gradually replaced the niche process in importance and become the main mechanism for determining SADs of forest trees as the sampling scale expanded. Thus, we can preliminarily conclude that neutral processes had a major effect on biodiversity patterns in these two subtropical secondary forests but exclude possible contributions of other processes.     

Habitat associations and breeding bird community composition within the city of Bristol,UK

Capsule Different urban breeding bird communities are associated with different habitat types, but, although community species diversity varies significantly, total bird density does not.

Aims To investigate the association between breeding bird communities and habitats within Bristol, UK and how these communities vary in terms of species diversity and total bird abundance.

Methods Breeding density data for 70 species in the metropolitan area of Bristol, UK were subjected to de‐trended correspondence analysis to identify the number of different communities present and their indicator species. These data were then used to identify patterns of habitat association with each community and differences in species richness and total bird density.

Results Three communities were identified: a rural community associated with woodland, managed grassland and inland water; a suburban community associated with buildings and residential gardens; and an intermediate community that shared some of these habitat characteristics. Species richness, but not total bird abundance, was lowest in the suburban community.

Conclusion The diversity of species in urban areas appears to be most dependent upon the availability of patches of natural and semi‐natural habitats. Residential gardens support fewer species, but those species that are present may be found at high densities.