利用噬菌体破细胞壁分离胞内产物的展望

介绍了利用噬菌体破细胞壁的两类方法;构建可诱导裂解的溶源菌和克隆可诱导裂解的噬菌体裂解基因。对λ噬菌体裂解细胞的行为进行了详细分析。以产聚－β－羟基丁酸酯（ＰＨＢ）的重组大肠杆菌为例,提出将带有琥珀突变的λ噬菌体的裂解基因Ｓ＾－ＲＲｚ和目标产物的基因克隆到同一质粒上,以用来破细胞壁生产目的产物的方法,可望解决细胞中产物积累量最大和细胞破碎率最高的矛盾,具有一定的应用前景。     

利用葡萄糖发酵生产聚-β-羟基丁酸菌株的选育及其摇瓶发酵条件的研究

通过紫外线诱变筛选出能利用葡萄糖高积累ＰＨＢ的突变侏－真养产碱杆菌９２０。研究了碳源和氮源对该菌株发酵积累ＰＨＢ的影响。结果表明,在分批摇瓶发酵中碳源和氮源的最佳浓度分别为５％和０．３３％。经过３６ｈ的发酵菌体干重、ＰＨＢ含量、ＰＨＢ浓度和ＰＨＢ的产率分别为１９．３ｇ／Ｌ、５６．３％、１０．８６ｇ／Ｌ和０．２２。     

L－异亮氨酸产生菌选育的研究

以黄色短杆菌（Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｆｌａｖｕｍ）ＡＴＣＣ１４０６７为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯（ＤＥＳ）、紫外线（ＵＶ）和亚硝基胍（ＮＴＧ）逐级诱变处理,α－氨基－β－羟基戊酸（ＡＨＶ）、Ｓ－２－氨基乙基－Ｌ－半胱氨酸（ＡＥＣ）、磺胺胍（ＳＧ）、乙硫氨酸（Ｅｔｈ）、α－氨基丁酸（α－ＡＢ）、异亮氨酸氧肟酸（ＩｌｅＨｘ）等氨基酸结构类似物及琥珀酸为碳源平板定向筛选,获得一株Ｌ－异亮氨酸高产菌ＺＱ－４（ＡＨＶ~γ、ＡＥＣ~γ、ＳＡＭ~γ、ＳＧ~γ、Ｅｔｈ~γ、α－ＡＢ~γ、ＩｌｅＨｘ~γ）在含１３．５％葡萄糖培养基中,摇瓶发酵７２ｈ、Ｌ－异亮氨酸积累可达２．８－３．０％。     

原生质体融合选育肌苷产生菌产氨短杆菌GMA—2802

以肌苷产生菌产氨短杆菌ＧＭＡ－２７２２（Ａｄｅ－、 Ｇｕａ－、ＶＢ１－、Ｒｉｆｒ）和 ＧＭＡ－２７７６（Ａｄｅ－、 Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－、ＶＢ１－、Ｓｍｒ）为出发菌株,经原生质体融合,将目的标志加以组合,获得遗传性状稳定、摇瓶发酵６１ｈ,产肌苷２５．４ｇ／Ｌ的融合子 ＧＭＡ－２８０２（Ａｄｅ－、Ｇｕａ－、Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－、ＶＢ１－、 Ｒｉｆｒ、Ｓｍｒ）。     

L－异亮氨酸产生菌选育的研究

以黄色短杆菌（Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｆｌａｖｕｍ）ＡＴＣＣ１４０６７为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯（ＤＥＳ）、紫外线（ＵＶ）和亚硝基胍（ＮＴＧ）逐级诱变处理,α－氨基－β－羟基戊酸（ＡＨＶ）、Ｓ－２－氨基乙基－Ｌ－半胱氨酸（ＡＥＣ）、磺胺胍（ＳＧ）、乙硫氨酸（Ｅｔｈ）、α－氨基丁酸（α－ＡＢ）、异亮氨酸氧肟酸（ＩｌｅＨｘ）等氨基酸结构类似物及琥珀酸为碳源平板定向筛选,获得一株Ｌ－异亮氨酸高产菌ＺＱ－４（ＡＨＶ~γ、ＡＥＣ~γ、ＳＡＭ~γ、ＳＧ~γ、Ｅｔｈ~γ、α－ＡＢ~γ、ＩｌｅＨｘ~γ）在含１３．５％葡萄糖培养基中,摇瓶发酵７２ｈ、Ｌ－异亮氨酸积累可达２．８－３．０％。     

L—赖氨酸产生菌FH128菌株的研究：（Ⅰ）FH菌株的选育及摇瓶发酵

以赖氨酸产生菌Ａ１１１（ＨＳ＾－,ＡＥＣ＾ｒ）为出发株,经化学诱变剂ＭＮＮＧ（Ｎ－’－硝基－Ｎ－亚硝基胍）及单氟醋酸处理获得单氟生突变株Ｆ７９,摇瓶发酵产Ｌ－赖氨酸盐酸盐７．０％－７．５％,对糖转化率３８％－４０％,分别比Ａ１１１株提高红２５％及２０％。     

利用葡萄糖发酵产聚β－羟基丁酸菌株的选育

采用常规紫外线诱变处理真养产碱杆菌Ｈ１６,获得高效利用葡萄糖产聚β－羟基丁酸（ＰＨＢ）的突变株。摇瓶发酵试验证明,突变株耐糖程度及其积累ＰＨＢ的能力均优于亲株Ｈ１６。ＰＨＢ积累量达１０ｇ／Ｌ以上。     

真养产碱杆菌突变株65—7产羟基丁酸与羟基戊酸共聚物的研究

研究了真养产碱杆菌突变株６５－７,以葡萄糖为主原料,添加丙酸或戊酸,采用二步发酵积累共聚物聚β－羟基丁酸－β－羟基戊酸（ＰＨＢＶ）。摇瓶总发酵时间为５０ｈ,细胞干重达７－１１ｇ／Ｌ,共聚物含量占细胞干重的７０％以上,其中β－羟基戊酸（３ＨＶ０含量占ＰＨＢＶ的１０－７２％,主要取决于不同碳源的组成,丙酸和戊酸对ＨＶ的转化率分别为０．４１－０．６３ｇＨＶ／ｇ丙酸和０．４０－０．７４ｇＨＶ／ｇ戊酸,制得     

细胞外钙调素诱导番茄县浮细胞rbcS—3A基因表达

利用番茄（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｕｍ ｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍ Ｍｉｌｌ．）县浮培养细胞为材料,以＾３２Ｐ标记的寡核苷酸（４０ｂｐ）为探针检测了细胞外钙调素对番茄细胞ｒｂｃＳ－３Ａ及ｒｂｃＳ－３Ｃ基因表达的影响。当向暗中培养的番茄悬浮细胞（第７天）中加入外源纯化钙调素（１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）并处理２４ｈ后,ｒｂｃＢ－３Ａ基因的表达明显增加,而相同深度的Ｓ－１００蛋白和ＢＳＡ则没有作用。加入外源钙调素（１     

真养产碱菌利用甜菜糖蜜发酵产聚β－羟基丁酸的研究

探讨了以廉价原料甜菜糖蜜培养真养产碱菌（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｕｓ）Ｈ１６生产聚β－羟基丁酸（ＰＨＢ）的可行性。对培养基优化试验表明,菌体产量可达２０ｇ／Ｌ,ＰＨＢ产量达９．８ｇ／Ｌ,糖转化率为２７．５％。用２升自控发酵罐进行验证,在良好的供氧条件和特定的ｐＨ值自控条件下发酵周期从４８小时缩短到４０－４２小时,菌体和ＰＨＢ量都有提高。菌体最高产量２６ｇ／Ｌ,ＰＨＢ最高产量１３ｇ／Ｌ,糖转化率为２０．４％。ＰＨＢ占细胞的含量,摇瓶和罐上结果都在５０％左右。     

Effect of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli on production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) and fermentative parameters

In order to attain high cell density and low cost production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), the Vitreoscilla globin gene (vgb) was introduced into a novel recombinant strain, Escherichia coli VG1 (pTU14). Experiments showed that the expression of vgb was under the regulation of dissolved oxygen (DO) in broth and the introduction of vgb in VG1 (pTU14) induced the parent promotion effect on cell growth and PHB accumulation, especially under low DO conditions. Further experiments indicated that the introduction of vgb in VG1 (pTU14) not only decreased the critical oxygen concentration, but also affected the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient of the recombinant strain.     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在产PHB重组大肠杆菌中的引入

将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因 (vgb)采用插入染色体的方式引入产聚 β 羟基丁酸酯(PHB)重组大肠杆菌VG1 (pTU1 4)中 ,以从分子水平上提高克隆菌对氧的利用率 ,解决PHB发酵生产过程中的供氧矛盾 ,透明颤菌血红蛋白的一氧化碳差光谱分析明表 ,vgb基因可以在VG1 (pTU1 4)中成功表达 ,且其表达量受溶氧水平的调控。Vgb基因的引入可以同时促进菌体生长和PHB产品的积累 ,且溶氧水平越低 ,VHB表达量越高 ,这种促进作用就越明显     

整合型vgb基因载体的构建和研究

运用染色体-质粒同源基因重组的方法将外源Vitreoscilla血红蛋白基因(vgb)整合在大肠杆菌JM105染色体的苏氨酸操纵子位置上,构建单拷贝的vgb表达载体VGl。VGl保持了vgb基因的生理功能,可在低氧条件下表达Citreoscilla血红蛋白使细胞适应贫氧环境;同时它克服了以质粒作为表达载体时vgb基因剂量和表达量过高带来的生理负担,因此可作为一种适于高密度培养的基因工程宿主菌。实验结果还显示vgb基因的表达使VGl与普通大肠杆菌相比在低氧条件下仍能维持较高的呼吸强度,说明vgb基因产物参与了细胞处于低氧水平时的代谢过程。     

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by fed-batch culture of filamentation-suppressed recombinant Escherichia coli.

Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring a high-copy-number plasmid containing the Alcaligenes eutrophus polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis genes could efficiently synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in a complex medium containing yeast extract and tryptone but not in a defined medium. One of the reasons for the reduced PHB production in a defined medium was thought to be severe filamentation of cells in this medium. By overexpressing an essential cell division protein, FtsZ, in recombinant E. coli producing PHB, filamentation could be suppressed and PHB could be efficiently produced in a defined medium. A high PHB concentration of 149 g/liter, with high productivity of 3.4 g of PHB/liter/h, could be obtained by the pH-stat fed-batch culture of the filamentation-suppressed recombinant E. coli in a defined medium. It was also found that insufficient oxygen supply at a dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) of 1 to 3% of air saturation during active PHB synthesis phase did not negatively affect PHB production. By growing cells to the concentration of 110 g/liter and then controlling the DOC in the range of 1 to 3% of air saturation, a PHB concentration of 157 g/liter and PHB productivity of 3.2 g of PHB/liter/h were obtained. For the scale-up studies, fed-batch culture was carried out in a 50-liter stirred tank fermentor, in which the DOC decreased to zero when cell concentration reached 50 g/liter. However, a relatively high PHB concentration of 101 g/liter and PHB productivity of 2.8 g of PHB/liter/h could still be obtained, which demonstrated the possibility of industrial production of PHB in a defined medium by employing the filamentation-suppressed recombinant E. coli.     

High cell density culture of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in a defined medium

A recombinant Escherichia coli strain XL1-Blue harboring a stable high-copy-number plasmid pSYL107 containing the Alcaligenes eutrophus polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis genes and the Escherichia coli ftsZ gene was employed for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) by fed-batch culture in a defined medium. Suppression of filamentation by overexpressing the cell division protein FtsZ allowed production of PHB to a high concentration (77 g/L) with high productivity (2 g/L/h) in a defined medium, which was not possible with the recombinant E. coli that underwent filamentation. Further optimization of fed-batch culture condition resulted in PHB concentration of 104 g/L in a defined medium, which was the highest value reported to date by employing recombinant E. coli.     

Fermentation characteristics and protein expression patterns in a recombinant Escherichia coli mutant lacking phosphoglucose isomerase for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production

For the efficient production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) using recombinant Escherichia coli, it is of primal importance to overproduce NADPH, which is necessary for the PHB synthetic pathway. In order to overproduce NADPH in the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, a recombinant E. coli was constructed in which the phosphoglucose isomerase ( pgi) gene was knocked out to force the carbon flow into the PP pathway. The fermentation characteristics of the recombinant E. coli mutant lacking pgi were then investigated to determine the effect of overproduction of NADPH on efficient PHB production. It was found that, compared with the parent strain ( E. coli JM109), growth of the E. coli mutant lacking pgi ( E. coli DF11) is repressed due to NADPH overproduction in the PP pathway. Furthermore, repressed cell growth can be recovered to some extent by introducing a NADPH-consuming pathway, such as the PHB synthetic pathway. Efficient PHB production using such recombinant E. coli (DF11/pAeKG1) could be attained by appropriately controlling the glucose concentration in the fermentor. Total gene expression was investigated at the protein level by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Out of 22 differentially expressed proteins, 12 were identified with the aid of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Variations in the accumulation of PHB in the recombinant pgi mutant carrying phb (E. coli DF11/pAeKG1) corresponded to the expression of proteins encoded by rpsA, znuA, fabD, potD, fkpA, gapA, ynaF and ibpA. The unfavorable conditions generated by PHB accumulation in the pgi mutant carrying phb resulted in the highest expression of 30S ribosomal protein S1, which ultimately caused a further increase in soluble protein synthesis.     

Removal of endotoxin during purification of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from gram-negative bacteria.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was produced by cultivating several gram-negative bacteria, including Ralstonia eutropha, Alcaligenes latus, and recombinant Escherichia coli. PHB was recovered from these bacteria by two different methods, and the endotoxin levels were determined. When PHB was recovered by the chloroform extraction method, the endotoxin level was less than 10 endotoxin units (EU) per g of PHB irrespective of the bacterial strains employed and the PHB content in the cell. The NaOH digestion method, which was particularly effective for the recovery of PHB from recombinant E. coli, was also examined for endotoxin removal. The endotoxin level present in PHB recovered by 0.2 N NaOH digestion for 1 h at 30 degrees C was higher than 10(4) EU/g of PHB. Increasing the digestion time or NaOH concentration reduced the endotoxin level to less than 1 EU/g of PHB. It was concluded that PHB with a low endotoxin level, which can be used for various biomedical applications, could be produced by chloroform extraction. Furthermore, PHB with a much lower endotoxin level could be produced from recombinant E. coli by simple NaOH digestion.     

Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by fed-batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli with a highly concentrated whey solution

Fermentation strategies for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) from whey by recombinant Escherichia coli strain CGSC 4401 harboring the Alcaligenes latus polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis genes were developed. The pH-stat fed-batch cultures of E. coli CGSC 4401 harboring pJC4, a stable plasmid containing the A. latus PHA biosynthesis genes, were carried out with a concentrated whey solution containing 280 g of lactose equivalent per liter. Final cell and PHB concentrations of 119.5 and 96.2 g/liter, respectively, were obtained in 37.5 h, which resulted in PHB productivity of 2.57 g/liter/h.     

Overexpression of NAD kinase in recombinant <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> harboring the <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">phbCAB</Emphasis> operon improves poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production

NAD kinase was overexpressed to enhance the accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring PHB synthesis pathway via an accelerated supply of NADPH, which is one of the most crucial factors influencing PHB production. A high copy number expression plasmid pE76 led to a stronger NAD kinase activity than that brought about by the low copy number plasmid pELRY. Overexpressing NAD kinase in recombinant E. coli was found not to have a negative effect on cell growth in the absence of PHB synthesis. Shake flask experiments demonstrated that excess NAD kinase in E. coli harboring the PHB synthesis operon could increase the accumulation of PHB to 16–35 wt.% compared with the controls; meanwhile, NADP concentration was enhanced threefold to sixfold. Although the two NAD kinase overexpression recombinants exhibited large disparity on NAD kinase activity, their influence on cell growth and PHB accumulation was not proportional. Under the same growth conditions without process optimization, the NAD kinase-overexpressing recombinant produced 14 g/L PHB compared with 7 g/L produced by the control in a 28-h fermentor study. In addition, substrate to PHB yield Y _PHB/glucose showed an increase from 0.08 g PHB/g glucose for the control to 0.15 g PHB/g glucose for the NAD kinase-overexpressing strain, a 76% increase for the Y _PHB/glucose. These results clearly showed that the overexpression of NAD kinase could be used to enhance the PHB synthesis.     

Removal of Endotoxin during Purification of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) from Gram-Negative Bacteria

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was produced by cultivating several gram-negative bacteria, including Ralstonia eutropha, Alcaligenes latus, and recombinant Escherichia coli. PHB was recovered from these bacteria by two different methods, and the endotoxin levels were determined. When PHB was recovered by the chloroform extraction method, the endotoxin level was less than 10 endotoxin units (EU) per g of PHB irrespective of the bacterial strains employed and the PHB content in the cell. The NaOH digestion method, which was particularly effective for the recovery of PHB from recombinant E. coli, was also examined for endotoxin removal. The endotoxin level present in PHB recovered by 0.2 N NaOH digestion for 1 h at 30°C was higher than 10⁴ EU/g of PHB. Increasing the digestion time or NaOH concentration reduced the endotoxin level to less than 1 EU/g of PHB. It was concluded that PHB with a low endotoxin level, which can be used for various biomedical applications, could be produced by chloroform extraction. Furthermore, PHB with a much lower endotoxin level could be produced from recombinant E. coli by simple NaOH digestion.